快速高效去除淮北农村地下水中高氟研究

氟是地球表面分布最广的元素之一，长期摄人过量氟会引起氟中毒（地方病）。利用天然矿物中的某些特殊性能，经提纯、活化、改性加工研制出除氟颗粒滤料和活化再生剂；探讨高氟地下水形成机理：阐述滤料除氟原理和影响除氟因素；设计操作简便除氟装置；制定行之有效的除氟工艺流程，在2个农村水厂进行除氟工程扩大应用试验，运行2年来取得较好的除氟效果。     

极端条件下心墙泥浆料的渗透反滤试验研究

高土石心墙坝的渗透稳定性在很大程度上依赖于反滤层对心墙料的反滤保护作用。心墙在大坝蓄水和长期运行的条件下,要经历复杂的填筑加载、浸水饱和与水荷载的作用,在差异沉降、复杂结构应力作用、水力劈裂和渗透水流作用下,心墙一旦出现裂缝,其渗透稳定性及反滤层的保护作用就将面临严峻的考验。针对这一问题,设计了专门非常规的抛填土料反滤试验和泥浆渗透反滤试验,模拟心墙裂缝条件下其颗粒被冲刷起动后,被反滤料阻挡和淤积过程。通过试验表明,心墙料和反滤料满足反滤准则条件下,心墙颗粒被拦截和淤积在反滤层上游表面,反滤料能有效防止心墙颗粒的流失,反滤层在极端条件下对心墙料仍能起到有效的反滤保护作用。     

极端条件下心墙泥浆料的渗透反滤试验研究

高土石心墙坝的渗透稳定性在很大程度上依赖于反滤层对心墙料的反滤保护作用。心墙在大坝蓄水和长期运行的条件下,要经历复杂的填筑加载、浸水饱和与水荷载的作用,在差异沉降、复杂结构应力作用、水力劈裂和渗透水流作用下,心墙一旦出现裂缝,其渗透稳定性及反滤层的保护作用就将面临严峻的考验。针对这一问题,设计了专门非常规的抛填土料反滤试验和泥浆渗透反滤试验,模拟心墙裂缝条件下其颗粒被冲刷起动后,被反滤料阻挡和淤积过程。试验结果表明,心墙料和反滤料满足反滤准则条件下,心墙颗粒被拦截和淤积在反滤层上游表面,反滤料能有效防止心墙颗粒的流失,反滤层在极端条件下对心墙料仍能起到有效的反滤保护作用。     

地下水源热泵水井泵砂与堵塞原因分析

地下水源热泵系统常会出现抽水井泵砂、抽水井和回灌井堵塞等问题,影响系统的正常运行或系统效率。以湖北省荆州市某地下水源热泵工程为例,分析了江汉平原广泛分布的卵砾石夹细砂含水层中成孔方法选择、滤料及过滤管设计中存在的问题;指出了目前在过滤管外包不锈钢丝网是防止在细砂层中水井泵砂的有效手段之一,但宜与泥浆密度轻、对地层污染小的反循环成孔工艺配合使用,且仍要根据含水层的颗粒级配曲线选择滤料,发挥滤料的过滤作用,避免过滤压力转移到包网过滤管,以减少抽水井堵塞。     

JMD型滤池双层滤料的净水试验及比较

大量的试验数据表明石英砂和陶粒组成的双层滤料，其净水处理性能明显好于石英砂和无烟煤双层滤料以及单层石英砂滤料，特别是出水浊度、微絮凝作用，反冲洗周期、藻类的去除、絮凝剂的使用量等指标上具有明显优势，陶粒做为一种新的水处理滤料，正被应用于净水和污水处理。     

福建漳州新城大厦基坑降水工程成井工艺实例分析

根据福建漳州新城大厦基坑降水井口径大、单井涌水量大的特点，采用了350 mm钢筋笼外包一层20目不锈钢丝网和一层28目尼龙网，孔隙率比钢管作滤管高3倍以上，增大了过水面积，降低了水跃值；管壁与孔壁间采用粒径比规范值大一级且大小不等(1～4 cm)的砾卵石作为滤料充填，洗井时间比按规范值填砾缩短2/3，井内泥浆采用排污泵排除，并与空压机清洗联用，洗井速度快，效果好。     

菌藻对碳酸盐颗粒的泥晶化作用研究─以滇西保山地区下石炭统研究为例

碳酸盐颗粒泥晶化由真菌类和藻类的穿孔所引起，颗粒泥晶化可划分为四个阶段６种类型，泥晶套和泥晶铸型分别代表泥晶化的成长、成熟阶段。丰富的泥晶化颗粒为浅滩标志；泥晶化的深度与沉积速度成反比；泥晶化均匀程度与颗粒翻转次数成正比；颗粒泥晶化类型组合与风暴沉积有关；暴露环境出现溶蚀孔洞或负鲕。菌藻的泥晶化作用可加速海水及成岩压实作用对颗粒的破碎和细化并产生内碎屑和灰泥；鲕粒泥晶化后转变为辐射鲕和假鲕。     

PVC-U携砾过滤器滤料厚度与阻砂性的相关关系试验研究

针对第四系覆盖层、粉细砂地层成井中存在的问题,结合携砾过滤器的研制,试验并探讨了滤料层厚度与阻砂性的相关关系,初步得出了不同规格滤料理论最小阻砂厚度值。     

菌藻对碳酸盐颗粒的泥晶化作用研究─以滇西保山地区下石炭统研究为例

碳酸盐颗粒泥晶化由真菌类和藻类的穿孔所引起，颗粒泥晶化可划分为四个阶段６种类型，泥晶套和泥晶铸型分别代表泥晶化的成长、成熟阶段。丰富的泥晶化颗粒为浅滩标志；泥晶化的深度与沉积速度成反比；泥晶化均匀程度与颗粒翻转次数成正比；颗粒泥晶化类型组合与风暴沉积有关；暴露环境出现溶蚀孔洞或负鲕。菌藻的泥晶化作用可加速海水及成岩压实作用对颗粒的破碎和细化并产生内碎屑和灰泥；鲕粒泥晶化后转变为辐射鲕和假鲕。     

管内投砾新工艺在水文水井围填滤料中的应用

水文水井滤料围填的质量对供水水质及使用寿命具有重要影响,常规填料工艺经常出现"架桥"现象和投砾不到位的问题。为此,提出了一种管内投砾新工艺,可以克服上述缺陷。首先阐述了其核心设备—专用转换接头的基本原理,介绍了其施工工艺流程;最后基于两个工程实例,分析了设计与施工方面的难点并给出了相应的解决方案。结果表明:(1)与常规工艺相比较,管内投砾法既能够实现止水、注浆和固井的一体化操作,又能够减少成井环节,缩短成井周期,经济效益显著,可靠度100%;(2)采用专用转换接头围填滤料,能够保证水文水井滤料的充填质量,工艺简单易行、安全高效;(3)在深井投砾时,应安装井口自动投砾器;在井管内宜设置投砾导向管,并采用动水投砾。     

陶粒贴砾过滤器的研制与应用

针对水井修井和水平井成井填砾困难的特点,通过大量室内试验,研制了陶粒贴砾过滤器。该过滤器以PVC—U塑料管作衬管、陶粒作滤料,经粘合剂粘结而成,具有滤水阻砂效果好,整体质量轻,韧性好,滤层的抗压、抗冲击强度高等优点。介绍了陶粒贴砾过滤器的基本性能特点和应用效果。     

沸石强化过滤的中试及生产性试验研究

对新型水处理材料沸石强化常规给水处理工艺进行了中试和生产性试验,并与石英砂滤料做了对比.中试结果表明粒径为0.80-1.20mm沸石对浊度、氨氮、有机物都表现出良好的去除效果,过滤时的水头损失、反冲洗强度明显小于石英砂,不仅能满足反冲洗要求,还可节省反冲洗水量,降低运行成本.在生产性试验条件下,沸石对浊度、氨氮、耗氧量的去除率分别为95%、83%和39%.因此,在当前水源水遭到污染的情况下,用沸石替代石英砂滤料可明显改善水质,在不增加处理构筑物的情况下,对给水处理工艺可起到强化作用     

三峡水库入库推移质输沙特性变化及其原因分析

朱沱、寸滩水文站是三峡水库主要入库控制站。通过对朱沱站1975～2001年、寸滩站1966～2001年实测卵石推移质资料分析，结果表明，朱沱站从1991起、寸滩站从1981年起，卵石推移量系统减少，粒径细化，起动流速增加，水沙关系明显变化。河道采砂、水利工程拦沙、水土流失治理是三峡水库入库推移质输沙特性发生变化的主要原因。     

天然河床渗滤取水工艺的原理与特点研究——以浠水南城水厂为例

渗滤取水净水机理主要是利用砂砾石层表面的泥膜及砂砾石层本身过滤作用、吸附作用,微生物的降解作用达到去除水中的悬浮物质、降低水的浊度、除菌的效果。以湖北浠水南城水厂渗滤取水工程为例,通过对渗滤工程特点和水质监测数据的研究,分析天然河床渗滤水水质及水源水水质的差异,以及渗滤水水质的可靠度。     

Characterization of microbial communities in a granular activated carbon–sand dual media filter for drinking water treatment

Modification of conventional rapid sand filter into granular activated carbon–sand dual media filter has become increasingly attractive to drinking water producers in many Chinese urban regions. In this study, a pilot-scale dual media filter was constructed to monitor its performance. The operational results indicated that the dual media filter performed well both on nitrification and on reduction of chemical oxygen demand. Microbial community structures at different sampling sites were also compared using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene clone library analysis to identify the spatial heterogeneity the filter. Clone library analysis illustrated the difference of microbial community structure and an increase of microbial diversity along the filter depth. Moreover, potential pathogens from genera Chromobacterium and Sphingomonas were detected in the filter samples, which deserved further serious consideration in downstream treatment such as disinfection. These findings also provided an illustration of the utility of molecular techniques to discover microbial community change and potential pathogens in the drinking water biofilters.     

PFF复合反滤层及其在支挡工程中的应用研究

为避免地下水对支挡结构的不利影响,需设置反滤层排除支挡工程背后岩土体的渗水。目前支挡工程多采用混凝土浇筑施工,受墙后空间狭小影响,常规的砂砾石反滤层不易压实,影响支挡工程受力和使用功能。文章结合反滤层的隔离挡土、过滤、排水等基本作用原理,研制开发了一种由隔水层、排水层、透水层相结合形成的具有墙背模板功能的PFF整体式复合反滤层,以适应混凝土支挡结构浇筑施工工法。试验工点排水试验表明,该新型反滤层排出水数量和效率均优于传统的砂砾石反滤层,可在支挡工程中推广应用。     

Conditions for biological precipitation of iron by Gallionella ferruginea in a slightly polluted ground water

A sand filter has been built as a pilot plant with the purpose of biological precipitation of Fe from ground water polluted with mainly chlorinated aliphatics. The ground water is pumped directly from a well in a polluted ground water aquifer in Esbjerg, Denmark. The pollution includes trichlorethylene and tetrachlorethylene together with smaller amounts of pesticides. Furthermore the best conditions for Fe precipitating bacteria were not expected to be present because of a relatively high O₂ content, up to 6.7 mg/l, a low Fe content, 0.2 mg/l and a pH of ∼5 in the ground water. Added FeSO₄ increased the Fe content of the ground water to about 4 mg/l. These rather extreme conditions for precipitating Fe were observed over a period of 3 months. The goal of the research was to observe the mechanism of Fe precipitation in a sand filter in the above-mentioned conditions comparative to normal conditions for biotic as well as abiotic Fe mineralization in sand filters of fresh water treatment plants. The Fe precipitating bacterium Gallionella ferrugenia was found to dominate the biotic Fe oxidation/precipitation process despite the extreme conditions. A huge amount of exopolymer from Gallionella was present. The precipitated Fe oxide was determined to be ferrihydrate. The rate of the Fe oxidation/precipitation was found to be about 1000 times faster than formerly found for abiotic physico-chemical oxidation/precipitation processes. The hydrophobic pesticides and some of their degradation products were not adsorbed in the filter. An added hydrophilic pesticide was adsorbed up to 40%. Trichlorethylene was not adsorbed in the filter. The reason for the poor adsorption of the hydrophobic compounds and trichlorethylene is due to the pronounced hydrophilic property of the exopolymers of Gallionella and the precipitated ferrihydrite.     

吴堡县横沟水源地HS3渗流井的设计与施工

渗流井取水是利用河床松散砂砾石含水层为天然滤床开发地表水、地下取水的一种给水技术。结合吴堡县东部河谷区横沟段三号渗流井（HS3渗流井）施工实例,对渗流井的取水原理、设计思路、施工方法及技术要点进行了总结。     

山西运城水井建设中无棕滤水井管的设计与应用

通过运城地区水井的开凿,表明无棕结构的滤水管具有拦砂、滤水、增大出水量、提高成井率和延长水井寿命等优点。无棕滤水管的设计应当考虑多种影响因素:如滤料的选择、滤水管的孔隙率、滤水管的井径和缠丝间距等。对无棕滤水管工艺施工的水井的观测,井龄已满20年、井深140米的水井,其单位涌水量仍达6.14吨/小时·米,比采用有棕滤水管工艺施工的水井水量增大了93%,而且水质符合要求。     

Feasibility study of water purification using vertical porous concrete filter

Cheapest and simplest techniques of filtration systems are required for rural water treatment in developing countries. Using a filter made of blocks for the water treatment enables us to make porous concrete filter and use it vertically. It is expected that the required area would decrease by more than 70 % if porous concrete filters were used vertically. The operation and backwash mode would be simpler than using horizontal sand filters as filters made of blocks would be used instead. The feasibility study focused on finding adequate materials, compositions and methods of making a block with enough resistance to water pressure, sufficient porosity for water transformation and using inexpensive and available materials. A pilot study was performed to determine an appropriate thickness of filter. Testing the porous filter in another pilot study using the low overflow rate of river water showed biological growth in that media and an adequate efficiency of about 90–100 % was obtained for decreasing the coliform bacteria. The required backwash water was 2.9 % of total treated water.