“造山带研究”笔谈会

《地学前缘》编辑部遵循"百花齐放,百家争鸣"的方针,以笔谈会形式邀请10多位地质学家从不同角度阐述造山带研究的意义、理论和方法等。文中主要论述了下列内容：（1）关于造山带的涵义。对造山带的涵义有两种不同的认识：一种意见把造山带与板块间的相互作用密切联系,强调只有会聚板块边缘构造作用形成的地质体,才能称为造山带;另一种意见认为板内造山带是客观存在的,对大陆造山带的研究是大陆动力学的关键。（2）关于中国造山带的特点。中国地处3大体系──印度板块、太平洋板块和西伯利亚板块的交汇处,是古亚洲、特提斯和太平洋3大洋盆体系和其间诸多地块开裂、演化、增生、碰撞和消亡的结果。它们通常经历了长期的地质演化,形成了许多多期复合型造山带,而不完全与地球上一些典型的造山带相同。另一个特点是老造山带和已稳定地块在后期可再次卷入构造运动而活化。因此,中国是研究大陆开裂、增生、碰撞和拼贴作用的理想场所。（3）我们应当在总结中国各类造山带的地质。地球物理和地球化学等特征的基础上,结合东亚以至全球构造研究,创建大陆造山带的新理论。     

中国大地构造研究之思考——中国地质学家的责任与担当

19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶盛行的地槽-地台学说,起源于西方学者对大西洋半球的欧洲和北美东部地质的研究。20世纪中叶提出的板块构造学说,虽然起源于对现代海洋的地质、地球物理调查,但用板块学说解释大陆构造的尝试,也是从解剖北美和欧洲大西洋两岸的古生代造山带开始的。二者均缺少太平洋半球的亚洲,特别是中国及邻区的资料基础,因此,其立论基础是不全面的。这就给亚洲,特别是给中国学者提供了很大的发展空间。通过1∶500万国际亚洲地质图的编制和全球构造的对比研究,笔者发现,处于亚洲核心地带的中国及邻区不仅是亚洲也是全球显生宙地质结构和发展历史最复杂的地区。古亚洲洋构造域的乌拉尔—蒙古—兴安巨型造山带是全球规模最大、发育历史最长、地质结构最复杂的古生代造山带;中国西南部,特别是青藏高原是全球特提斯巨型造山带出露宽度最大、地质纪录保存最完整的地段;中国东部的太平洋构造域,既有亚洲东缘的巨型中生代造山带和新生代的沟弧盆体系,又有宽阔的滨太平洋陆缘活化带。这就使中国及邻区成为研究全球显生宙构造不可缺少的重要地段。我们一定要抓住中国在全球构造研究中的区位优势,以地球系统多层圈构造观为指导,用地质、地球物理、地球化学多学科结合的方法,立足实际,抓住特色,构建中国大地构造的新理论、新模型,为国际地球科学,为发展、完善现代大地构造学理论做出应有的贡献!     

Geological development and mineralization in the Atacama segment of the South American Andes,northern Chile (26°15′–27°25′S)

Between the Late Jurassic and the Middle Miocene, widespread magmatism, tectonic events and hydrothermal mineralization characterized the geological evolution of the Atacama segment of the South American Andes. A characteristic feature of this zone is the coincidence in time and space between subduction-generated igneous activity, crustal deformation and mineralization in the magmatic arcs, which formed longitudinal belts migrating eastward.Mineralization in the last 140 Ma is generally restricted to four longitudinal metallogenic belts, in which hydrothermal activity was channelled along crustal-scale faults (1) the Atacama Fault System, along which Early Cretaceous Cu-Au-bearing breccia pipes, veins and stockwork were formed; (2) the Inca do Oro Belt, which contains Upper Cretaceous low sulphur precious metal epithermal mineralization, and Middle Eocene Cu-Mo-Au-bearing breccia pipes; (3) the West Fissure System, which hosts Upper Eocene to Early Oligocene porphyry copper deposits and high sulphur precious metal epithermal mineralization; and (4) the Maricunga Belt, when contains Upper Oligocene to Middle Miocene high sulphur precious metal epithermal deposits and Au-rich porphyry mineralization.     

Gold mineralization in China: Metallogenic provinces,deposit types and tectonic framework

We present a review of major gold mineralization events in China and a summary of metallogenic provinces, deposit types, metallogenic epochs and tectonic settings. Over 200 investigated gold deposits are grouped into 16 Au-metallogenic provinces within five tectonic units such as the Central Asian orogenic belt comprising provinces of Northeast China and Tianshan-Altay; North China Craton comprising the northern margin, Jiaodong, and Xiaoqinling; the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt consisting of the West Qingling, North Qilian, and East Kunlun; the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts consisting of Lhasa, Garzê-Litang, Ailaoshan, and Daduhe-Jinpingshan; and the South China block comprising Youjiang basin, Jiangnan orogenic belt, Middle and Lower Yangtze River, and SE coast. The gold deposits are classified as orogenic, Jiaodong-, porphyry–skarn, Carlin-like, and epithermal-types, among which the first three types are dominant.The orogenic gold deposits formed in various tectonic settings related to oceanic subduction and subsequent crustal extension in the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun, Tianshan-Altay, northern margin of North China Craton, and Xiaoqinling, and related to the Eocene–Miocene continental collision in the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts. The tectonic periods such as from slab subduction to block amalgamation, from continental soft to hard collision, from intracontinental compression to shearing or extension, are important for the formation of the orogenic gold deposits. The orogenic gold deposits are the products of metamorphic fluids released during regional metamorphism associated with oceanic subduction or continental collision, or related to magma emplacement and associated hydrothermal activity during lithospheric extension after ocean closure. The Jiaodong-type, clustered around Jiaodong, Xiaoqinling, and the northern margin of the North China Craton, is characterized by the involvement of mantle-derived fluids and a temporal link to the remote subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate concomitant with the episodic destruction of North China Craton. The Carlin-like gold metallogenesis is related to the activity of connate fluid, metamorphic fluid, and meteoric water in different degrees in the Youjiang basin and West Qinling; the former Au province is temporally related to the remote subduction of the Tethyan oceanic plate and the later formed in a syn-collision setting. Porphyry–skarn Au deposits are distributed in the Tianshan-Altay, the Middle and Lower Yangtze River region, and Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts in both subduction and continental collision settings. The magma for the porphyry–skarn Au deposits commonly formed by melting of a thickened juvenile crust. The epithermal Au deposits, dominated by the low-sulfidation type, plus a few high-sulfidation ones, were produced during the Carboniferous oceaic plate subduction in Tianshan-Altay, during Early Cretaceous and Quaternary oceanic plate subduction in SEt coast of South China Block, and during the Pliocene continental collision in Tibet. The available data of different isotopic systems, especially fluid D–O isotopes and carbonate C–O systems, reveal that the isotopic compositions are largely overlapping for different genetic types and different for the same genetic type in different Au belts. The isotopic compositions are thus not good indicators of various genetic types of gold deposit, perhaps due to overprinting of post-ore alteration or the complex evolution of the fluids.Although gold metallogeny in China was initiated in Cambrian and lasted until Cenozoic, it is mainly concentrated in four main periods. The first is Carboniferous when the Central Asian orogenic belt formed by welding of micro-continental blocks and arcs in Tianshan-Altay, generating a series of porphyry–epithermal–orogenic deposits. The second period is from Triassic to Early Jurassic when the current tectonic mainframe of China started to take shape. In central and southern China, the North China Craton, South China Block and Simao block were amalgamated after the closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean in Triassic, forming orogenic and Carlin-like gold deposits. The third period is Early Cretaceous when the subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate to the east and that of Neo-Tethyan oceanic plate to the west were taking place. The subduction in eastern China produced the Jiaodong-type deposits in the North China Craton, the skarn-type deposits in the northern margin (Middle to lower reaches of Yangtze River) and the epithermal-type deposits in the southeastern margin in the South China Block. The subduction in western China produced the Carlin-like gold deposits in the Youjiang basin and orogenic ones in the Garzê-Litang orogenic belt. The Cenozoic is the last major phase, during which southwestern China experienced continental collision, generating orogenic and porphyry–skarn gold deposits in the Tibetan and Sanjiang orogenic belts. Due to the spatial overlap of the second and third periods in a single gold province, the Xiaoqinling, West Qinling, and northern margin of the North China Craton have two or more episodes of gold metallogeny.     

中国东南大陆岩石圈演化研究中的有关问题刍议

本文依据大地构造理论和最新研究资料对中国东南大陆岩石圈演化研究中的有关问题作了探讨,认为地体理论和大地构造相模式理论是相辅相成的;建议扬弃华夏古、特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域等可能束缚研究思路的概念;将板片构造、斜向碰撞与走滑纳入中国东南部碰撞造山带的研究内容。     

智利北部—阿根廷西北部两类斑岩铜矿成矿方式

智利北部和阿根廷西北部的中新生代斑岩铜矿形成于古生代地体拼贴造山带背景。随着大西洋的张开,南美大陆向西漂移,中新生代期间,南美克拉通块体俯冲到古生代造山带之下形成加厚或双倍地壳。智利北部作为南美活动大陆边缘的组成部分,不断"吞食"向东俯冲的太平洋（纳斯卡）板块,斑岩铜矿成矿作用发生在俯冲板块断离后导致的大规模岩浆活动,并沿再活化岩石圈不连续（先存的古生代拼接带、区域断裂）反复就位,形成安第斯型斑岩铜矿。阿根廷西北部大规模铜（金、钼）成矿与加厚的造山带垮塌有关,大规模成矿受控于造山岩石圈去根、软流圈物质和热上涌引发的大规模岩浆活动。总体而言,智利北部、阿根廷西北部安第斯型和造山带垮塌型斑岩铜矿,乃至南美安第斯山铜（金）矿成矿带形成,与中新生代以来南美大陆向西漂移、大西洋张开事件关系密切。     

中国南方显生宙大地构造演化简史

中国南方的构造格架以众多造山带围绕扬子克拉通分布为特征。这些造山带分别形成于古生代(华南造山带)和中—新生代(秦岭-大别山造山带、松潘-甘孜造山带、三江造山带、右江造山带和沿海造山带)。在造山带中散布着保山地块和南海地块等微陆块。本文以扬子克拉通为中心,概述了中国南方显生宙构造古地理演化的主体面貌,并归纳了其对海相烃源岩堆积的制约关系,指出制约和影响中国南方古地理演化的几个主要的构造事件为:新元古代晚期至古生代早期的大陆裂谷和被动大陆边缘形成事件,古生代中期华南造山带形成演化事件,古生代晚期张裂事件,中生代古特提斯洋闭合造山事件,侏罗纪以来的太平洋板块俯冲事件,新生代印度板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞事件等。本文还指出,上述这些事件延续的时间有限,变形强度在空间上也有差异,对于油气成藏和晚期调整的影响也会因时因地而异。具体事物具体分析才能对研究中国南方油气分布规律有所帮助。     

中国东南大陆岩石圈演化研究中的有关问题雏议

本文依据大地构造理论和最新研究资料对中国东南大陆岩石圈演化研究中的有关问题作了探讨，认为地体理论和大地构造相模式理论是相辅相成的；建议扬弃华夏古陆、特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域等可能束缚研究思路的概念；将板片构造、斜向碰撞与走滑纳入中国东南部碰撞造山带的研究内容     

Episodic burial and exhumation of the southern Baltic Shield: Epeirogenic uplifts during and after break-up of Pangaea

Cratons are conventionally assumed to be areas of long-term stability. However, whereas Precambrian basement crops out across most of the Baltic Shield, Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sediments rest on basement in southern Sweden, and thus testify to a complex history of exhumation and burial. Our synthesis of published stratigraphic landscape analysis and new apatite fission-track analysis data reveals a history involving five steps after formation of the extremely flat, Sub-Cambrian Peneplain. (1) Cambrian to Lower Triassic rocks accumulated on the peneplain, interrupted by late Carboniferous uplift and exhumation. (2) Middle Triassic uplift removed the Palaeozoic cover along the south-western margin of the shield, leading to formation of a Triassic peneplain with a predominantly flat relief followed by deposition of Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic rocks. (3) Uplift that began during the Middle Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous caused denudation leading to deep weathering that shaped an undulating, hilly relief that was buried below Upper Cretaceous to Oligocene sediments. (4) Early Miocene uplift and erosion produced the South Småland Peneplain with scattered hills. (5) Early Pliocene uplift raised the Miocene peneplain to its present elevation leading to reexposure of the sub-Cretaceous hilly relief near the coast. Our results thus provide constraints on the magnitude and timing of episodes of deposition and removal of significant volumes of Phanerozoic rocks across the southern portion of the Baltic Shield. Late Carboniferous, Middle Triassic and mid-Jurassic events of uplift and exhumation affected wide areas beyond the Baltic Shield, and we interpret them as epeirogenic uplifts accompanying fragmentation of Pangaea, caused by accumulation of mantle heat beneath the supercontinent. Early Miocene uplift affected north-west Europe but not East Greenland, and thus likely resulted from compressive stresses from an orogeny on the Eurasian plate. Early Pliocene uplift related to changes in mantle convection and plate motion affected wide areas beyond North-East Atlantic margins.     

全球早古生代造山带(Ⅰ):碰撞型造山

自新元古代罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解以来,早古生代是板块构造运动活跃时期,具有板块运动速度较快、构造格局不稳定、块体之间相互作用复杂多变等特征,造山带演化极其复杂,导致全球早古生代古大陆重建现今仍较模糊。特别是,早古生代末450~400 Ma存在全球性准同时的造山运动,已经出现俯冲增生、碰撞、陆内3种类型的全球尺度造山带。本文侧重论述全球早古生代碰撞类型造山带的特征,总结典型碰撞造山带最新的年代学、变质、变形和岩浆作用特征及其时空分布。早古生代全球碰撞型造山带主要分布在南半球的泛非造山带和北半球的加里东期造山带,分别与南方冈瓦纳大陆和北方劳俄古陆的初步集结密切相关,早古生代碰撞造山主要体现在大陆块之间的碰撞作用为特征。这些早古生代碰撞造山带具有近似的碰撞年龄,大致相同的演化过程。其中,南方大陆主体碰撞完成于540 Ma,而北方大陆主体集结完成于420 Ma,从全球构造意义上可能意味着全球一个420~400 Ma的超大陆初步形成。     

早期碰撞造山过程与板块构造：前寒武纪地质研究的机遇和挑战

普遍认为修正后的板块构造模式仍适用于新太古代地质研究，但是早期板块构造过程与后期有明显差异，包括陆块规模、造山带类型、碰撞造山过程等。典型碰撞造山带在地史上的初次形成具有划时代的构造演化意义，涉及典型板块构造初始发生过程、最早超级大陆拼合、威尔逊旋回及板块碰撞造山过程等方面。华北中部保留一条近南北向的碰撞造山带（2 600~2 500 Ma BP），保留特征的巨型复式褶皱、不同层次推覆构造、蛇绿岩混杂带等。围绕华北中部造山带及其25亿年重大构造热事件的研究，对认识华北早期构造演化及其超大陆再造具有重要意义，也是早期板块构造研究的关键突破口之一，开展其不同地壳层次构造变形及其前陆盆地的研究，将深化早期板块边界及其造山过程的科学认识。     

前陆盆地层序地层与油气聚集

从区域构造的观点看, 同板块碰撞有关的前陆盆地是油气聚集的有利地区。两个板块的相互碰撞形成一系列的造山带, 而在相对稳定板块的前缘常常形成前陆盆地。由于前陆盆地的特点, 使它对油气的生成、运移、聚集和保存都十分有利, 世界上前陆盆地是油气最富集的一类盆地。前陆盆地层序地层学是将层序地层学理论应用于褶冲带和前陆盆地的一个特例, 假定物源供给稳定, 前陆盆地可容空间的变化主要受控于构造作用和全球海平面变化。本文通过概括前陆盆地不同级别的地层层序、旋回及其成因, 揭示造山带构造运动、盆地沉积作用和海平面变化之间的内在联系, 进一步研究前陆盆地的沉积一构造演化, 提出前陆盆地的油气潜力主要取决于早期被动边缘发育程度和保存条件, "薄皮"逆掩断层带具一定油气潜力, 具有多种类型油气圈闭, 以及盆地晚期的前缘沉积有利于早期沉积的埋藏、成熟和保存等四项前陆盆地与油气关系的结论和认识, 为油气资源勘探提供理论依据。      

造山带火山岩研究

造山带火山岩石学研究的主要目的在于重溯造山带的构造－岩浆演化历史。纵观我国以至全球的大陆造山带形成、演化历史，一个造山带往往经历了古大陆裂解、洋陆转换、陆块拼合－碰撞、陆内伸展－盆山耦合和新构造隆升（陆内造山）等众多不同的构造演化阶段，这些不同的构造演化阶段和不同的构造环境均有特定火山岩浆作用与这相伴。因此，可以根据造山带形成、演化不同阶段火山岩浆作用的特点来重溯造山带的构造－岩浆演化历史，进而从更大尺度上加以对比，探索全球动力学乃至比较行星动力学等重大科学问题。本文对造山带火山岩石学研究中的一些重要问题进行了讨论和评述，这些问题包括：板块内部火山岩浆活动、离散板块边界上的火山岩浆活动、会聚板块边缘的火山岩浆活动。     

论全球性中-新生代陆内造山作用与造山带

对不同类型造山作用与造山带的深入剖析,在现代地学研究中占有重要的位置。迄今对造山带类型划分以及陆内（ 板内） 造山带是否存在及其形成机制问题,尚有不同认识。文章在阐明造山带分类准则的基础上,将全球性中－ 新生代造山带划分为陆缘型、陆间型与陆内型三大类。对陆内造山带则划分出发育在前寒武纪古克拉通基础上、发育在前中生代陆缘、陆间造山带基础上两种类型。文内还对全球性中－ 新生代陆内造山作用与造山带的展布特点、形成机制及其大陆动力学意义进行概括论述     

The Precambrian geotectonic evolution of Africa: plate accretion versus plate destruction

The classical model of continental accretion and progressive cratonization, starting with an ancient nucleus onto which younger orogenic belts are welded (onion skin tectonics), has dominated geotectonic research for many years and has received new impetus with the general acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics. It has also been applied to the geotectonic evolution of large Precambrian crustal segments such as Africa.It is demonstrated, however, that new structural, geochronological and paleomagnetic data from Africa provide strong evidence for the existence of large cratonic continental plates since at least the Early Proterozoic which were later transected by linear mobile belts and thus partly destroyed. Crustal reworking and rejuvenation in these belts now gives the impression of younger orogens surrounding ancient “nuclei”.The geotectonic evolution of Africa is therefore characterized by plate destruction rather than by plate accretion with progressive cratonization, and only the “nuclei” have escaped this process.Many phenomena in the African mobile belts seem to indicate processes involving little or no relative motion of crustal plates or crustal shortening between them, and there is as yet no evidence of former oceanic plates to have been generated or consumed. It is therefore suggested that large-scale dispersive movements of major continental fragments were uncommon or absent in the Early and Middle Precambrian.Widespread drift may only have begun during the Late Precambrian/Early Paleozoic Pan African Tectogenesis, eventually leading to a crustal evolution as envisaged by the modern theory of global tectonics.     

造山带火山岩浆作用

造山带火山岩石学研究的主要目的在于重溯造山带的构造－岩浆演化历史。纵观我国到至全球的大陆造山带形成－演化历史，一个造山带往往经历了古大陆裂解，洋陆转换，陆块拼合，碰撞，陆内伸展－盆山耦合和新构造隆升（陆内造山）等众多不同的构造演化阶段，这些不同的构造演化阶段和不同的构造环境均有特定火山岩浆民之相伴。因此，我们可以根据造山带形成－演化不同阶段火山岩浆作用的特点来重溯造山带的的构造－岩浆演化历史，并进而从更大尺度上加以对比，探索全球动力学乃至比较行星学等重大学问题。本文对造山带火山岩石学研究中的一些重要问题进行了讨论和评述，这些问题包括有：板块内部火册浆活动，离散板块边界上的火山岩浆活动，会聚板块边缘的火山岩浆活动。     

中太平洋海山区富钴结壳的钙质超微化石地层学研究

对“大洋一号”调查船在中太平洋采集的N1-15和N5E-06 2个富钴结壳样品进行了钙质超微化石及其生物地层学的研究与分析.这2个结壳从结构上分为3层: 致密型上层、疏松型中层和致密型下层.在研究中对各结构层和各层中有颜色或细微结构变化的层位都进行了详细的取样和分析.在识别了12个新生代钙质超微化石事件的基础上, 确定了2个结壳致密型上层结壳都为晚更新世以来的沉积, 它们的疏松型中层结壳为上新世到中更新世的沉积.对N5E-06富钴结壳来说, 其致密型下层结壳下部形成于中晚古新世到早渐新世的59.7~ 32.8 Ma期间.N1-15富钴结壳致密型下层的形成时代目前暂时定为中新世.研究注意到在2个结壳中都没有发现可信的晚渐新世到中新世的化石记录, 在个别层位之间存在着沉积间断.      

The worldwide active middle/late eocene geodynamic episode with peaks at ±45 and ±37 m.y. B.P., and implications and problems of orogeny and sea-floor spreading

Two remarkable geodynamic events in earth history at ± 45 and ± 37 m.y. ago, corresponding to the early and late Pyrenean orogenic phases of Middle and Late Eocene age are described in this paper. Based on numerous data, each of these events is manifested by a set of many various worldwide geologic activities, such as orogenic shortening, granodioritic plutonism, regional metamorphism, change in rate or direction of sea-floor spreading, and global marine regression. These activities shed light on the kinematic relation between plate motions and orogeny because they are widespread and coeval.According to the plate tectonic theory, mountain building is attributed mainly to three types of convergent plate motions: collision, subduction, and obduction. However, an extensive orogenic process does not occur randomly and locally, and does not proceed diachronously by steady plate motion or subduction. The data presented here indicate short duration and synchronism of

1. (a) worldwide orogenic deformations at specific times and

2. (b) abrupt changes of plate motion during the orogeny.

In this paper it is shown that there were two geodynamic peaks (±45 and ±37 m.y. ago) which involved more than 80 separate processes of displacement. Such a major reorganization in the plate tectonic pattern reflects a turning point in the geotectonic history.The generally steady, in several oceans variable sea-floor spreading on the one side and the episodic orogenic compressions correspond neither temporally nor kinematically. The two types of movement represent dissimilar kinematic actions. Ocean-floor spreading and orogeny are two different mechanisms that alternate in earth history. It is not the long-term sea-floor movement but a short-term readjustment in the plate tectonic pattern that is related to orogeny. The normal, continuous sea-floor spreading becomes disarranged; its motion is mainly slowed or stopped at times of orogeny which is discontinuous, pulsatory and of short duration. The driving forces of the two processes are different, as is apparent from the contrasting rates of motion.The essential prerequisite for crustal shortening during alpinotype viscoplastic deformation seems to be a worldwide penetrative remobilization of continental marginal zones. Due to the loss of rigidity, the bordering plates then converged. The associated migmatization and granitization point to a thermal origin of this crustal mobilization. Episodic remobilization and folding of continental margins are the expression of such an endodynamic pulsation, released by processes in the earth's interior.     

Temperate carbonate platform drowning linked to Miocene oceanographic events: Maiella platform margin, Italy

Carbonate platform drownings are frequent, often synchronous global occurrences, yet explanations for these world-wide events remain unsatisfactory. In the Central Apennines, Lower and Middle Miocene carbonate rocks deposited on a 'temperate' ramp in the Maiella platform margin record two episodes of platform drowning followed by hemipelagic sedimentation, dated as latest Oligocene–Aquitanian (26–23 M a) and as Burdigalian–Langhian (20–16 Ma). A high-resolution stratigraphy, based on strontium- isotopes, allows us to correlate key phases of platform evolution with events recorded in deep water ocean sediments. This paper suggests that high weathering rates and nutrient input in the Mediterranean during the early and middle Miocene –possibly linked to the uplift of the Tibetan region – set the preconditions for platform drowning, which were ultimately caused by rapid eustatic sea-level rises.     

山脉与造山带及有关问题讨论

正确处理山脉和造山带之间的关系,是深刻理解和准确把握板块构造理论的内涵本质和理论体系的基础和前提。最伟大的创新必然是建立在最深刻的继承基础之上。本文详细回顾了从山脉到造山带的研究历史,梳理了两者的关系,并在此基础上简单总结了一些目前造山带研究中的共性问题。山脉的研究历史,从形态描述和隆升成因探索的形貌学研究阶段,到内部构造、形成机制的研究和普适性成因的探索,伴随了现代地质学从诞生到槽台学说并最终形成板块构造理论的整个过程。板块构造理论对造山带做出了更为明确的限定,明确了山脉研究中构造地质学的任务和对象。山脉是地貌学/地理学名词,强调的是现时形态和形貌特征,关键是具有一定的高程和陡坡,它可以形成于引张、挤压、剪切等不同的水平应力作用下,也可以形成于垂向应力作用范畴的地幔柱、地外体冲击作用等。然而,造山带是汇聚板块边缘大地构造作用形成的带状地质体,是地质学名词,强调的是动态过程,包括俯冲造山带和碰撞造山带,关键是具有汇聚板块边缘的岩石-构造组合。山脉和造山带是既有交集,又彼此不可包容的两个概念。文中最后列举的一些造山带研究中容易混淆和误解的问题,以及有些不太清晰的概念,亦有征求同行评议、建议之意。