Geochemistry of main types of gold deposits in shear zones, China

Shear zone-hosted gold deposits in China can be divided into four types:ductile,brittle-ductile,ductile-brittle and brittle,of which the ductile and brittle types are the basic ones.All these types of gold deposits have their own geochemical characteristics.The Hetai gold deposit in Guangdong Province,for example,is a mylonite-type gold deposit in a ductile shear zone.With increasing mylonitization,obvious changes took place in trace elements in minerals and rocks,enriching gold and mineralizing elements.The S and Pb isotope data indicated that the ore-forming materials were derived from the strata.Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic and fluid inclusion studies also implied that the ore-forming fluid was much closer to meteoric water from the early to the late ore-forming stage.The Linglong gold deposit,Shangdong Province,is a quartz-type gold deposit in a brittle shear zone.Changes in rocks,minerals and trace elements occurred in the process of f ormation of gold quartz veins,and the analytical results of S,Pb ,Hand O isotopes showed that ore deposition is connected not only with the Jiaodong Group,but also with anatexic granites.     

A Study on the Relations Between Ultrabasic Dikes and Fine Disseminated Gold Deposits in Southwestern Guizhou Province as Exemplified by Zimudang Large—Sized Gold Deposit

The relations between ultrabasic rocks and gold deposits in time,space and genesis are discussed in this paper,the research results show that the ore-forming materials of the gold deposits is characteristic of crust-mantle mixing,The formation of the gold deposits is related with the activity of juvenile fluids along with the intrusion of ultrabasic dikes.The ascending juvenile fluids not only offered part of the gold.water and mineralizers for gold mineralization but also promoted the remobilization,deposition and enrichment of gold in crustal sediments.     

Metallogeny of the Lannigou Sedimentary Rock-hosted Disseminated Gold Deposit in Southwestern Guizhou Province, China

The Lannigou deposit is a large-sized sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold （SRHDG） deposit located in the Youjiang Basin. It is hosted by the Middle Triassic turbidite. Wall rock alterations, including silicification, pyritization, arsenopyritization, carbonatization and argillization, commonly occur along fractures. PGE study demonstrates that either Permian basalts or Triassic ultrabasic intrnsives are unlikely to be the main source of gold mineralization. Coupled with the lack of other nmgmatic activity in the vicinity of the mining area, an amagmatic origin is proposed. Organic matter compositions and GC-MS analysis of the ores and host rocks show that the organics in the ores and the host rocks have a common source; the organic matter in the ores was mainly indigenous. The positive correlation between S2 and Au contents, along with the common occurrence of organic inclusions, suggest involvement of organic matter in the ore-forming process in terms of promoting Au leaching from the source rocks, making colloidal Au migration possible, as well as hydrocarbon reduction of sulphate. Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Lannigou deposit suggest that it was formed through circulation of meteoric water and probably less importantly organic bearing formation water driven by high geothermal gradient caused by late Yanshanian extension, which leached Au from the source bed, and then migrated as Au-bisnlfides and colloidal Au, culminating in deposition by reduction-adsorption and surface complexation of gold onto the growth surface of arsenlan pyrite.     

Characteristics and Genesis of the Aktubaik Gold Deposit in Altay, Xinjiang

The Aktubaik gold deposit lies in the Altay middle-high mountains area, Xinjiang, hosted by the Pa-laeo- and Mesoproterozoic Xemirxek Group. It is the first gold deposit found in Precambrian rocks in Altay. The deposit is controlled by the NW-trending fracture-alteration zone, in which rocks have been strongly altered and bleached. The main wall-rock alterations include silicification, sericitization (muscovitization), carbonation, pyritiza-tion and tourmalinization. Several gold mineralization zones of this type have been found in the study area. The dominant gold mineral is native gold, which is distributed very unevenly, so special methods such as peeling and bulk sampling are required in exploration. The discovery of this gold deposit has laid a foundation for gold exploration in Precambrian rocks in the Altay middle-high mountains area, Xinjiang.     

Thermodynamic Modelling of Ore-Forming Mechanism of the Changkeng Gold-Silver Deposits in Guangdong Province

The Changkeng gold-silver deposits consist of a sediment-hosted, disseminated gold deposit and a replacement-type silver deposit. The mineralizations of gold and silver are zoned and closely related to the silicification of carbonate and clastic rocks, so that siliceous ores dominate in the deposit. The mineralizing temperature ranges mainly from 300 to 170℃, and K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl- are the major ions in the ore-forming fluid. Calculations of distribution of metal complexes show that gold is mainly transported by hydrosulphide complexes, but chloride complexes of silver, iron, lead, and zinc, which are transformed into hydroxyl and hydrosulphide complexes under neutral to weak-alkaline circumstances in the late stage, predominate in the ore-forming solutions. Water-rock interaction is confirmed to be the effective mechanism for the formation of silver ores by computer modelling of reaction of hydrothermal solution with carbonate rocks. The solubility analyses demonstrate that the precipitation     

Rare Earth Element and Trace Element Features of Gold-bearing Pyrite in the Jinshan Gold Deposit, Jiangxi Province

<正>Jinshan gold deposit is located in northeastern Jiangxi,South China,which is related to the ductile shear zone.It has a gold reserve of more than 200 tons,with 80%of gold occurring in pyrite. The LREE of gold-bearing pyrite is as higher as 171.664 ppm on average,with relatively higher light rare earth elements(LREE;159.556 ppm) and lower HREE(12.108 ppm).TheΣLREE/ΣHREE ratio is 12.612 and(La/Yb)_N is 11.765.These indicate that pyrite is rich in LREE.The(La/Sm)_N ratio is 3.758 and that of(Gd/Yb)_N is 1.695.These are obvious LREE fractionations.The rare earth element(REE) distribution patterns show obvious Eu anomaly with averageδEu values of 0.664,andδCe anomalies of 1.044.REE characteristics are similar to those of wall rocks(regional metamorphic rocks),but different from those of the Dexing granodiorite porphyry and Damaoshan biotite granite.These features indicate that the ore-forming materials in the Jinshan gold deposit derived from the wall rocks, and the ore-forming fluids derived from metamorphic water.The Co/Ni ratio(average value 0.38) of pyrite suggests that the Jinshan gold deposit formed under a medium-low temperature.It is inferred from the values of high-field strength elements,LREE,Hf/Sm,Nb/La,and Th/La of the pyrite that the ore-forming fluids of the Jinshan gold deposit derived from metamorphic water with ClF.     

Trace element and REE geochemistry of the Zhewang gold deposit,southeastern Guizhou Province,China

The quartz vein-type gold deposits are widely hosted by the Neoproterozoic （Xiajiang Group） epimeta- morphic clastic rock series in southeastern Guizhou Province, China. The Zhewang gold deposit studied in this paper occurs in the second lithologieal member of the Pinglue Formation of the Xiajiang Group. Trace element geochemis- try of host rocks, quartz veins and arsenopyrite has revealed that ore-forming fluid was enriched in sulphophile ele- ments such as Au, Ag, As, Sb, Pb and Zn, and simultaneously concentrated some magmaphile elements such as W and Mo, which probably provides some evidence for multi-stage mineralization or overprinting of magmatic hydro- therm. Quartz veins and arsenopyrite were characterized by depletion in HFSE and enrichment in LREE. Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La imply that the ore-forming fluid was probably a NaC1-H20 solution system enriched in more C1 than F; Th/U values reflect the strong reducibility of the ore-forming fluid, coincident with the sulfide assemblages. The values of Co/Ni reflect that magmatic fluids may have partly participated in the ore-forming process and Y/Ho values have proved that the ore-forming fluid was associated with metamorphism and exotic hydrotherm which has reformed former quartz veins during late mineralization. The concentrations of REE, Eu anomalies and Ce anomalies of this deposit display that ore-forming elements mainly were derived from host rocks and possibly from a mixed deep source, and the ore-forming fluid was mixed by dominant metamorphic fluid and minor other sources. The physical-chemical conditions of ore-forming fluid changed from the initial stage to the late stage. The metamorphic fluid is responsible for the mineralization. Therefore, the Zhewang gold deposit is classified as a quartz vein-type gold deposit which may have been reformed by magmatic fluids during the late stage.     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS IN JINCHUAN SUPER-LARGE SULFIDE COPPER-NICKEL DEPOSIT, JINCHANG CITY, GANSU PROVINCE, CHINA

The platinum-group element geochemistry of rocks and ores from Jinchuan super-large copper-nickel sulfide deposit is systemically studied in this paper. The Cu/Pd mean ratio of Jinchuan intrusion is lower than that of original mantle magma, which indicates that these ultrabasic rocks were crystallized from magma that lost Pd in the form of melting segregation of sulfides. The PGE of the rocks show trend of partial melting, similar to that of mantle peridotite, which shows that magma formation occurs during rock-forming and ore-forming processes. The chondrite normalized PGE patterns of the rocks and ores are well related to each other, which signifies the signatures of multi-episode magmatic intrusion, melting and differentiation in the formation processes of rocks and ores. In addition, analyses about the relation between PGE and S, and study on Re-Os isotopes indicate that few contamination of the crustal substances occurred during the magmatic intrusion and the formation of deposit. However, contamination by crustal substances helps to supply part of the S for the enrichment of PGE. Meanwhile, the hydrothermal process is also advantageous for the enrichment of PGE, especially lbr Pt and Pd, due to deep melting segregation. The characteristic parameters （such as Pt/（Pt＋Pd）, （Pt＋Pd）/（Ru＋Ir＋Os）, Pd/Ir, Cu/（Ni＋Cu）, and so on.） for platinum-group elements for Jinchuan sulfide copper-nickel deposit show the same features as those for sulfide copper-nickel deposit related to basic magma, which also illustrates its original magma property representative of Mg-high tholeiite. Therefore, it is the marie （not ultramafic） magma that resulted in the formation of the superlarge sulfide copper-nickel deposit enriched in Cu and PGE. To sum up, the geochemical characteristics of platinum-group elements in rocks and ores from Jinchuan copper-nickel sulfide deposit are constrained by the continental rift tectonic environment, the parent magma features, the enriched mantel magma source, the complex metallogenesis and PGE geochemical signatures, and this would be rather significant for the study about the genetic mechanism of copper-nickel sulfide deposits.     

Metamorphic Rock-hosted Disseminated Gold Deposits—A Case Study of the Xiaotongjiapuzi Gold Deposit of Eastern Liaoning

The Xiaotongjiapuzi gold deposit occurs in a Palaeoproterozoic rift accretionary terrane in eastern Liaoning and is hosted by a carbonate formation of the Dashiqiao Formation, Liaohe Group. The metamorphic grade of the host rock is low amphibolite-high greenschist facies. Gold, which is mainly invisible, is distributed in pyrite and arsenopyrite. The grains of Au-bearing sulphide minerals are fine, ranging from 0.0 n to 1 mm. The wall-rock alterations are characterized by low-temperature silification, hydro-sericitization, sericitization and carbonatization. The homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions in quartz closely associated with gold mineralization range from 140 to 240° C. The metallogenic age represented by the Ar-Ar isotopic age of sericite is 167 Ma. Comparisons and studies show that the Xiaotongjiapuzi gold deposit can be classified as the submicron-sized disseminated deposit (analogous to the Carlin-type) hosted in metamorphic rocks.     

Hydrothermal Sedimentary Mineralization of the Super‐large Bamianshan Fluorite Deposit in Zhejiang Province,China

The Bamianshan fluorite deposit is a super-large one recently discovered in Zhejiang Province of China. This paper presents an analysis of its geological background, orebody and ore characteristics, petrochemical characteristics of host rocks, rare earth elements (REE) of rocks and ores, fluid inclusions in fluorite and Sm-Nd isotopic features in an effort to study its sedimentary mineralization. The result shows that the super-large Bamianshan fluorite deposit is of hydrothermal sedimentation genesis, deformed by the later hydrothermal fluid. Integrated with host rocks and orebody characteristics, it is inferred that the deposit originates from the Cambrian sedimentary rocks. And the later magmatic activities deformed some orebodies in different degrees, forming steeply dipping vein orebodies in the tectonic belts regionally.     

河北金家庄超基性岩型金矿床的地球化学特征

对金家庄金矿的金属矿物化学成分、流体包裹体成分和同位素组成进行了分析。研究表明 ,金家庄金矿在矿石矿物成分上以黄铜矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿等主要金属矿物中普遍含有Pt、Pd、Ni等深源元素并出现针镍矿为特征 ,在成矿物质来源上 ,碳、硫和主要成矿元素主要来源于超基性岩体 ,成矿热液则可能主要来源于地下热水溶液。     

河北省赤城县小张家口超基性岩体主要特征和时代

小张家口超基性岩体是华北板块北缘超基性岩带的一个典型岩体，岩相分带明显，由透辉岩、闪辉岩、二辉岩和纯橄岩组成，主要矿物组成包括透辉石、贵橄榄石、角闪石等。化学成分上富ＦｅＯ、ＣａＯ而贫ＭｇＯ，ｍ／ｆ平均２．２１，属铁质或富铁质超基性岩。稀土分布形式为轻稀土富集型，具不显著的负铕异常，微量元素以富含不相容元素Ｒｂ、Ｔｉ、Ｓｒ、Ｖ等而贫Ｃｒ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ等相容元素为特征。Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ等时年龄１８３７Ｍａ，Ｎｄ（ｔ）为十１０．７２。该岩体由亏损型地幔部分熔融所产生的岩浆经结晶分异作用而形成。     

冀北金家庄中温热液型金矿床的成矿条件及找矿标志

金家庄金矿床位于华北地台北缘,尚义一赤城深大断裂带中段,属于产在超基性岩体断裂中的矿床。小张家口超基性岩体是金矿的主要围岩。深大断裂是成矿的先决条件;超基性岩体的存在是成矿的物质基础;中酸性岩浆及多次活动是成矿的关键。     

陕西煎茶岭金矿床地质特征及其成因意义

煎茶岭金矿床产于超基性岩体与白云岩接触带的断裂构造中 ,含矿蚀变类型、矿石矿物组份以及微量元素均与超基性岩密切相关。含金矿化蚀变带的定位、矿体空间变化以及贫、富矿段的部位同时又受到多阶段活动剪切断裂控制。成矿物源主要来源于超基性岩中 ,是一处较典型的与超基性岩有关的构造蚀变岩型金矿床。     

云南墨江猫鼻梁子金矿床金元素的物质来源探讨

云南墨江金矿是一个大型金矿床,猫鼻梁子是其主要赋矿地段。金矿体分布于超基性岩体的围岩中。矿区各类岩浆岩中,超基性岩的含金量最高。文章应用XRD分析、扫描电镜、回归分析、线性相关分析等方法,发现了Au与Pt、Pb共生,并呈正消长关系;Au、Ag、Se的赋存关系十分密切,认为金的主要物质来源是超基性岩体。     

青海北祁连山基性、超基性岩含金性研究

依据区内岩体及围岩662个微金样品分析结果,笔者对基性、超基性岩的含金性及其中金的赋存规律进行了详细研究。确认该区基性、超基性岩体的金背景含量普遍偏高,而且明显高于围岩。同时指出,三条蛇绿岩带金元素丰度呈现自北而南、自东而西递增的趋势。经对金富集地质条件的分析,认为区内金的活化迁移主要受控于与超基性岩带分布近于一致的两条韧性剪切带,并指出断裂破碎带、强蚀变超基性岩体与围岩接触带、热液蚀变带、金属硫化物产出部位及砂金(铂)异常与Au、As、Sb、Cu异常重叠部位是找金的有利地段。在上述地段发现了川剌沟、撒拉河金矿点两处和含金超基性岩体20处。提出四个预测区和七个找金部位。依据硫同位素、矿物包裹体等资料及金矿(化)体的赋存部位,首次提出该区金矿总体可称为蛇绿岩型金矿。成因类型主要属中温变质热液型。     

青海北祁连山基性、超基性岩含金性研究

依据区内岩体及围岩662个微金样品分析结果,笔者对基性、超基性岩的含金性及其中金的赋存规律进行了详细研究。确认该区基性、超基性岩体的金背景含量普遍偏高,而且明显高于围岩。同时指出,三条蛇绿岩带金元素丰度呈现自北而南、自东而西递增的趋势。经对金富集地质条件的分析,认为区内金的活化迁移主要受控于与超基性岩带分布近于一致的两条韧性剪切带,并指出断裂破碎带、强蚀变超基性岩体与围岩接触带、热液蚀变带、金属硫化物产出部位及砂金(铂)异常与Au、As、Sb、Cu异常重叠部位是找金的有利地段。在上述地段发现了川刺沟、撒拉河金矿点两处和含金超基性岩体20处。提出四个预测区和七个找金部位。依据硫同位素、矿物包裹体等资料及金矿(化)体的赋存部位,首次提出该区金矿总体可称为蛇绿岩型金矿。成因类型主要属中温变质热液型。     

北祁连铜厂沟金矿地球化学特征与找矿标志研究

文章根据铜厂沟金矿的矿区地质特征、碎屑岩岩石地球化学特征、英云闪长岩岩石化学特征、稀土元素地球化学特征等的研究,认为寒武纪碎屑岩原始沉积环境属于海洋岛弧优地槽环境复理石沉积物,复理石沉积物及超基性岩石为主要的矿源岩.提出英云闪长岩脉与超基性岩及绿泥石片岩边缘接触带中构造破碎带是有利的控矿构造部位,含黄铁矿硫化物石英脉是有利的找矿标志.     

甘肃党河南山地区鸡叫沟金矿床成矿特征及成矿模式

通过对鸡叫沟金矿床的成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、找矿标志及控矿因素等到诸方面分析,指出鸡叫沟金矿床成矿物质主要来源于岩浆岩,矿体主要分布于黑云母花岗闪长岩、超基性角闪石岩岩体与奥陶纪地层的内外接触带上,且受多级断裂裂隙系统控制。矿石类型为石英脉型、蚀变岩型、石英脉＋蚀变岩型,矿化类型主要有黄铁矿化、黄铜矿化、磁黄铁矿化、方铅矿化、毒砂化等。深部岩浆房为矿床形成提供了热动力,矿床成因类型为与岩浆岩有关的低温热液型金矿床,在此基础上,总结归纳了该矿床的成矿模式与综合找矿标志。