考虑三维变形的柔性和刚性基础沉降计算方法

传统的分层总和法不能考虑地基三维变形,计算基础沉降的误差非常大。为了减小分层总和法修正系数的范围,基于侧限压缩试验的e-p曲线,推导了能够考虑三维变形的柔性基础沉降算法。只要把传统算法的分层压缩量乘以一个修正系数,新算法就可以在分层总和法基础上考虑地基土的侧向变形。进一步地,通过调整基础底面的压力分布,推导了条形刚性基础沉降的近似算法。算例分析表明,考虑三维变形的沉降算法可以解决传统分层总和法在计算小尺寸基础时沉降过小的问题。计算表明,小尺寸刚性基础沉降计算结果比传统分层总和法大,大尺寸刚性基础沉降计算结果比传统分层总和法小,这可能是导致分层总和法修正系数范围过大的原因之一。应用文中方法有希望减小分层总和法的一部分误差。     

浅基础设计计算新法

本文通过对浅基础底面尺寸设计进行进一步理论推导，提出弯矩应力系数的概念，进而导出矩形基础的地基承载能力与地基土参数、基底尺寸和基础埋深的公式，公式给出了浅基础地基承载力与地基土参数、基础尺寸、基础荷载和埋深的函数关系。从而能很好地通过地基土内摩擦角和内聚力的数据对基础进行深、宽设计调整，以便设计人员较好地理解这一问题的实质，能够快速准确地求出合理的底面尺寸与选用合理的基础埋深。     

土工格栅加筋砂土上的偏心受压条形基础研究

提供了土工格栅加筋砂土上的偏心受压条形基础极限承载力的室内模型试验结果。试验中只使用了一种相对压实密度的砂土和一种土工格栅,基础深度由0变化至B（基础宽度）。基于室内试验结果,提出了一个称为折减系数的经验关系,将偏心受压基础的极限承载力与中心受压基础的极限承载力联系起来。     

输电线路掏挖基础极限上拔承载力变分解法

针对输电线路掏挖基础极限上拔承载力问题,根据塑性极限平衡原理,假设基础周围土体发生整体剪切破坏并服从Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,建立静力学平衡方程式,并结合变分法原理求解不同加载条件下基础的极限抗拔力。通过变参数计算,分析土体强度及基础埋深比对中心上拔、偏心上拔及倾斜上拔时基础极限上拔力的影响。经归一化处理,分别给出水平力和弯矩存在对基础抗拔力折减的影响系数。当归一化弯矩与上拔力比值Nm 0.4时,? m减小速度放缓。相对于内摩擦角,黏聚力变化对? m的影响更明显。水平力影响系数? h同时受到土体内摩擦角、黏聚力以及基础埋深比的共同影响,规范建议值较变分解法的计算结果偏大。通过与规范公式法计算结果及试验结果进行对比,验证了所提方法的合理性和准确性。研究结果为偏心上拔及高露头基础顶部作用水平荷载时基础抗拔承载力的计算提供参考。     

装配式型钢基础抗压抗拔承载力的试验及计算

通过在两个不同基础底面尺寸的装配式型钢基础进行抗压、抗拔承载力和变形特性试验研究,考察了型钢基础及土体的变形及破坏型式,试验中该类基础发生土体剪切破坏而失效,最后提出了基于试验研究的抗压、抗拔承载力计算理论,其中抗压承载力根据有效底面积计算;抗拔承载力应考虑基础上拔产生应力扩散形成的破坏土体进行计算;计算中建议按土体的内摩擦角取用不同土体的上拔扩散角;地下水位以下土体上拔扩散角建议取为0 º。研究成果为该类基础的承载力计算理论、设计方法及实际工程应用提供理论依据。     

关于偏心荷载下地基承载力的验算方法

针对偏心荷载作用下的地基承载力验算,以条形基础为例,介绍了Meyerhof提出的考虑荷载偏心的地基承载力计算方法,并通过与有限元上下限极限分析这一极限荷载精细数值计算方法的比较验证了其正确性和准确性。所考虑的地基既包括排水条件下的一般地基,也包括不排水强度随深度近似线性增大的饱和黏性土地基。依据有关机理深入分析了基础埋深对偏心荷载下地基承载力计算精度的影响,明确了可以考虑基础埋深有利作用的偏心距上限。进而采用本课题组所提出计算地基承载力的改进公式,通过计算并结合理论分析比较了国内规范验算方法与按Meyerhof方法的验算,表明采用后一方法更为合理。     

倾斜荷载作用下桶形基础承载力特性研究

针对吸力式桶形基础结构,借助大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS平台,建立了均质软黏土地基上倾斜荷载作用的三维弹塑性有限元计算模型。通过系统地计算分析,得到了单个倾斜荷载分量作用下桶形基础的承载力特性及其破坏机制。进一步研究了水平倾斜荷载与竖向倾斜荷载共同作用下的桶形基础承载性能,得到了该倾斜荷载加载方式作用下桶形基础在V-H平面内的破坏包络面,依此建立了倾斜荷载与偏心距e之间的三维破坏包络曲面。计算结果表明,偏心距e对竖向倾斜承载力的影响相对水平倾斜承载力较大;桶形基础承载性能随着偏心距e的增大而减小。     

圆形基础地基极限承载力计算

利用临界滑动场法计算了浅埋圆形基础的地基承载力,并提供了系数N、Nq和Nc的计算表格和曲线,同时分析了侧面土压力对N、Nq的影响。通过建立土体条块极限平衡方程,推导了计算地基承载力的递推关系式。首先,设定土体计算范围,并划分条块和设置状态点; 其次,根据递推公式和推力极值原理计算各个状态点的参数,并搜索临界滑面; 最后,根据搜索出的临界滑面计算地基承载力。通过与已有系数计算值或模型试验的比较,验证了该方法的合理性。研究结果表明:N、Nq和Nc与其他学者的计算值相近; 相同情况下侧面土压力越大系数N、Nq越小。该方法是临界滑动场法在地基承载力研究中的推广应用,原理简单、易于编程,可为深入研究圆形基础地基承载力的计算提供参考。     

偏心荷载下溶洞顶板冲切破坏上限分析

针对冲切破坏模式下溶洞顶板极限承载力问题,进行了不同顶板厚度以及不同荷载偏心距下溶洞顶板极限承载力室内试验研究,依据试验结果将偏心荷载作用下的溶洞冲切破坏假定为轴对称问题,引入Griffith强度准则,基于极限分析上限法,提出了一种适用于轴对称和偏心荷载作用下溶洞顶底板极限承载力的计算方法,并给出了能发生冲切破坏范围的估算方法。试验结果表明：在同一偏心距下,随着顶板厚度的增加,在达到基岩极限承载力之前,顶板极限承载力呈线性增长;当顶板厚度一定时,顶板极限承载力随着偏心距的增加呈非线性增长,偏心距e在能发生冲切破坏的范围之外时趋于平缓,并逐渐达到基岩极限承载力;理论计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

海上风机分段斜壁桶形基础的水平承载力计算方法

在部分浅海由于大型施工船舶无法进入,海上风电工程中传统的重力式基础或桩基础不再适用,为此提出了一种新型基础--分段斜壁桶形基础。基于极限平衡法对分段斜壁桶形基础的水平承载力进行了系统性研究,提出了水平承载力计算方法,并进一步考察了斜壁倾角、桶高、桶径、土性参数等对水平承载力的影响。计算表明,水平承载力随着上部桶壁倾角、下部桶壁倾角、地基反力比例系数、桶基顶部直径、桶基高度的增大而增大,随着海床深度的增加而减小。基于体积压缩率的概念,论证并推荐优先使用上部桶壁倾斜、下部桶壁直立的桶形基础构型。建议发展针对海床地基反力比例系数的准确确定方法。研究结果有助于对桶形基础进行优化设计。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.