川康边区之雨量

本文所论,以四川西部岷江流域及西康东部稚龙江,金沙江与澜沧江上游为限,东起105°E,西至95°E,北自33°N,南止28°N。是区适当四川盆地与西藏高原交接之地带,境内地形至为复杂,高山深谷,东西骈列,走向大致均由北而南,或西北而东南。山在四川西北境有九顶山脉,南尽于成都平原,平均海拔在三千公尺以上,北为雪宝顶,南为九顶山,海拔在五千公尺左右,其西有印崃山,夹金山及大相岭,连绵不断,耸峙于川康边界上,北部拔海约四千公尺,南部则在二千公尺左右,走向初南北而后折为东西,酉康境内,大雪山脉为东部之屏障,平均海拔在四千公尺以上,北名折多山,中为贡噶山,南为     

民国二十五年七月份各地气象通讯

长沙本月湖南境内,雨旸时若,天气之佳,为过去数年同月所罕见,就雨量而论,全省各地,约70(米毛)至227(米毛),偏距既小,分配复甚均匀,上中下三旬百分率,相差均不甚大,以视过去全月雨量大部份集中於上旬或中旬者,殊有不同,此种情形,对於农作物,颇为有利,故各处绿满田畴,据一般老农言,本年年岁之丰,为近数年所未有。全月温度,颇为特殊,各地平均,均较往年为低,常德变差最     

重庆之气候

丁丑之夏,暴日进寇,发於芦沟桥畔,祸及於凇沪之滨。中大位居首都,京沪相去匪远,敌机肆虐,频频来袭,大会堂,图书馆先後受炸,女生宿舍,全部遭焚,迁渝设教之议,势迫实行。双十节後,予发自乡井,十七日抵汉皋,二十一日换舟西上,三十日而达渝州。二十九日之夜,船泊木洞镇旁,同船师生爰有同乐会之举,     

近三年来湖南之气象

一绪言最近三年来,我国水旱频仍,损失之重,互古未有!推原其故,固大半由於人事未尽,但天时失常,各项气候因子变化太大,实为主要原因。故对於过去三年内务项气象要素,实有加以检讨之必要。本文目的,即在根据湖南境内三年来之气象纪录,加以整理说明。惟所用材料,仅有长沙、常德、衡阳三处,岳州海关之气象纪录,因案头     

天气气候与人类居住习性

家乡的房子很高,叫“瓦房”,窗户很大,高一米七八,刚光透过玻璃窗,洋洋洒洒落在地上,敞亮极了。房顶是三角形的,中间高高的尖顶．顺着房顶两边是版色的砖瓦,一片压一片,假有规律地一溜排开,煞是好看。夏季一下雨,雨水顺着瓦檐流下来,滴滴答答,常常打破乡村夜晚的宁静,像“雨打芭蕉”的美妙音乐一样,回荡在夜空;而冬季下雪过后,阳光一晒,雪水沿着房檐下滑,在冬日寒冷的清晨,有时会形成一根根“冰挂”,远看还以为是小瀑布呢。     

四川气候区域

气候与农林水利地理各项问题,均有密切关系,气候区域之划分旨在于谋所以改进土地利用,增加农产,以及鼓励移民之道。此项气候分区工作之是否能完成,与是否认为尽善尽美,须视分区范围内之先决条件是否具备。先决条件有四,即第一,测候站之分布,是否均匀而足数(量);第二,测得之纪录,是否精确而可靠(质);第三,纪录之时期,是否久长而完整(年数);第四,上述三项之外,分区时所采用之大部份材料,能否选取同一时期(此为整理纪录及绘制气候图时之最重要者)是也。作者于入川之初,即已注意四川气候上之若干特点,当时以川省各县测候所成立未久,纪录未足,不便从     

廿四年九月份各地气象通讯

本月份昆明最高温度27.5℃(二十日十四时);最低温度11.0℃(十三日及十六日);全月雨量总计188.7m.m.超过历年平均同月份雨量,较诸二十一,二十二,二十三年俱多;较诸十七,十八,十九,二十年则少,本月四日一次最大雨量55m.m.;二日十二时四十五分始,发生雷雨一次,降雨12.2m.m,总计雨日十六,阴日四,昙日九,晴日一;雷雨一日,霭二日,远雷,闪电各一日;全月最大风速     

南京雨量日变化之分析

南京每小时雨量纪录始于民国十七年岁首,终于二十六年十二月,为期不足十年,而民国十七年一年之中,观测地点尝有迁移,实际完整之纪录仅八年,今为统计方便计,断自十九年,迄于二十三年, 虽为期甚短不规则之变化,未能尽行消除,然高低之所在,已跃然于纸上矣。以五年各小时平均总量而论,最高点在下午六时,次高点在上午八时;最低点在正午,次低点在子夜后一时,二低点雨量之差甚微,最高点与次高点则相差22粍之多,全日较差即最高点与次高点之差为44粍,各季平均之雨量日变化大致亦与年平均者相似,惟最高与最低     

中国雷雨之分布

中国幅员辽阔,地形复杂,而测候事业历史甚短,纪录为数既少,年代复长短不齐,观测又精粗不一,欲持此以论雷雨之分布,诚非易事;然若先就以往之纪录,加以整理,虽云疏陋,要亦可藉以略知其梗概。本文纪录,多取自南京气象研究所出版之月刊与年报,     

爱格耐F.M.EXNER传

二月七日(民国十九年)平旦,奥大利中央气象学及地力学研究院院长,维也纳大学大地物理学教授爱格耐卒於维也纳。一心悸病,而促其寿纪,而当代气象学,丧一硕儒,而德意志气象学者之林,丧一模楷,而故旧朋好,丧一信友。年来爱格耐君,体气日渐颓败,凡有幸得     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

A review of recent advances in research on Asian monsoon in China

This paper reviews briefly advances in recent research on monsoon by Chinese scholars, including primarily： （1） the establishment of various monsoon indices. In particular, the standardized dynamic seasonal variability index of the monsoon can delimit the geographical distribution of global monsoon systems and determine quantitatively the date of abrupt change in circulation. （2） The provision of three driving forces for the generation of monsoon. （3） The revelation of the heating-pump action of the Tibetan Plateau, which strengthens southerlies in the southern and southeastern periphery of the Plateau and results in a strong rainfall center from the northern Bay of Bengal （BOB） to the Plateau itself. （4） Clarification of the initial onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon （ASM） in the BOB east of 90°E, Indochina Peninsula （ICP） and the South China Sea, of which the rapid northward progression of tropical convection in the Sumatra and the rapid westward movement of the South Asia High to the Indochina Peninsula are the earliest signs. （5） The provision of an integrated mechanism for the onset of the East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM）, which emphasizes the integrated impact of sensible heat over Indian Peninsula, the warm advection of the Tibetan Plateau and the sensible heat and latent heat over the Indochina Peninsula on the one hand, and the seasonal phase-lock effect of the northward propagation of low frequency oscillation on the other. （6） The revelation of the ＂planetary-scale moisture transport large-value band＂ from the Southern Hemisphere through to the Asian monsoon region and into the North Pacific, which is converged by several large-scale moisture transport belts in the Asian-Australian monsoon regions and whose variation influences directly the temporal and spatial distribution of summer rainfall in China. （7） Presenting the features of the seasonal advance of the EASM, the propagation of intraseasonal oscillation, and their relationship with rainfall in Ch     

Field Experimental Investigations on the Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-Content in Cloudwater Samples

The Fe(II)/Fe(III)-partition in cloudwater samples collected during two field campaigns is evaluated. It turned out that the simultaneous occurrence of complexing and reducing substances in the atmosphere and the cloud processing increase the solubility of iron compounds present in aerosol particles. A correlation between the concentration of iron(II) in the liquid phase and the intensity of the solar irradiation was observed for most of the cloudwater samples. This could be due to the fact that both the photochemical reduction of the iron(III) complexes and the photochemical reductive dissolution of iron(III)(hydr)oxides are depending on the pH-value. Iron(II) seems to be oxidised back to iron(III) preferably by hydrogen peroxide during the night. Positive correlations were received e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the concentration of oxalate and between the percentage of iron(III) and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. A negative correlation was found e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the pH-value. The uncertainty of the whole process of sampling and analysis was investigated and the conformity of the results was satisfying considering the sometimes difficult conditions during a field campaign.     

Model simulations of rainout and washout from a warm stratiform cloud

A one-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model with parameterized microphysics is used to investigate the processes which control the rainout and washout of soluble gases from warm, precipitating stratiform clouds. Calculations are presented simulating the distributions of soluble species within and below the cloud layer and in the precipitating raindrops as a function of time and species' solubility. Our calculations indicate that for species with low solubility, wet removal processes are relatively slow and thus do not significantly affect the species' gas-phase abundance. As a result, the removal of low-solubility species by rainout and washout is controlled by thermodynamic processes with the concentration of the species in cloud and rainwater largely determined by the species' solubility. For highly soluble species on the other hand, dissolution into cloud droplets and removal in rain is quite rapid and the abundance of highly soluble species within and below the cloud falls rapidly as soon as the precipitation begins. Because of this rapid decrease in concentration, we find that for highly soluble species: concentrations in cloud droplets near the cloud base can exceed that of raindrops by factors of 2 to 10; washout can dominate over rainout as a removal mechanism; and that, after an extended period of rainfall, the rate of removal becomes independent of the microphysical properties and rainfall rate of the cloud and is controlled by the rate of transport of material into the precipitating column by horizontal advection.     

An assessment of the predictability of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet based on TIGGE data

The predictability of the position, spatial coverage and intensity of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) in the summers of 2010 to 2012 was examined for ensemble prediction systems(EPSs) from four representative TIGGE centers,including the ECMWF, the NCEP, the CMA, and the JMA. Results showed that each EPS predicted all EASWJ properties well, while the levels of skill of all EPSs declined as the lead time extended. Overall, improvements from the control to the ensemble mean forecasts for predicting the EASWJ were apparent. For the deterministic forecasts of all EPSs, the prediction of the average axis was better than the prediction of the spatial coverage and intensity of the EASWJ. ECMWF performed best, with a lead of approximately 0.5–1 day in predictability over the second-best EPS for all EASWJ properties throughout the forecast range. For probabilistic forecasts, differences in skills among the different EPSs were more evident in the earlier part of the forecast for the EASWJ axis and spatial coverage, while they departed obviously throughout the forecast range for the intensity. ECMWF led JMA by about 0.5–1 day for the EASWJ axis, and by about 1–2 days for the spatial coverage and intensity at almost all lead times. The largest lead of ECMWF over the relatively worse EPSs, such as NCEP and CMA, was approximately 3–4 days for all EASWJ properties. In summary, ECMWF showed the highest level of skill for predicting the EASWJ, followed by JMA.     

How the “Best” Models Project the Future Precipitation Change in China

Projected changes in summer precipitation characteristics in China during the 21st century are assessed using the monthly precipitation outputs of the ensemble of three “best” models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B, A2, and B1 scenarios. The excellent reproducibility of the models both in spatial and temporal patterns for the precipitation in China makes the projected summer precipitation change more believable for the future 100 years. All the three scenarios experiments indicate a consistent enhancement of summer precipitation in China in the 21st century. However, the projected summer precipitation in China demonstrates large variability between sub-regions. The projected increase in precipitation in South China is significant and persistent, as well as in North China. Meanwhile, in the early period of the 21st century, the region of Northeast China is projected to be much drier than the present. But, this situation changes and the precipitation intensifies later, with a precipitation anomaly increase of 12.4%–20.4% at the end of the 21st century. The region of the Xinjiang Province probably undergoes a drying trend in the future 100 years, and is projected to decrease by 1.7%–3.6% at the end of the 21st century. There is no significant long-term change of the projected summer precipitation in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley. A high level of agreement of the ensemble of the regional precipitation change in some parts of China is found across scenarios but smaller changes are projected for the B1 scenario and slightly larger changes for the A2 scenario.     

Role of the 10–20-Day Oscillation in Sustained Rainstorms over Hainan,China in October 2010

Hainan, an island province of China in the northern South China Sea, experienced two sustained rainstorms in October2010, which were the most severe autumn rainstorms of the past 60 years. From August to October 2010, the most dominant signal of Hainan rainfall was the 10–20-day oscillation. This paper examines the roles of the 10–20-day oscillation in the convective activity and atmospheric circulation during the rainstorms of October 2010 over Hainan. During both rainstorms,Hainan was near the center of convective activity and under the influence of a lower-troposphere cyclonic circulation. The convective center was initiated in the west-central tropical Indian Ocean several days prior to the rainstorm in Hainan. The convective center first propagated eastward to the maritime continent, accompanied by the cyclonic circulation, and then moved northward to the northern South China Sea and South China, causing the rainstorms over Hainan. In addition, the westward propagation of convection from the tropical western Pacific to the southern South China Sea, as well as the propagation farther northward, intensified the convective activity over the northern South China Sea and South China during the first rainstorm.     

台风“彩虹”(1522)近海急剧加强的特征分析

采用多种大气和海洋资料对1522号台风"彩虹"近海急剧加强的特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明大气环流形势的变化、海洋环境的维持和台风内部结构的变化都有利于台风的近海加强。具体表现为:高层南亚高压西部型转东部型和中层西太平洋副热带高压加强西伸引起的环流形势的变化,使得台风区域高层辐散增强,中低层气旋性环流增强,低层台风东侧的水汽通量增强;低层北方弱冷空气侵入台风外围区域促进辐合抬升,环境风切变的减弱及弱切变的维持有利于台风加强,这些都是有利于台风增强的环流和动力条件。台风路径海域高海表温度和海洋暖涡的存在对台风急剧增强起了重要作用。此外,由于环流变化引起的潜热加热增大,导致了双中心位涡柱的形成和高层暖心的增加,台风内部结构的变化也有利于台风的进一步加强。     

中国冰冻圈变化的适应研究：进展与展望

冰冻圈变化的适应研究是冰冻圈科学领域的新兴研究方向,是当今自然科学与社会科学交叉融合跨学科集成研究的典型代表。起步于2007年的中国冰冻圈变化适应研究,经历了早期的探索,研究重点由评价脆弱性发展为量化冰冻圈变化的影响,形成以影响/风险—脆弱性—适应全链条的完善的研究体系,研究方法突破传统的指标体系赋权法的不足,初步实现了定量化,有机结合影响/风险、脆弱性、适应三方面的研究结果,使冰冻圈变化的适应措施由偏重宏观性、普适性开始转向更有针对性。未来中国冰冻圈变化的适应研究应拓展、完善和深化现有的理论体系,构建冰冻圈与社会经济耦合模型,科学量化冰冻圈全要素变化的影响,建立不同利益相关者与科学家共同参与的研究新模式,科学有效应对与适应冰冻圈变化及其影响。     

Energy and Water Balance at Soil-Air Interface in a Sahelian Region

l. IntroductionModel simulation of soll physical properties is very 1mportant for climate studies becauseof the role they play in different interaction processes with the atmosphere. One of the mostwidespread studies is the implementation of soil models 1n General Circulation Models(GCMs); previous studies showed, in fact, that climate simulat1ons are sensitive to theparameterization of the energy and mass fluxes at the land surface (V1terbo, l995; Beljiaars etal., l996; Dolman et al., l997…