江苏淤泥质海岸入海河道闸下淤积研究

通过建立ARIMA模型,分析了江苏淤泥质海岸四条入海河道(射阳河、新洋港、斗龙港和黄沙港)建闸后闸下河道的冲淤演变过程,预测闸下河道淤积量的变化情况。结果表明,射阳河闸下淤积量将会持续增加,到2010年预计量可达2.47×107m3,淤积量为四条河中最大;黄沙港和斗龙港有波动上升的趋势,但无射阳河明显,淤积量有小幅度增加;新洋港变化不大,已达到冲淤平衡的状态。     

厦门嵩屿附近水域洪水期悬浮泥沙活动的特征

本文根据1984～1986年5次水文泥沙观测资料,研究了福建厦门嵩屿附近水域洪水期悬浮泥沙对河口三角洲和厦门西港东渡以南海域的淤积作用。     

基于Landsat影像的茅尾海河口地貌演变研究

为了揭示茅尾海河口1987~2015年间的地貌格局演变和冲於演变,基于Landsat TM/OLI等多期遥感影像,结合海图、波段比值线性水深反演模型,对28年来茅尾海河口面积变化、地貌类型转换趋势、地貌冲淤演变过程进行了分析。研究结果表明:在1987~2015年间河口面积逐渐缩小;地貌类型转换趋势方面主要表现为潮沟向淤泥滩、河口沙坝的转化,淤泥滩向红树林滩转化;地貌冲淤演变方面,红树林滩淤积面积较大,达20.78km²,淤泥滩的冲刷作用显著,冲刷面积达26.78km²。研究结果可为未来茅尾海资源的开发建设、整治保护提供理论依据。     

Suspended sediment transport from the Gironde estuary (France) onto the adjacent continental shelf

Current velocity and suspended sediment concentration measurements at anchor stations in the downstream extremity of the Gironde estuary indicate that during periods of high river discharge, a significant amount of suspended sediment is transported out of the estuary onto the adjacent continental shelf. The vertical profile of the residual (non-tidal) suspended sediment flux is similar to that of the residual current velocity, with a net upstream flux near the bottom and an overlying seaward-directed transport. The overall, depth-integrated result is a net seaward transport of suspended sediment out of the estuary. It appears that this net seaward transport varies directly with tidal amplitude.Aerial photography and water sampling indicate that during high river inflow, the downstream extremity of the turbidity maximum extends onto the continental shelf at ebb tide. The tidal and coastal current patterns of the inlet and inner shelf induce a northward transport of the turbid estuarine water, and at each tidal cycle, a certain amount of suspended sediment leaves the estuary; part of this sediment is deposited in a silt and clay zone on the continental shelf.     

感潮水闸流量神经网络计算模型研究

感潮水闸流量的准确计算对于河网地区水闸引排水效益的分析和水闸综合管理体系的建立具有非常重要的意义。对感潮水闸的水力特性进行了详细分析,认为感潮水闸具有瞬时性和非线性等水力特点,提出采用人工神经网络理论建立其过流量的计算模型。建立了三种计算模式,应用浦东新区东沟水闸资料对不同模式进行了训练、测试和比较,推荐以水闸内外河水位、闸门开启度和上一时刻流量作为神经网络输入的计算模型为最终感潮水闸流量计算模型。研究表明,人工神经网络可以较好地隐含识别感潮水闸的多种出流类型,并具有较强的泛化和容错能力,从而为感潮河网地区水闸流量的计算提供了一种新的解决途径。     

强潮河口水下地形测量潮位控制研究

钱塘江河口属于强潮河口,具有潮差大、流急、地形复杂和局地潮汐变化大等特点,对潮位控制设计与实施造成较大困难。为解决钱塘江河口水下地形测量潮位控制难题,针对强潮河口的水下地形和潮汐特征进行分析,提出了该区域潮位控制的潮位站布设方案与作业时间要求。实测数据表明,只要合理布设潮位站、选择合适的时间段作业,强潮河口水下地形测量的潮位控制可以达到规范精度要求。     

珠江口磨刀门月际尺度地貌演变研究

本文基于二维波流耦合泥沙数学模型对磨刀门河口月际尺度地貌演变进行了模拟研究。结果表明:（1）枯季，无波浪作用下，磨刀门河口总体呈淤积状态；波流耦合后，磨刀门河口整体由淤积转为以冲刷为主。洪季，无波浪作用下，磨刀门河口除西汊外均呈淤积状态；波流耦合后，拦门沙内坡与中心区转为冲刷状态，整体仍以淤积为主，但总淤积量减少；（2）月际尺度上，地貌变化幅度为厘米级，洪枯季具有明显差异。不考虑波浪作用下，磨刀门河口洪、枯季均以淤积为主，但洪季淤积幅度更大；波流耦合后，磨刀门河口呈洪淤枯冲的格局；（3）空间上，拦门沙外坡洪淤枯冲，拦门沙顶洪季淤积、枯季变化不大，内坡洪枯季均为冲刷。此外，拦门沙内坡以径潮流作用产生的底切应力为主，外坡以波浪作用引起的底切应力为主。     

潮汐河口支流建闸闸下淤积研究

潮汐河口建闸的关键问题是闸下淤积。在潮汐河口支流口门上建闸,其闸下淤积面貌主要取决于干流主槽的位置,这与在潮汐河口干流上建闸的闸下淤积问题有着本质上的差异。以钱塘江河口支流曹娥江口门建闸为例,应用河床演变分析、动床实体模型和现场冲淤试验预测了曹娥江大闸闸下淤积面貌和淤积速率,为曹娥江大闸的建设提供了科学依据。     

挡潮闸下港道清淤机具的改进及应用

我国许多挡潮闸，地睛淤泥质海岸，闸下港道淤积十分严重。为了清除闸下港道淤积，提高挡潮闸的排涝能力，对耙具作了改进，经历了单面齿耙、双面齿耙、掺气耙和改进型掺气耙四个发展阶段，本文介绍清淤耙的发展过程，并对各种耙具进行了对比。拖耙清淤机具具有效率高、费用低的特点，每立方米的清淤成本仅为常规挖泥船的三分之一左右。     

Tidal modification and its effect on sluice-gate outflow after completion of the Saemangeum dike,South Korea

This study examined tidal modification and change in tidal currents caused by the construction of the Saemangeum dike, based on field observations and a numerical model. The Saemangeum dike was completed in April 2006, enclosing an estuarine area along the mid-western coast of South Korea. After closure of the dike, the tidal range outside the dike decreased slightly but significantly, while the inside tidal range decreased drastically. The numerical model results show that the dike construction has influenced tidal energy propagation and the tidal system in the Yellow Sea. The tidal current speed near the dike decreased abruptly following closure of the dike, except in front of the sluice gates. Since completion of the dike, outflow water discharged from the sluice gates has longer residence times due to the weakened tidal current; the change in the tidal current field has also caused greater northward expansion of outflow water. The sluice gates release fresher water, which spreads over the sea surface mainly by inertial momentum near the gate; this water is then gradually mixed with sea water farther from the gate. The less saline, possibly more contaminated outflow impacts the marine environment near the Saemangeum dike. Controlling the discharge and gate-opening timing can partially mitigate these impacts on the marine environment.     

山东荣成天鹅湖沙坝水下岸坡地貌冲淤演变分析

山东荣成天鹅湖是一个典型的潟湖-沙坝系统。自20世纪80年代以来, 因受人类活动的影响, 天鹅湖环境系统发生了改变, 沙坝侵蚀后退严重。研究水下岸坡的冲淤对于认识潟湖-沙坝系统演变, 以及保护天鹅湖环境具有重要意义。本文以天鹅湖东侧沙坝水下岸坡为研究区域, 基于1960年至2014年的海图资料, 采用地理信息技术, 获得了天鹅湖东侧近岸海域多年水深数据, 进而分析了1960年以来天鹅湖东侧沙坝地区的等深线变化、冲淤变化以及固定剖面的地形变化。结果表明: 1960—1980年等深线整体向海推移, 而1980—2014年等深线向海推移趋势变缓, 1960—2014年潮汐通道口门处0m等深线向岸退缩了126.70m。天鹅湖水下岸坡在1960—1980年整体处于淤积的状态, 年淤积率为3.60cm∙a^-1; 1980—2014年侵蚀面积显著增大, 且呈现冲淤相间分布的特点, 年淤积率为0.79cm·a^-1。天鹅湖沙坝水下岸坡呈现上陡下缓的形态, 且潮汐通道口门北侧比南侧更易受到侵蚀。人类活动改变了天鹅湖的环境状态, 导致了天鹅湖水下岸坡的局部侵蚀后退。     

Discussion on ‘The effect of fresh water flow on siltation in the Humber estuary, Northeast UK’ by Pontee NI, Whitehead PA and Hayes CM (ECSS vol. 60, 241–249)

This discussion identifies and presents recent data which show that suspended sediment concentrations in the macrotidal Humber–Trent–Ouse system are much higher, and extend further upstream, than originally presented. The importance of a link between tidal range, fresh water flow and recorded suspended sediment concentrations, is illustrated by reference to data collected under the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Land–Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) initiative (1992–1998). Data recorded at Burringham, on the River Trent upstream of Trent Falls show a clear link between tidal range and suspended sediment concentrations which is strongly influenced by the downstream flushing effects of high fresh water flow events. While the arguments presented in this discussion do not contradict the main findings in the original paper it is proposed that a better understanding of siltation in the Humber system may be promoted by understanding the behaviour of the turbidity maximum in this system and its related mobile sediment population. It is suggested that the rapid reduction in suspended sediment concentration brought about by sudden increases in fresh water flow is probably indicative of the highly canalised nature of the tidal reaches of the Trent and Ouse.     

Turbulent mixing in a small estuary: Detailed measurements

Between 2003 and 2007, a series of field studies were performed in a typical small coastal plain type estuary (Eprapah Creek) located on the Southeast coast of Australia. The aim of these field studies was to investigate the turbulence and turbulent mixing properties in the estuarine zone. During these studies, high frequency turbulence and physio-chemistry data were collected continuously over a relatively long duration (up to 50 h). This article provides a summary of the key outcomes of these studies, highlighting the implications that these findings have on the modelling of small estuaries. The studies showed that the response of the turbulence and water quality properties were distinct under spring and neap tidal forcing and behaved differently in the middle and upper estuarine zones. The behaviour of turbulence properties to spring tidal forcing differed from that observed in larger estuaries and seemed unique to small estuarine systems. An investigation of several key turbulence parameters used in the modelling of estuarine mixing showed that many assumptions used in larger estuaries must be applied with caution or are simply untrue in small estuaries. For example the assumption that the mixing coefficient parameters are constant over the tidal cycle in a small estuary is simply untrue. These distinctions between the turbulence and mixing properties in small and large estuarine systems highlight the need for the continued study of small estuaries, so this type of system can be properly understood.     

强潮河口海塘基础防冲设计研讨

钱塘江河口是举世闻名的强潮河口,水动力强,有涌潮作用,河床滩地冲淤剧烈,因此给海塘基础防冲工程设计和施工造成较大难度,并成为长期来有待攻克的技术难题。本文就近期海塘建设防冲试验工程采用的板桩防冲墙、小沉井防冲墙、土工布模袋砼和丁坝群等防冲技术措施及其运行情况进行分析讨论。     

Prediction of Siltation in the Downstream Approach Channel of Tidal Locks

Silt deposition occurs in the downstream approach,channel of the tidal lock as in a closed channelor excavated dock basin.It is often difficult to calculate or predict siltation because of complex flow and sedi-ment conditions and many other affecting factors.In this paper,the characteristics of flow movement in theapproach channel(including its mouth)of the tidal lock are analyzed,the basic laws of sediment movementand siltation mechanism are investigated,the conditions for three types of siltation(circumfluence siltation,density flow siltation and slow flow siltation)are discussed,and corresponding calculating formulas are pro-posed.A practical example shows that the difference between measured and calculated results is small,indi-cating that the present calculating methods could be used in design and management of practical engineeringprojects.     

淤泥质、粉沙质及沙质海岸航道回淤统一计算方法

根据20世纪80年代初提出的淤泥质海岸航道回淤计算方法的基础上,开展了拓展研究,使之统一适用于淤泥质海岸、粉沙质海岸及沙质海岸。主要研究内容有,在波浪和潮流综合作用下挟沙力含沙量研究中引入了特定的泥沙因子F1/F,从而挟沙力含沙量公式不仅适用于淤泥质泥沙,也适用于非淤泥质泥沙;在动力因素方面,除了一般寻常潮和波浪动力外,进一步考虑了风暴潮和破波的巨大掀沙能力造成航道骤淤的可能性。并结合连云港30万吨级主航道扩建及徐圩港区10万吨级航道的回淤问题(包括骤淤可能性问题),京唐港外航道和黄骅港外航道的骤淤问题,进行预测计算及校验计算,结果都是良好的。此外,对杭州湾强潮和涌潮情况下的挟沙力含沙量也进行了校验计算,结果也非常满意。     

Inter-annual variability in phytoplankton summer blooms in the freshwater tidal reaches of the Schelde estuary (Belgium)

The inter-annual variability in phytoplankton summer blooms in the upper reaches of the Schelde estuary was investigated between 1996 and 2005 by monthly sampling at 10 stations. The large inter-annual variations of the chlorophyll a concentration in the freshwater tidal reaches were independent from variations in chlorophyll a in the tributary river Schelde. Summer mean chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with flushing rate (Spearman correlation: r = −0.67, p = 0.05, n = 9) but not with temperature, irradiance and suspended particulate matter or dissolved silica (DSi) concentrations. During dry summers, low flushing rates permitted the development of dense phytoplankton populations in the upper part of the estuary, while during wet summers high flushing rates prevented the development of dense phytoplankton blooms. Flushing rate was also found to be important for the phytoplankton community composition. At low flushing rates, the community was dominated by diatoms that developed within the upper estuary. At high flushing rates, chlorophytes imported from the tributary river Schelde became more important in the phytoplankton community. The position of the chlorophyll a maximum shifted from the head of the estuary when flushing rates were low, to more downstream when flushing rates were high. Although DSi concentrations tended to be lower during years of high phytoplankton (mainly diatom) biomass, the relation with flushing rate was not significant.     

瓯江口及东部海区潮差沿程变化分析

利用瓯江河口及东部近岸海区11个验潮站的实测大潮和小潮潮位过程进行统计,并探讨了潮波由外海向瓯江河口及上游传播过程中潮差的沿程变化。结果表明,受水下地形摩阻、岛屿阻隔及岸线束窄作用,潮波由外海向河口内传播过程中,潮差逐渐减小,且低潮位逐渐抬高;同时,越靠近河口及上游,潮差沿程变化越为显著。     

海岸围垦工程对三门湾内潮汐振幅的影响与研究

近年来随着三门湾内围垦工程规模的不断扩大,三门湾的岸线及水深地形发生了显著变化,有必要重新评估三门湾内的潮汐振幅特征。本研究基于ADCIRC二维潮汐模型,开展了三门湾围垦工程实施前后潮汐振幅变化规律的研究。结果表明:三门湾内以半日潮为主,湾口和湾顶处振幅相差较大。单纯考虑围垦工程引起的岸线变化时,半日潮振幅受到的影响较为明显,振幅以减小为主,M2分潮减小幅度为0. 08～0. 10 m。采用经验公式预测了围垦工程造成的最终回淤量,围垦工程附近平均淤积为1. 5～2. 5 m,深水区附近淤积更加严重。当考虑了回淤导致的地形变化后,围垦工程区附近的潮汐振幅会有显著的减小,半日分潮减小幅度要远大于全日分潮,在围垦区域前沿,M2分潮振幅减小幅度较为明显,然后向外侧逐步减小。与单纯岸线变化相比,水深地形改变导致的潮汐振幅变化幅度要远大于前者。     

潍河口水文特征分析

根据1997年和1998年两次潍河河口水文调查资料分析了潍河河口的水文特征及建闸截流的影响。结果说明,潍河是一个M₂潮占主导地位的不规则半日潮弱潮河口。上游建闸截流使得河口5、6月份的水温降低而盐度增高,并减少了口门内重力环流的出现机率。