Dominant Modes of Interannual Variability in Atmospheric Water Vapor Content over East Asia during Winter and Their Associated Mechanisms

Atmospheric water vapor content(WVC) is a critical factor for East Asian winter precipitation. This study investigates the dominant modes of interannual variability in WVC over East Asia during winter and their underlying mechanisms.Based on the empirical orthogonal function(EOF) method, the leading mode(EOF1, R~2 = 28.9%) of the interannual variability in the East Asian winter WVC exhibits a meridional dipole pattern characterized by opposite WVC anomalies over northeastern China and eastern China; the second mode(EOF2, R~2 = 24.3%) of the interannual variability in the East Asian winter WVC exhibits a monopole pattern characterized by consistent WVC anomalies over eastern China. EOF1 is mainly modulated by two anomalous zonal water vapor transport(WVT) branches over northeastern China and eastern China, which are associated with an anomalous atmospheric wave train over Eurasia affected by sea ice cover in the Kara Sea-Barents Sea(SIC-KSBS) area in the preceding October-November(ON). EOF2 is mainly modulated by an anomalous westerly WVT branch over eastern China, which is associated with a circumglobal atmospheric zonal wave train in the Northern Hemisphere. This circumglobal zonal wave train is modulated by concurrent central and eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. The SIC-KSBS anomalies in ON and the concurrent SST anomalies over tropical Pacific may partially account for the interannual variability of EOF1 and EOF2 winter WVC, and thus may provide a theoretical basis for improving the prediction of winter climate over East Asia.     

青藏高原西侧地区冬季降水的年际变率及其影响因子

基于全球降水气候中心（GPCC）和全球降水气候计划（GPCP）的降水数据及ERA-interim再分析资料,分析了1979~2012年冬季青藏高原（简称高原）西侧地区降水的基本特征及影响其年际变率的潜在因子。结果表明高原冬季降水主要发生在其西侧地区且为全区变化一致型,降水所需的水汽主要来自上游地区,从该区域的西边界输入。然而,高原西侧地区冬季降水的年际变率主要由水汽输送的动力过程所决定,表现为高原西侧的西南风异常。此外,高原西侧冬季降水的年际变率与其上游典型的大气内部变率北大西洋涛动和北极涛动相关性不强,而与赤道西印度洋和热带中东太平洋的海温显著相关。热带中东太平洋海温异常通过影响大气环流变化,在印度洋北部激发一个反气旋式的环流异常,使得高原西侧地区出现异常西南风,从而加强了水汽通量输送的动力作用。同时在赤道异常东风的作用下,暖水也向印度洋西部输送堆积。赤道中东太平洋海温的异常可进一步导致西风急流发生南北移动,从而也在一定程度上影响了高原西侧冬季水汽输送以及降水的年际变率。     

Interannual Influences of the Surface Potential Vorticity Forcing over the Tibetan Plateau on East Asian Summer Rainfall

The influences of interannual surface potential vorticity forcing over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on East Asian summer rainfall (EASR) and upper-level circulation are explored in this study. The results show that the interannual EASR and associated circulations are closely related to the surface potential vorticity negative uniform leading mode (PVNUM) over the TP. When the PVNUM is in the positive phase, more rainfall occurs in the Yangtze River valley, South Korea, Japan, and part of northern China, less rainfall occurs in southern China, and vice versa. A possible mechanism by which PVNUM affects EASR is proposed. Unstable air induced by the positive phase of PVNUM could stimulate significant upward motion and a lower-level anomalous cyclone over the TP. As a result, a dipole heating mode with anomalous cooling over the southwestern TP and anomalous heating over the southeastern TP is generated. Sensitivity experiment results regarding this dipole heating mode indicate that anomalous cooling over the southwestern TP leads to local and northeastern Asian negative height anomalies, while anomalous heating over the southeastern TP leads to local positive height anomalies. These results greatly resemble the realistic circulation pattern associated with EASR. Further analysis indicates that the anomalous water vapor transport associated with this anomalous circulation pattern is responsible for the anomalous EASR. Consequently, changes in surface potential vorticity forcing over the TP can induce changes in EASR.     

东北春季极端连续无雨日与前冬北太平洋海平面气压的可能联系北大核心

基于1960—2019年中国东北地区108个台站逐日降水资料、JRA-55再分析资料和Hadley中心海温数据,分析了东北地区春季极端连续无雨日的年际变化特征及其与前冬北太平洋地区大气环流和海表温度的关系。研究表明,东北地区春季极端连续无雨日集中在3—4月。当3—4月极端连续无雨日偏多时,贝加尔湖地区存在异常高压,东北地区受偏北气流影响,局地水汽辐散。进一步分析发现,东北地区3—4月极端连续无雨日与前冬1—2月北太平洋地区偶极型海平面气压存在密切联系。该大气模态可以引起同期北太平洋海温呈现出马蹄形异常分布并持续到3—4月。在3—4月,海温异常可以通过改变北太平洋上空的经向温度梯度,引起东亚到北太平洋地区的西风变化,进而有利于贝加尔湖地区出现异常高压。另一方面,海温异常还会增强北半球中纬度的波列活动,东传的波列也可以增强贝加尔湖地区的高压。上述异常环流为东北地区极端连续无雨日的增加提供了有利背景条件。留一交叉验证结果显示,前冬1—2月北太平洋地区偶极型海平面气压可作为东北春季极端连续无雨日的潜在预测因子。     

东亚高层纬向风季节内振荡与盛夏登陆中国大陆热带气旋频数年际变化的联系

利用1979—2017年欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的ERA-Interim再分析数据与中国气象局-上海台风研究所(China Meteorological Administration-Shanghai Typhoon Research Institute,CM A-STI)、美国联合台风警报中心(Joint Typhoon Warning Center,JTWC)整编的西北太平洋热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)资料集,分析东亚高层(200hPa)纬向风季节内振荡(Intraseasonal Oscillation,ISO)与7—8月登陆中国大陆TC频数年际变化的联系。结果表明:7—8月中国大陆登陆TC频数与西风急流出口区南侧(北侧)纬向风为显著负(正)相关,南侧显著相关区与北侧的差定义的东亚西风急流指数(East Asian Westerly Jet Index,EAWJI)可定量描述急流经向移动,EAWJI负异常时急流北移、登陆TC偏多,反之急流南移、登陆TC偏少。急流北移,TC活动区域对流层高层呈偏东风异常,产生异常东风切变,有利于TC登陆过程的维持,使登陆中国大陆TC频数增多。东亚高层纬向风ISO与年际变化的标准差场、EOF模态的高度相似性说明两者由同一空间主导模态所控制,表明若其ISO偏北偏南振荡发生频率为非正态分布,剩余偏差将改变其季节平均。TC登陆多年,东亚西风急流指数ISO呈更高频率偏北移动,引起急流出口区南侧ISO尺度扰动涡度通量辐合,使季节平均西风减小,急流位置北移,说明高层纬向风ISO可通过间接调制影响TC登陆的大尺度环流进而与登陆TC频数的年际变化相联系。     

春季影响江淮地区的天气尺度气旋活动与同期降水的联系

本文基于1979~2013年ERA-Interim逐日4次的850 hPa位势高度场资料,利用基于最外围闭合等值线的气旋区客观识别方法得到春季影响江淮地区的二维气旋集,依据水平尺度划分了天气尺度气旋并分析该区域气旋强度的时空分布特征以及气旋活动与站点降水异常的关系,结果表明:天气尺度气旋活动与江淮地区降水异常、强降水事件发生频次均存在显著的正相关关系。气旋活动指数高-低年份差值分析发现,随着气旋活动指数增强,东北亚地区对流层中上层增温并伴随异常高压中心出现,促使其南部南北经向温度梯度以及高空西风急流偏弱。这有利于江淮区域北部异常正涡度平流输入,同时江淮地区对流层低层形成横槽型环流,江淮区域南部及其上游地区对流层中下层出现异常西南气流,有利于江淮区域涡度增大,相应的低空辐合、高空辐散垂直结构,为天气尺度气旋发展与维持提供了有利的动力抬升条件。横槽型异常环流配置有利于江淮区域南部的西南暖湿气流和北部的异常西向/西北向水汽输入和堆积,导致区域云量以及降水异常的增多。     

青藏高原南、北积雪异常与中国东部夏季降水关系的数值试验研究

青藏高原冬、春积雪有着显著的南、北空间差异,本文利用通用地球系统模式（CESM）设计了增加高原南、北冬、春积雪的敏感性试验,结果表明:当高原南部冬、春积雪异常偏多,长江及其以北地区夏季降水偏多,华南大部分地区夏季降水偏少;而当高原北部冬、春积雪异常偏多,华北及东北地区夏季降水偏多,长江下游南部地区夏季降水偏少,雨带更偏北。青藏高原南、北部冬、春积雪异常影响中国东部夏季降水的物理机制的分析结果表明,高原不同区域（南部和北部）冬、春积雪异常引起的非绝热加热异常效应都可持续到夏季,且北部积雪异常持续时间更长。高原南部和北部积雪异常偏多均会减弱高原北侧上空大气的水平温度梯度,进而减弱高原北侧西风急流的位置及强度,进而影响下游出口区处急流的强度和位置,且高原北部积雪异常偏多的影响更大。当高原南部积雪异常偏多,急流出口区的西风急流加强且偏南;而高原北部积雪异常偏多,出口区的西风急流减弱且偏北。相应地,对流层中层500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压减弱,低层850 hPa异常反气旋环流,影响中国东部地区水汽输送,从而影响了中国东部地区夏季雨带的变化。当高原南部积雪异常偏多,异常反气旋性环流位于东海附近,有利于更多水汽输送至长江流域,华南水汽输送减少;当高原北部积雪异常偏多,异常反气旋性环流相对偏北,更有利于华北及东北水汽输送,雨带偏北。     

Predictability of the summer East Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet in ENSEMBLES multi-model forecasts

The interannual variation of the East Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet(EAJ) significantly affects East Asian climate in summer. Identifying its performance in model prediction may provide us another viewpoint,from the perspective of uppertropospheric circulation,to understand the predictability of summer climate anomalies in East Asia. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of year-to-year variability of the EAJ based on retrospective seasonal forecasts,initiated from1 May,in the five state-of-the-art coupled models from ENSEMBLES during 1960–2005. It is found that the coupled models show certain capability in describing the interannual meridional displacement of the EAJ,which reflects the models' performance in the first leading empirical orthogonal function(EOF) mode. This capability is mainly shown over the region south of the EAJ axis. Additionally,the models generally capture well the main features of atmospheric circulation and SST anomalies related to the interannual meridional displacement of the EAJ. Further analysis suggests that the predicted warm SST anomalies in the concurrent summer over the tropical eastern Pacific and northern Indian Ocean are the two main sources of the potential prediction skill of the southward shift of the EAJ. In contrast,the models are powerless in describing the variation over the region north of the EAJ axis,associated with the meridional displacement,and interannual intensity change of the EAJ,the second leading EOF mode,meaning it still remains a challenge to better predict the EAJ and,subsequently,summer climate in East Asia,using current coupled models.     

The Summer Snow Cover Anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Association with Simultaneous Precipitation over the Mei-yu–Baiu region

The summer snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and their effects on climate variability are often overlooked,possibly due to the fact that some datasets cannot properly capture summer snow cover over high terrain.The satellite-derived Equal-Area Scalable Earth grid （EASE-grid） dataset shows that snow still exists in summer in the western part and along the southem flank of the TP.Analysis demonstrates that the summer snow cover area proportion （SCAP） over the TP has a significant positive correlation with simultaneous precipitation over the mei-yu-baiu （MB） region on the interannual time scale.The close relationship between the summer SCAP and summer precipitation over the MB region could not be simply considered as a simultaneous response to the Silk Road pattern and the SST anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean and tropical central-eastern Pacific.The SCAP anomaly has an independent effect and may directly modulate the land surface heating and,consequently,vertical motion over the western TP,and concurrently induce anomalous vertical motion over the North Indian Ocean via a meridional vertical circulation.Through a zonal vertical circulation over the tropics and a Kelvin wave-type response,anomalous vertical motion over the North Indian Ocean may result in an anomalous high over the western North Pacific and modulate the convective activity in the western Pacific warm pool,which stimulates the East Asia-Pacific （EAP） pattern and eventually affects summer precipitation over the MB region.     

青藏高原大气热量源汇年际变化青藏高原大气热量源汇年际变化

本文使用1961～1995年逐月青藏高原地区大气视热量源汇＜Ql＞资料、1961～1990年青藏高原地区积雪日数和积雪深度资料、美国NCEP／NCAR的再分析资料以及1975～1994年全球OLR资料，讨论了高原大气热状况年际变化及其与大气环流的关系，发现：高原地区大气热源年际变化明显，其中春季和秋季高原地区＜Ql＞的变率最大，并且水平分布很不均匀；当冬季高原冷源弱(或强)时，东亚大槽位置偏东(或西)，对应着东亚强(或弱)的冬季风；夏季高原热源强(或弱)的年份，在高原及其邻近地区的对流层中、低层为偏差气旋环流(或反气旋环流)，在中国长江流域低层为异常的西南风(或东北风)，对应着东亚强(或弱)的夏季风，夏季高原热源强度还与南亚高压的强度和位置有关；春季4月的积雪状况与夏季高原大气热源强度有明显关系；夏季高原热源与同期青藏高原东南部、孟加拉湾、中南半岛、东南亚、中国西南部、长江流域和从黄海到到日本海一带对流有明显正相关     

Variation in Principal Modes of Midsummer Precipitation over Northeast China and Its Associated Atmospheric Circulation

This study documents the first two principal modes of interannual variability of midsummer precipitation over Northeast China(NEC) and their associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. It is shown that the first principal mode exhibits the largest amount of variability in precipitation over the south of NEC(referred to as the south mode), whereas the second principal mode behaves with the greatest precipitation anomaly over the north of NEC(referred to as the north mode). Further findings reveal that, through modulating moisture transportation and upper-and lower-troposphere divergence circulation as well as vertical movement over NEC, the anomalous northwestern Pacific anticyclone and the anticyclone centered over northern NEC exert the dominant influence on the south and north modes, respectively. Additionally, it is quantitatively estimated that water vapor across the southern boundary of NEC dominates the moisture budget for the south mode, while the north mode has a close connection with moisture through NEC's northern and western boundaries. Furthermore, the north(south) mode is strongly related to the intensity(meridional shift) of the East Asian westerly jet.     

大气环状模对夏季中国大陆登陆热带气旋频数气候变化的影响

采用1949—2016年7—8月美国国家环境预报中心及大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料与中国气象局(CMA)上海台风所整编的热带气旋最佳路径数据集,研究大气环状模(Circumglobal Teleconnection,CGT)与中国大陆地区登陆热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)频数气候变化的关系。定义200 hPa经向风经验正交展开(EOF)的第一模态为CGT,其时间系数为环状模指数(Circumgolbal Teleconnection Index,CGTI)。CGT在北半球中纬度地区有5个异常中心,CGTI在1949—2016年呈明显的下降趋势,且存在一个2~3 a的周期振荡。CGT与大尺度环流异常存在密切的联系。研究表明:CGTI与中国大陆登陆TC频数气候变率具有显著的正相关,即CGTI表现为正异常时,登陆中国大陆的TC频数增加,反之减少。当CGT表现为正位相时,东亚副热带西风急流增强,急流南侧的反气旋切变增强,使TC登陆过程的活动区域200 hPa的辐散增强,此外,对流层高层Rossby波能量向南传播增强,形成波通量辐合,导致东风异常,产生了东风异常的引导气流和纬向风垂直切变,东风切变使得切变减小,增加了TC登陆中国大陆的可能性。     

The Concurrent Record-breaking Rainfall over Northwest India and North China in September 2021

Extremely heavy rainfall occurred over both Northwest India and North China in September 2021. The precipitation anomalies were 4.1 and 6.2 times interannual standard deviation over the two regions, respectively, and broke the record since the observational data were available, i.e., 1901 for India and 1951 for China. In this month, the Asian uppertropospheric westerly jet was greatly displaced poleward over West Asia, and correspondingly, an anomalous cyclone appeared over India. The anomalous ...     

东亚高空纬向风的季节内振荡对登陆中国大陆热带气旋活动的影响

使用1979—2015年欧洲长期天气预报中心所提供的ERA-Interim再分析资料和中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的西北太平洋热带气旋（TC）最佳路径资料,分析了7—8月东亚高空纬向风的季节内振荡（ISO）信号特征及其与登陆中国大陆热带气旋（TC）的关系。结果表明:（1）200 hPa纬向风在副热带、中纬度地区季节内振荡显著,尤其是在纬向西风带中,有两个南北分布的大值中心,方差贡献均超过50%。（2）基于东亚高空纬向风的ISO和EOF典型空间模定义的西风指数(EAWI),可以用来描述东亚高空纬向西风在ISO尺度上的经向移动。（3）在西风指数的ISO负位相期间,登陆中国东南沿岸22 °N以北的TC增多;反之减少。在西风急流出口南侧的副热带区域,200 hPa ISO纬向风向北移动,使纬向西风位置偏北,出现东风异常,从而使西风减弱;TC引导气流为向西的异常,有利于TC登陆中国大陆偏北沿岸;同时有异常的ISO纬向异常东风切变,有利于TC登陆过程的维持。（4）在西风指数的ISO负位相期间,在对流层高层西风急流出口区向南输送的天气尺度的E矢量,在TC登陆地区,出现异常扰动涡度通量的辐合,引起了该区域的西风减弱。      

Weakening of Interannual Variability in the Summer East Asian Upper-tropospheric Westerly Jet since the Mid-1990s

In this study,we found that the intensity of interannual variability in the summer upper-tropospheric zonal wind has significantly weakened over Northeast Asia and the subtropical western North Pacific(WNP) since the mid-1990s,concurrent with the previously documented decrease of the westerly jet over North China and Northwest China.Corresponding to this weakening of zonal wind variability,the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) manifested as the leading mode of zonal wind variability over the WNP and East Asia(WNP-EA) before the mid-1990s but not afterward.The energetics of the anomalous pattern associated with the meridional displacement of the EAJ suggests that barotropic energy conversion,from basic flow to anomalous patterns,has led to the weakening of the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement and to a change in the leading dominant mode since the mid-1990s.The barotropic energy conversion efficiently maintained the anomalies associated with the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement during 1979-1993 but acted to dampen the anomalies during 1994-2008.A further investigation of the energetics suggests that the difference in the patterns of the circulation anomaly associated with either the first leading mode or the meridional displacement of the EAJ,i.e.,a southwest-northeast tilted pattern during 1979-1993 and a zonally oriented pattern during 1994-2008,has contributed greatly to the change in barotropic energy conversion.     

北方雨季中国东部降水异常模态的环流特征及成因分析

根据1958～2011年中国东部（105°E以东）316站逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,利用统计分析、物理量诊断等方法,探讨北方雨季（7月11日至8月31日）中国东部降水异常模态及同期、前期的大气环流特征。分析发现,北方雨季中国东部降水异常表现为三个相互独立的降水模态:第一模态为偏西型,当其时间系数为正（负）时,河套地区降水偏多（少）,江淮流域上游降水偏少（多）,南方大部降水偏多（少）;第二模态为北方一致型,当其时间系数为正（负）时,北方降水一致偏多（少）,长江流域降水偏少（多）;第三模态为偏东型,当其时间系数为正（负）时,东北南部至长江中游降水偏多（少）,华东沿海降水偏少（多）。研究发现,造成北方雨季三个降水异常模态的环流特征各不相同:偏西型降水主要受西亚高空副热带西风急流位置南北偏移影响;北方一致型降水主要由东亚-太平洋遥相关波列导致;偏东型降水主要与海陆气压异常对比造成的东亚夏季风变化有关。此外,三个模态与前期环流异常有密切联系。第一模态的正（负）异常由7月上旬200 hPa来自北大西洋的异常波列造成乌拉尔山位势高度负（正）异常和巴尔喀什湖以南位势高度正（负）异常引起。第二模态的正（负）异常与前期7月上旬200 hPa北大西洋上位势高度负（正）异常产生的沿中纬度（高纬度）路径向下游传播的波列有关。第三模态的正（负）异常由春季3月份低层蒙古上空异常的气旋（反气旋）持续至同期造成。     

Atmospheric forcing of Fram Strait sea ice export: a closer look

Fram Strait is the primary region of sea ice export from the Arctic and therefore plays an important role in regulating the amount of sea ice and freshwater within the Arctic. We investigate the variability of Fram Strait sea ice motion and the role of atmospheric circulation forcing using daily data during the period 1979–2006. The most prominent atmospheric driver of anomalous sea ice motion across Fram Strait is an east–west dipole pattern of Sea Level Pressure (SLP) anomalies with centers of action located over the Barents Sea and Greenland. This pattern, also observed in synoptic studies, is associated with anomalous meridional winds across Fram Strait and is thus physically consistent with forcing changes in sea ice motion. The association between the SLP dipole pattern and Fram Strait ice motion is maximized at 0-lag, persists year-round, and is strongest on time scales of 10–60 days. The SLP dipole pattern is the second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of daily SLP anomalies in both winter and summer. When the analysis is repeated with monthly data, only the Barents center of the SLP dipole remains significantly correlated with Fram Strait sea ice motion. However, after removing the leading EOF of monthly SLP variability (e.g., the North Atlantic Oscillation), the full east–west dipole pattern is recovered. No significant SLP forcing of Fram Strait ice motion is found in summer using monthly data, even when the leading EOF is removed. Our results highlight the importance of high frequency atmospheric variability in forcing Fram Strait sea ice motion.     

青藏高原大气热源年际变率及其驱动因子

青藏高原（以下简称高原）大气热源对亚洲夏季风爆发、演变、推进,乃至全球气候系统都有重要影响,因此近年来高原大气热源变异机理也日益受到关注。本文在回顾已有关于不同季节高原热源变异原因的研究基础上,利用1980～2018年日本气象厅再分析数据JRA55（Japanese 55-year Reanalysis）,对逐月高原大气总热源的年际变率进行分类,并进一步探究了影响不同类别高原大气总热源的异常大尺度环流系统及海温驱动因子。除了传统上受关注的“冬季型”和“夏季型”以外,本文还提出了“早春型”和“过渡型”两种高原大气热源变率模态。总体而言,高原大气总热源年际变率以降水引起的凝结潜热异常为主,其中“冬季型”及“早春型”高原大气热源异常中心位于高原西部,主要受到中高纬遥相关波列的影响。此外,“冬季型”还受到厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO）及印度洋偶极子（Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD）的影响。“夏季型”高原大气热源呈东西偶极型反相变化,最大异常中心位于高原东南部,主要受北大西洋涛动（North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO）的影响;“过渡型”高原大气热源呈南北偶极型反相变化,受热带太平洋—印度洋海表温度异常的共同影响。因此,不同背景环流下高原热源年际变率的驱动因子存在明显差异。     

中国东南部冬季降水变化及其环流特征

利用1951-2011年中国160站降水资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了中国东南部冬季降水的年际变化及与之相关的环流和水汽输送特征。结果表明:中国东南部冬季降水年际差异较明显,当降水异常偏多(少)时,蒙古高压及中国广大南方地区海平面气压异常偏低(高),而亚洲附近的洋面上则异常偏高(低);500 hPa上,巴尔喀什湖附近的高压脊和东亚大槽均偏弱(强);高层东亚西风急流异常偏弱(强),中东地区急流异常偏强(弱);中国东部20~30°N出现显著异常上升(下沉)运动,低纬度地区出现异常下沉(上升)运动。影响中国东南部冬季降水的水汽输送主要有两支:来自西风带绕高原的南支气流,经过阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾向华南的输送水汽;来自低纬西太平洋,经南海向中国西南的水汽输送。此外,东亚冬季风与中国东南部冬季降水关系密切。     

北太平洋涛动的季节演变及其与我国冬春气候异常的联系

本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国160站的观测资料,首先定义了季节平均的北太平洋涛动(NPO)指数,在此基础上分析了不同季节中NPO的时空变化特征,特别对冬季和春季NPO与我国气温、降水异常的关系作了研究.结果表明,作为北太平洋地区海平面气压(SLP)年际变化的第二模态,NPO具有相当正压的结构,在地面表现为...