A GCM Study on the Mechanism of Seasonal Abrupt Changes

ＡＧＣＭＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＭｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｏｆＳｅａｓｏｎａｌＡｂｒｕｐｔＣｈａｎｇｅｓＷａｎｇＨｕｉｊｕｎ（王会军）ａｎｄＺｅｎｇＱｉｎｇｃｕｎ（曾庆存）（ＬＡＳＧ，ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃ...     

The Solitary Waves of the Barotropic Quasi-Geostrophic Model with the Large-scale Orography

ＴｈｅＳｏｌｉｔａｒｙＷａｖｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＢａｒｏｔｒｏｐｉｃＱｕａｓｉ－ＧｅｏｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｃＭｏｄｅｌｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＬａｒｇｅ－ｓｃａｌｅＯｒｏｇｒａｐｈｙ①ＣｈｅｎＪｉｏｎｇ（陈炯）ａｎｄＬｉｕＳｈｉｋｕｏ（刘式适）ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅ...     

An Economical Consistent Dissipation Operator and Its Applications to the Improvement of AGCM

ＡｎＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｌＣｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｔＤｉｓｉｐａｔｉｏｎＯｐｅｒａｔｏｒａｎｄＩｔｓＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｔｏｔｈｅＩｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＡＧＣＭ①ＷａｎｇＢｉｎ（王斌）ａｎｄＪｉＺｈｏｎｇｚｈｅｎ（季仲贞）ＬＡＳＧ，Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ...     

The Effect of Heating Anomaly on the Asian Circulation-A GCM Experiment

ＴｈｅＥｆｅｃｔｏｆＨｅａｔｉｎｇＡｎｏｍａｌｙｏｎｔｈｅＡｓｉａｎＣｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ－ＡＧＣＭＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ①ＷａｎｇＨｕｉｊｕｎ（王会军）ＬＡＳＧ，ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙ...     

Internal Dynamics of the Generation of Atmospheric Teleconnection Patterns

ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｌＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆｔｈｅＧｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＴｅｌｅｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎＰａｔｔｅｒｎｓＬｉＺｈｉｊｉｎ（李志锦）ａｎｄＪｉＬｉｒｅｎ（纪立人）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，...     

A Nine-layer Atmospheric General Circulation Model and Its Performance

ＡＮｉｎｅ－ｌａｙｅｒＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＧｅｎｅｒａｌＣｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌａｎｄＩｔｓＰｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅＷｕＧｕｏｘｉｏｎｇ（吴国雄），ＬｉｕＨｕｉ（刘辉），ＺｈａｏＹｕｃｈｅｎｇ（赵宇澄），ａｎｄＬｉＷｅｉｐｉｎｇ（李伟平），（...     

Simulation of East Asian Summer Monsoon with IAP CGCM

ＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎＳｕｍｍｅｒＭｏｎｓｏｏｎｗｉｔｈＩＡＰＣＧＣＭＣｈｅｎＱｉｙｉｎｇ（陈起英），①ＹｕＹｏｎｇｑｉａｎｇ（俞永强）ａｎｄＧｕｏＹｕｆｕ（郭裕福）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，Ｃｈ...     

Condensation Induced by Rarefaction Waves and Reflected Rarefaction Waves

ＣｏｎｄｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎＩｎｄｕｃｅｄｂｙＲａｒｅｆａｃｔｉｏｎＷａｖｅｓａｎｄＲｅｆｌｅｃｔｅｄＲａｒｅｆａｃｔｉｏｎＷａｖｅｓ￥ＦｕＹｕｎｆｅｉ（傅云飞）ＨａｎＺｈａｏｙｕａｎ（韩肇元）ａｎｄＧｏｎｇＭｉｎｗｅｉ（龚闽卫）（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏ...     

Teleconnection Paterns in the Northern Hemisphere Simulated by IAP GCM

ＴｅｌｅｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎＰａｔｅｒｎｓｉｎｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＨｅｍｉｓｐｈｅｒｅＳｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄｂｙＩＡＰＧＣＭＸｕｅＦｅｎｇ（薛峰）ａｎｄＺｅｎｇＱｉｎｇｃｕｎ（曾庆存）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，Ｃｈｉｎ...     

Global Oceanic Climate Anomalies in 1980''''s

ＧｌｏｂａｌＯｃｅａｎｉｃＣｌｉｍａｔｅＡｎｏｍａｌｉｅｓｉｎ１９８０′ｓＦｕＣｏｎｇｂｉｎ（符淙斌）ａｎｄＸｉｅＬｉ（谢力）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ...     

INFLUENCE OF THE BASIC FLOW IN THE TROPICS ON THE STATIONARY PLANETARY WAVES AT MIDDLE AND HIGH LATITUDES DURING THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER

The relationship between the quasi-stationary planetary waves forced by topography and heat sourceduring the Northern Hemisphere winter is investigated by means of a quasi-geostrophic,34-level,sphericalcoordinate model with the Rayleigh friction,the Newtonian cooling and the horizontal eddy thermal diffu-sion.The calculated results show that when the basic flow is the westerly in the tropical stratosphere,theamplitude of quasi-stationary planetary wave for zonal wavenumber 2 at middle and high latitudes is largerduring the Northern Hemispheric winter;while when the basic flow is the easterly,it is smaller.This is inagreement with the observed results.The calculated results also show that influence of the basic flow in the tropical troposphere on the quasi-stationary planetary waves is larger than that of the basic flow in the tropical stratosphere on the quasi-stationary planetary waves.     

热带平流层多尺度波动分离方案的研究：多站点高分辨率无线电探空联合分析

利用太平洋地区台风过境期间6个热带气象站的高分辨率无线电探空资料,结合扩展经验正交函数（EEOF）展开,对热带下平流层行星波和重力波扰动进行了分离,给出了一种热带地区提取重力波扰动的新方案。对观测数据做EEOF展开后,选择表征行星尺度波动模态的特征向量和相应权重进行气象要素场的重建。结果显示,在不同的台风过程期间,温度、纬向风和经向风的重建扰动量显示出不同的动力学偏振关系:在准两年振荡（QBO）东风位相时与赤道开尔文波的偏振关系一致,而在准两年振荡西风位相时与混合罗斯贝-重力波（MRG）的偏振关系一致。把行星尺度波动模态从原始观测中剔除,得到新的扰动廓线,对其进行重力波垂直波数谱的谱型拟合。结果发现,与以往方法提取的重力波扰动相比,新方法所得谱型参数中特征垂直波长λ*在不同时期不同站点变化很小,稳定在1.7 km左右,且低频波数段谱斜率s的数值与理论假设1十分接近。综合其研究结果可以推测,用新方法提取的热带重力波扰动更加符合当前的理论垂直波数谱模型。      

The Spatial and Temporal Variability of Global Stratospheric Gravity Waves and Their Activity during Sudden Stratospheric Warming Revealed by COSMIC Measurements

This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of global stratospheric gravity waves (GWs) and the characteristics of GW activity during sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) using the GPS radio occultation measurements from the COSMIC mission during September 2006 to May 2013. Corresponding to the COSMIC RO observational window and analysis method, GW potential energy (Ep) with vertical scales no shorter than ～2 km is resolved. It is found that the distributions of GW Ep over 20-30 km and 30-38 km show similar spatial and seasonal variations. The variations of GW Ep with altitude and latitude along the westerly wind are identified in different seasons over 60°-80°W. In the middle and high latitudes, seasonal cycles are distinct in the time-latitude and time-altitude distributions of GW activities, which show larger Ep in winters when westerly wind dominates and smaller Ep in summers when easterly wind dominates. The influence of quasi-biennial oscillation on GW activity is recognized in the tropics. GW Ep enhances closely following the occurrence of minor SSW events; while during major events, GW Ep may not enhance, and sometimes may even weaken, in the regions where reversals of zonal wind occur, probably caused by the filtering impact of the 0 m s-1 wind level on the GWs.     

热带太平洋低层环流主模态与东亚大气环流的可能联系

利用1958—2001年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,探讨了热带太平洋(100°E~60°W,10°S~10°N)10 m风场的时空变化特征及其与东亚大气环流的可能联系。结果表明:1)热带太平洋风场异常存在两种主模态,第一模态对应中西太平洋一致的西(东)风异常,关于赤道呈准对称分布,与ENSO(El Nio-Southern Oscillation)暖(冷)位相时风场的分布对应;第二模态则关于赤道呈反对称分布,西北太平洋存在显著的反气旋(气旋)式环流,中太平洋异常西风不再位于赤道上,而是南移到了10°S左右,对应ENSO暖(冷)位相向相反位相转换时的风场分布特征。2)两模态时间系数的主振荡周期不同,与ENSO循环的位相关系也不同。研究发现,当两模态呈正(负)位相分布时,贝加尔湖南侧(South to Lake Baikal,SLB)容易发生持续的高压(低压)异常环流。3)两模态与SLB异常环流的联系途径不同。第一模态正位相对应热带中东太平洋大范围暖海温引起的二极型Walker环流异常,SLB异常高压不仅能通过东亚沿岸北风和南海低槽的作用促进第一模态的前期发展,还对其后期维持起重要作用。负位相时,情况相反。该环流系统既与热带中东太平洋大范围垂直运动有关,还与邻近的中国东南沿海低层异常辐合有关;第二模态则对应热带西太平洋及东印度洋为主、大西洋为辅的暖海温引起的热带四极型Walker环流异常。此时热带西太平洋到东印度洋局地偏强的经圈Hadley环流可能是SLB异常环流维持的主要原因。     

中层大气行星波在臭氧的季节和年际变化中输运作用的数值研究──Ⅰ．常定流的情况

本文构造了一个３４层球坐标原始方程波－流相互耦合谱模式，利用此模式从拉格朗日平均环流的观点研究了在常定流下行星波对臭氧的输运作用。研究结果表明，行星波对臭氧的输运有明显的季节变化，在北半球冬季，由于行星波上传到平流层而大大增强了中高纬地区向极地向下的Ｏ３输运；并且还表明，热带纬向风的ＱＢＯ不仅通过影响东、西风切变而引起热带Ｏ３分布的年际变化，而且通过影响行星波的传播引起了行星波对Ｏ３输运的年际变化，这表现为当热带纬向风处于东风位相时，中高纬地区行星波对Ｏ３的输运比西风位相时强。     

线性准地转模型中副热带环流对潜热加热的定常响应I.基本性质及特征分析

利用线性理论模型进行解析和模拟是大气科学的重要基础研究方法之一, 其简单明了, 解释了如Rossby波形成等重要的环流现象。近年, 有研究 (Chen et al., 2001) 运用定常线性准地转模型研究副热带高压的形成, 在相似加热强迫下, 其结果与理论研究和GCM的研究不同。本文运用该模型系统研究了由季风降水产生的潜热加热所激发的副热带定常波的结构特征, 以理解其结果与GCM不一致的原因。研究表明基本流对热强迫的定常波的结构有重要的影响: (1) 当基本流为东风或为零时, 定常波在垂直方向上表现为第一斜压结构, 波动振幅随东风的增大而减小; (2) 当基本流为西风时, 呈现向上的传播特征, 振幅随高度的升高而增大。而且存在一个临界风速Uc(约3 m/s), 此时, 波动振幅最强; 基本流的平流作用具有非对称性, 西风时平流作用远远强于东风。由此揭示了该线性模型解的本质: 加热在热源区所激发的经向地转涡度输送必须能够平衡加热的位涡制造和纬向位涡平流; 基本流的经向和垂直方向的变化使得气旋和反气旋中心偏向热源中心北侧, 并进一步发现当基本流为夏季亚洲季风区纬向平均的纬向风场时, 线性模型的解中位于中低层的反气旋中心显著抬升, 而不出现在地面上, 与完整的大气环流模式的结果接近。说明即使在线性模式中, 洋面副高的形成也不能完全用季风潜热加热来解释; 另外, 静力稳定度对热强迫的副热带环流的影响也很重要, 使热源的强迫作用放大。     

Optical Observations on Propagation Characteristics of Leaders in Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes

Using 2 high-speed cameras, we have recorded 14 negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes, half of which are natural and the others are artificially triggered. The two-dimensional (2D) propagation speed of different type leaders and the luminosity of lightning channel are analyzed in detail. Bidirectional leader processes are observed during the initial processes of two altitude triggered negative lightning (ATNL)flashes. The analysis shows: the propagation speed of the upward positive leader (UPL) before the initiation of the downward negative leader (DNL) is at the order of 104-105 m s-1; the UPL can be intensified by the initiation and development of the DNL in the way that the luminosity is enhanced and the speed is sped up; after initiation, the DNL in one ATNL flash propagates downward three times intermittently with interval of about 1 ms, while that in the other ATNL flash propagates downward continuously with a speed at the order of 105 m s-1. In the five classical triggered negative lightning (CTNL) flashes, the propagation speeds of the UPLs vary between 0.35×105 and 7.71×105 m s-1, and the variations of their luminosities and speeds are quite complex during the development processes. Among the four observed natural negative lightning flashes occurred on the land, three have only one return stoke (RS) each and all of their DNLs have many branches with an average speed at the order of 105 m s-1; while the another one has 13 RSs.In the CG flash with 13 RSs, the DNL before the first RS has no obvious branch below 1.4 km above the ground, and its speed ranges from 2.2×105 to 2.3×105 m s-1 between the heights of 0.7 and 1.4 km and exceeds 3.9×106 m s-1 below 0.7 km; preceding the 4th RS, an attempted leader is observed with a speed ranging from 1.1×105 to 1.1×106 m s-1 between 0.8 and 1.5 km. As for the three observed natural negative lightning flashes occurred on the sea, each has only one RS, and each DNL preceding the RS has a few branches, two of which have an average propagation speed at the order of 105 m s-1, and the other of 106m s-1, respectively. All the DNLs contained in the observed natural negative lightning flashes, except the attempted leader, propagate with gradually increasing luminosity and increasing speed in whole.     

Critical roles of convective momentum transfer in sustaining the multi-scale Madden–Julian oscillation

To understand the nature and role of multi-scale interaction involved in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), a dynamical model is built based on two essential processes: the convective complex of the MJO modulates the strength and location of synoptic-scale motions, which in turn feed back to the MJO through the convective momentum transfer (CMT). Our results exhibit that: (1) The lower tropospheric easterly CMT coming from the 2-day waves slows down the MJO dramatically; (2) although the lower tropospheric westerly CMT coming from the superclusters can produce the horizontal quadrupole vortex and vertical westerly wind-burst structures of the MJO, it drives the large-scale motions to propagate eastward too fast; (3) the planetary boundary layer provides an instability source for the MJO and pulls the MJO to propagate eastward at a speed of 0～10?ms^?1; and (4) the optimal structure of the multi-scale MJO should be: the stronger superclusters/2-day waves prevail in the rear/front part of the MJO and produce lower tropospheric westerly/easterly CMT there. These theoretical results emphasize the role of CMT and encourage further observations in the multi-scale MJO.     

青藏高原红原站平流层下部重力波观测特征分析

利用位处青藏高原的红原探空站2008年5月垂直高分辨率的无线电探空资料分析了其上空下平流层(19～26 km)重力波的波动特性.结果表明:重力波的垂直波长主要集中在2～4 km之间,平均值约为2.9 km;水平波长主要集中在100～600 km之间,平均值约为311 km;固有频率主要集中在1.5f～3.5f(f为科氏...     

线性准地转模型中副热带感热加热强迫的定常波

通过求取定常线性准地转位涡模式的解析解,研究了感热加热强迫所激发的副热带定常波的结构特征,讨论了基本流、牛顿冷却及地面摩擦等对定常波振幅和位相的影响。结果表明,东风时定常波在垂直方向上表现为上、下层反位相的第一斜压结构,且地面系统远强于中高层;西风时定常波呈现出向上的传播特征,在高层,随着风速增大振幅随高度的升高有增大趋势。在近地层,东风时气旋（反气旋）主体位于加热西（东）侧;西风时气旋（反气旋）主体位于加热东（西）侧,近地层以上相反。此外,发现东、西风基本流的作用具有对称特征,这与潜热加热显著不同。研究结果还表明,牛顿冷却对定常波有重要影响,基本流越弱影响越显著。在静止大气中,感热加热强迫下无斯韦尔德鲁普（Sverdrup）解,考虑牛顿冷却时,感热强迫在热源范围内的近地层和中高层分别激发出气旋式和反气旋式环流,气旋中心位于加热中心略偏西的位置。在非静止大气中,牛顿冷却项使地面系统中心向上风方向移动,东风时向东移。牛顿冷却对高、低层系统均有削弱作用。地面摩擦则明显不同,它总会使低层系统减弱,高层系统增强。