碳酸盐岩干酪根催化降解生烃过程及动力学研究

以甘肃平凉地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩干酪根为对象,利用热模拟实验方法和化工催化原理,从热解生烃组成特征、生烃量及生烃动力学等方面考察了不同介质对干酪根热解生烃过程的影响。结果表明,碳酸盐岩对干酪根生烃过程具有反催化作用,随着温度的增加,反催化作用越明显。膏岩CaSO₄则表现出正催化作用,各种盐类对干酪根生烃过程影响较小。干酪根热解动力学研究表明,生烃动力学参数活化能E与视频率因子A之间不是独立变化的,它们之间存在一定的关系,即:E与lnA呈线形关系,这对于认识碳酸盐岩干酪根的化学结构及热解生烃机理具有一定的参考价值。     

爱沙尼亚干酪根催化降解生烃过程及动力学研究

以爱沙尼亚油页岩干酪根为对象,利用热模拟实验方法和化工催化原理,考察了不同介质对干酪根热解生烃过程的影响,从热解生烃量、生烃组成特征及生烃动力学等方面进行了探讨。结果表明:膏岩对干酪根的生烃具有明显催化作用,碳酸盐岩对干酪根的生烃具有一定反催化作用,各种盐类对干酪根的生烃量影响较小。干酪根热解动力学研究表明,生烃动力学参数表观活化能E与视频率因子A两者之间不是独立变化的,而是具有一定的关系,即:E与lnA之间服从直线关系(R=0.99),这些认识对于深入探讨爱沙尼亚油页岩干酪根的化学结构、建立热解动力学模型具有一定的参考价值。     

无机盐类对天然矿物低温催化混合酯生烃反应的影响

脂肪酸酯是一类重要的生烃母质。选择了十四烷酸甲酯、十六烷酸甲酯和十八烷酸甲酯的混合酯为模型反应物,以方解石、白云石、伊利石、钙蒙脱石和黄铁矿为催化剂,分别考察了氯化钾、氯化镁、氯化钠、硫酸钠以及混合盐对天然矿物低温催化混合酯生烃反应的影响。结果表明,无机盐类对矿物催化下混合酯的生烃反应均有不同程度的影响,硫酸钠具有反催化作用,其它盐类具有正催化作用。且在各无机盐存在下,不同的矿物表现出不同的催化活性。     

试论轻烃形成过程中过渡金属的催化作用

轻烃和天然气是由富含干酪根矿物基质上过渡金属的催化作用形成，而不是干酪根和重质烃的热催化作用所致。催化作用是通过不同碳数闭作用，碳－碳及碳－金属键的断裂作用来实现的，它在轻烃形成的几个重要转化反应中起重作用，本文围绕着过渡金属的催化机理和轻烃的催化成因等基本问题展开经，目的在于不断探讨油气成因的新理论。     

细菌降解前后小球藻热模拟生成的气、油和类干酪根

本文对比研究了枯草杆菌降解作用前后小球藻热模拟生成的气、油和类干酪根的特征。经细菌降解作用后，小球藻热解产气率提高了２．０９倍，热解产气组分中烃气／非烃气比值提高了一倍。蛋白质可能是小球藻热模拟产气的重要分子来源。细菌的降解作用对于早期成因的生物气或生物热催化气的形成具有重要意义。细菌降解作用可提高小球藻细胞的粗脂肪（氯仿沥青＂Ａ＂）含量，而类脂化合物是藻细胞热解产生烷烃的主要分子来源，因此，经细菌降解的藻细胞热解后具较高的烷烃产量。类干酪根分析结果表明，细菌降解的藻细胞在热解时更易凝胶化；细菌降解作用有利于藻细胞进入热演化生烃期，并有利于提高藻细胞的产烃性能和潜力。     

东营凹陷盐湖相天然气生成的热模拟试验

东营凹陷民丰地区沙四段是典型的盐湖相沉积,也是本区重要的烃源灶和天然气产层。为了研究不同盐类物质与烃源岩在高成熟阶段的相互作用,采用高压釜封闭体系模拟了东营凹陷盐湖相烃源岩的天然气生成过程。结果表明：碳酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化盐对烃源岩热解生成天然气有强催化作用,同烃源岩热解相比,550℃时气态烃产率分别增加了35%、77%和46%。在4组热模拟气的气态烃组成及热模拟气与民丰地区天然气的轻烃组分比较中发现,上述蒸发盐类不仅改变了气态烃产物中各单组分化合物的生成路径,影响了气态烃产物的组成,而且在盐类物质参与作用下,烃源岩热解的气态烃组成与民丰地区天然气更接近。     

烃源岩催化生烃机制研究进展

本文扼要综述了国内外在热模拟催化生烃领域的研究进展,并针对其存在问题或不足之处,提出了新的研究思路,设计了新的实验方案,对烃源岩催化生烃机理和过程进行定量的研究,建立定量的催化反应速率数学模型和催化生烃产离数学模型,并制作成可操作的计算软件,划分出起正催化作用和反催化作用的催化剂。在研究过程中,全面考虑某生油岩中的所有粘土矿物和地下水中的无机盐类对生烃的催化作用,即系统地分别考虑生油岩中存在的各单     

盐类在金属、非金属成矿过程中的作用

盐类与金属、油气、固体非金属矿床经常相互共生,在其成矿过程中起到了不可忽视的作用.在成矿过程中提供金属物质和部分硫源,为矿床的形成提供了有利的容矿空间.作为良好的矿化剂增强了在流体活动过程中萃取岩石中的金属(不一定要有高含量)的能力,对金属的活化、迁移与沉淀起到了渗滤、扩散、混染、交代、溶蚀、氧化还原和沸腾等作用.在石油、天然气形成过程中,无机盐类促使干酪根热解生烃,并可作烃源岩;盐类可充当盖层,并对油气的圈闭、运移和保存有控制作用.     

判别碳酸盐岩是烃源岩还是储集岩的指标

<正> 在实际勘探中,碳酸盐岩既可作为烃源岩,也可作为储集岩存在。确定碳酸盐岩中含有的烃类是原生的,还是从它处运移而来的,这在勘探实践中有着指导意义。为此目的,许怀先等用岩石热解分析方法做了大量研究工作。结果表明岩石中原油的热蒸发烃高峰温度和干酪根热解烃高峰温度具有显著差异:干酪根热解产烃高峰温度 T_(max)为400～600℃;原油热蒸发烃最高峰温度 T_(max)为300～400℃。由此可以区分原油的热蒸发烃和干酪根的热解烃,并进一步判定当最高热解峰温 T_(max)>400℃时,该岩石为烃源岩,而当T_(max)<400℃时,则为储集岩。对干酪根热解的进一步研究表明,不同成熟度的干酪根在不同的热降解温度范围内的产烃量是不同的。低成熟度的干酪根在450～600℃范围内所产生的烃占热解烃的5%     

海相烃源岩二次生烃潜力定量评价新方法

烃源岩二次生烃的演化过程是残余干酪根热解演化与残留油热裂解转化两个既相互联系又完全不同的物理化学反应过程的叠加。本文利用自制高压釜热压生烃模拟实验装置,采取分阶段连续递进模拟实验方式,以海相烃源岩样品为例分别评价了残余干酪根的生烃潜力与残留可溶有机质转化油气潜力,建立了一套不同起始与终止成熟度海相烃源岩二次生烃潜力的定量评价方法,并首次明确提出了干酪根生油指数KIo、干酪根生气指数KIg、干酪根生烃指数KIh等评价烃源岩生烃潜力的参数,弥补了ROCK EVAL热解评价方法无法分别评价烃源岩在不同生烃演化阶段所生成的“油”或“烃气”潜力的不足。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)