华南泥盆纪沉积盆地类型和主要特征

泥盆纪时期,随着古特提斯洋的开启,于华南板块南、西、北缘形成被动陆缘构造背景.根据地壳性质,同沉积断裂活动,沉积作用和火山作用等特点,将区内沉积盆地分为八种类型,即陆内走滑盆地、陆内凹陷盆地、陆内断陷盆地、陆缘断拗盆地、陆缘断陷盆地、陆缘裂谷盆地、陆缘走滑盆地和陆河洋盆、盆地的演化受到构造活动、海水进退规程和沉积作用控制。开始阶段的构造活动不强烈,以滨岸陆源碎屑沉积为主。海盆扩大分异阶段的构造活动明显,有海底火山活动,海侵范围扩大,深水盆地开始发育,但以陆棚碎屑岩和碳酸盐缓坡沉积为主。强烈裂陷-走滑阶段是构造活动高潮期,火山活动强烈,海侵范围最大,深水盆地最发育,沉积相分异十分显著。右江地区和南岭地区同样位于扬子古陆的被动陆缘,但岩相构造格局显著不同,右江地区以北西向断裂拉张裂陷作用为主,而南岭地区则多表现为北东向基底断裂的走滑活动。笔者认为这种特点是古特提斯洋扩张作用和基底构造性质影响所致。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘中—新生代构造特征及构造应力场分析

对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘黄河沿岸一带中—新生代构造特征的研究表明:盆地东缘中—新生代构造变形与印支运动、燕山运动、喜马拉雅运动密切相关。印支运动对东缘构造影响相对微弱,受扬子板块和华北板块碰撞的影响,区内形成了一套挤压应力近NS向的共轭节理。燕山运动对东缘的形成演化意义重大,其基本构造形态就是在这一时期形成的。受古太平洋板块与亚洲大陆俯冲产生的远程构造效应的影响,区内发育NE—NNE走向的褶皱带;离石断裂受到SE—SEE方向的挤压,以脆性变形为主;节理解析获得的燕山期构造应力场以NW—SE向挤压为特征。喜马拉雅运动期间,盆地东缘的挤压方向转变为NE—SW向,其动力主要来自印度板块向欧亚板块的碰撞及碰撞期后陆内俯冲所产生的远程效应。     

南黄海海域中生代前陆盆地形成的构造背景

南黄海盆地占据了下扬子板块的主体,自元古宙以来经历了多期构造运动,受到华北板块、扬子板块、华南板块、太平洋板块多个板块相互作用的影响,形成多期盆地演化阶段的叠合盆地。分析了南黄海盆地前人钻井资料及最新二维地震资料,并与下扬子苏北盆地地层及构造特征进行对比,认为整个下扬子区域受华北—扬子板块碰撞的影响,经历了中生代前陆盆地演化阶段。下扬子陆域部分地区发育相对完整的中生代沉积,记录了华北—扬子板块之间洋壳消减、陆陆碰撞、前陆盆地发育及碰撞后活动。而在下扬子对应海域延伸部分的南黄海盆地中,仅在盆地北部烟台坳陷东北缘通过钻井证实有侏罗纪前陆盆地地层,钻遇地层仅发育侏罗系上部陆相沉积,在地震剖面中可以解释出侏罗系下部海陆交互相地层,向上转变为陆相沉积地层。对比下扬子陆域与海域地层发育情况,华北—扬子板块碰撞造山过程对于下扬子整个区域的影响因地而异,在三叠纪末期—侏罗纪时期南黄海盆地内沉积缺失,南黄海海域区处于广泛抬升状态,印支运动期间地层挤压活动强烈,烟台坳陷内海相地层中逆冲断层广泛发育。在南黄海盆地东北缘,前陆盆地侏罗系地层发育于南倾边界断层的上盘,认为南黄海盆地侏罗纪前陆盆发育的构造背景受到同期北侧千里岩超高压变质带从深部折返影响,随着千里岩隆起带的快速抬升,为南黄海盆地北缘提供了沉积空间及物源,沉积了大套的侏罗系前陆盆地地层。     

全球典型被动陆缘盆地油气成藏特征

以被动陆缘油气富集理论为指导,通过研究南大西洋和印度洋被动陆缘盆地油气地质条件,分析油气差异富集因素。研究结果表明:被动陆缘盆地主要发育3套含油气系统,其中印度洋地区主要发育克拉通陆内裂谷期含油气系统,裂陷期含油气系统,漂移期含油气系统。南大西洋地区主要发育裂陷期含油气系统,漂移早期含油气系统和漂移晚期含油气系统。根据不同油气成藏特征,总结为10类成藏模式,不同成藏模式发育背景和成藏主控因素各异。为被动陆缘盆地不同构造沉积演化阶段油气勘探方向提供研究基础,对相关或类似盆地勘探研究提供借鉴。     

中国沉积盆地形成的地质背景和构造类型

中国的地质构造具有六大个性特征：(1)微陆块与其阐的造山带形成镶嵌结构；(2)微陆块和洲级板块一样走完了板块运动的全过程；(3)微陆块虽分散。但在构造活动中仍为一相对独立的地质单位；(4)地质演化具多旋回性；(5)海西期可能出现过一个海西地台；(6)喜马拉雅期中国构造一地貌以及深部结构构造梯级大分化。在地史演变中，无论是微陆块的裂解和漂移。还是经由其间之裂谷或小洋盆的消亡而次第粘结，都缺乏相对统一、量级较大的能量，其本身的动力量级远次于洲级板块。中国沉积盆地经历了从加里东到喜马拉雅多期次和互有交叉的地球动力学背景演化。根据盆地形成的地质背景将中国沉积盆地的构造类型划分为六大类；以前寒武纪陆块为基底的多旋回构造联合体盆地；以海西地台为基底的多旋回盆地；以特提斯各微陆块为基底的被动陆缘构造盆地；跨越多构造单元的中生代晚期一新生代大陆裂谷盆地；跨越多构造单元的中生代晚期一新生代大陆边缘裂谷盆地；新近纪活动陆缘弧后盆地。     

全球沉积盆地结构与构造演化背景——洲际经-向超长构造剖面对比

沉积盆地地层及其结构可记录盆地构造演化过程,而盆地演化则记录了不同历史时期的构造背景。为系统认识盆地 构造演化及其演化背景,本文在全球构造理论指导下,收集全球上百个重要沉积盆地资料,编制了洲际超经向长剖面 2 条:(1) 印度—西伯利亚—北美—南美经向超长剖面;(2)非洲东海岸—地中海—欧洲—北冰洋沿岸—西伯利亚—澳大利亚超长剖面。 它们成为探讨沉积盆地结构特征、构造演化对比的重要基础,由此获得的主要认识包括:超长剖面是全球沉积盆地分类的 基础,不同类型的沉积盆地有序并列。盆地构造演化和发育受控于板块构造边界作用以及基底沉降作用。不同的盆地类型 在时间演化和空间分布具有密切成因联系。从板块边缘出发一般为大洋盆地、海沟、弧前盆地、弧后前陆盆地、前陆盆地、 克拉通盆地、裂谷盆地、被动陆缘盆地。位于欧亚板块的各个盆地均受到阿尔卑斯造山运动(喜马拉雅运动)影响,亚洲 大陆盆地群发育及其后期改造受古亚洲、特提斯和西太平洋构造域控制。受板块边界作用影响,相同板块上的不同盆地群 之间具有密切的构造—沉积联系和构造事件响应。全球油气最富集的巨型盆地主要出现于板块内部、远离挤压板块边界的 环境下。     

羌塘盆地中生代构造属性

通过对羌塘盆地南北两侧构造带地质特征、构造演化历程及盆地内部中生代地层充填特征的分析,探讨了羌塘盆地中生代构造属性及地球动力学机制。研究表明:羌塘盆地经历了早、中三叠世前陆盆地,晚三叠世早、中期被动陆缘盆地,晚三叠世晚期—侏罗纪羌北前陆盆地和羌南陆被动陆缘裂陷—坳陷盆地及早白垩世前陆盆地等地质演化历程;盆地南北边界构造带复杂而有序的地球动力学环境和构造演化,决定了羌塘盆地中生代为一复杂的多旋回叠合盆地。     

南黄海有关地层与构造的研究进展及问题讨论

南黄海为一叠置于下扬子地块变质基底之上的中、古生代海相与中、新生代陆相多旋回叠合盆地,经历了长期的构造演化及多期次构造改造。有关南黄海多期次盆地地层格架及分布特征、构造变形及动力机制、盆地性质及成因机制等问题,仍存在诸多争论。本文在总结前人研究的基础上,利用近几年最新获得的地质、地球物理数据,对南黄海有关地层与构造相关的主要问题进行了探讨。地球物理及综合研究表明：南黄海北部燕山晚期以来陆相断陷盆地之下并不存在印支-早燕山期的前陆盆地;朝鲜半岛西缘断裂带是存在的,扬子地块与华北地块汇聚碰撞过程中存在壳内多层次的互相楔入构造;南黄海海相中、古生界广泛分布,往东抬升剥蚀,可能主要残留下古生界,中部隆起残留有完整的下三叠统-震旦系。     

羌塘盆地构造特征及油气远景初步分析

羌塘盆地为一大型沉积盆地,基底为双层结构,基底构造具两坳夹一隆及断凸断凹特征。盆地盖层由中泥盆统—第三系组成,盖层中褶皱、断裂发育,具分带性,主变形期为燕山—喜马拉雅期。盆地经历长期演化,早期为拉张型盆地、晚期为挤压型盆地。盆地生油条件良好,具多种构造圈闭和良好盖层,构造圈闭形成时间与烃源岩排烃时间基本同步,具有良好的油气成藏条件。     

合肥盆地沉积构造样式与大别造山带的演化历史

对大别造山带的成生演化已有了系统而全面的研究和认识，但对印支运动期后大别山的构造演化却涉及较少，其工作基础是以大别造山带内的地质研究为基础；笔者以大别山北缘合肥盆地的沉积构造样式为研究对象，重点探讨印支运动期后大别山的成生演化历史。在吸收前人对大别山成果的研究基础上，以合肥盆地沉积和构造样式为主线，结合大别山北缘和合肥盆地的诸多地质特征，对中生代以来，大别山至少存在有四次造山运动：分别发生在印支期、燕山晚期、喜马拉雅早期和喜马拉雅中期。四次造山运动的强弱也明显不同：以印支期最强烈，其次为燕山晚期的挤压推覆，而喜马拉雅期的两次隆升运动较弱。四次造山运动的样式也存在明显差异：印支运动表现为自南而北的大规模挤压推覆运动，燕山晚期和喜马拉雅早期则以小规模的挤压运动为主，喜马拉雅中期则以整体升降为主。     

A comparison of burial,maturity and temperature histories of selected wells from sedimentary basins in The Netherlands

Sedimentary basins in The Netherlands contain significant amounts of hydrocarbon resources, which developed in response to temperature and pressure history during Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. Quantification and modelling of burial, maturity and temperature histories are the major goals of this study, allowing for a better understanding of the general geological evolution of the different basins as well as petroleum generation. All major basins in The Netherlands encountered at least one time of inversion and therefore moderate to high amounts of erosion. In order to determine the amount of inversion the basins have experienced, a 1D study was performed on 20 wells within three basins (West Netherlands, Central Netherlands and Lower Saxony Basins). New vitrinite reflectance values were obtained and existing data re-evaluated to gain a good data base. The burial histories of six wells, two for each studied basin, are presented here, to demonstrate the differences in basin evolution that led to their present shape and petroleum potential. The Permo-Triassic subsidence phase can be recognized in all three basins, but with varying intensity. In the Jurassic, the basins experienced different relative movements that culminated in the Cretaceous when the influence of the inversion caused erosion of up to 2,500 m. Most wells show deepest burial at present-day, whereas the timing of maximum temperature differs significantly.     

鄂尔多斯盆地与国外相似盆地对比及其中生界石油储量预测

选取3个国外克拉通盆地,即西西伯利亚盆地、巴黎盆地和伊利诺斯盆地,与鄂尔多斯盆地进行对比。鄂尔多斯盆地作为发育在坳拉谷基底之上的克拉通盆地,具有含丰富油气资源量的地质基础。鄂尔多斯盆地为中生代陆相沉积,其烃源岩的分布相对于整个盆地较为局限,圈闭类型较为复杂多样,除此之外的其他地质因素均比较相似。根据盆地对比估算得到鄂尔多斯盆地中生界的探明石油储量为17.21 x10⁸t据西西伯利亚盆地)、22.67 x10⁸t据巴黎盆地)和24. 40 x10⁸t (据伊利诺斯盆地),表明鄂尔多斯盆地中生界具有很大的资源潜力和勘探前景。     

Salt redistribution during extension and inversion inferred from 3D backstripping

A 3D backstripping approach considering salt flow as a consequence of spatially changing overburden load distribution, isostatic rebound and sedimentary compaction for each backstripping step is used to reconstruct the subsidence history in the Northeast German Basin. The method allows to determine basin subsidence and the salt-related deformation during Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic inversion and during Late Triassic–Jurassic extension. In the Northeast German Basin, the deformation is thin-skinned in the basinal part, but thick-skinned at the basin margins. The salt cover is deformed due to Late Triassic–Jurassic extension and Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic inversion whereas the salt basement remained largely stable in the basin area. In contrast, the basin margins suffered strong deformation especially during Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic inversion. As a main question, we address the role of salt during the thin-skinned extension and inversion of the basin. In our modelling approach, we assume that the salt behaves like a viscous fluid on the geological time-scale, that salt and overburden are in hydrostatical near-equilibrium at all times, and that the volume of salt is constant. Because the basement of the salt is not deformed due to decoupling in the basin area, we consider the base of the salt as a reference surface, where the load pressure must be equilibrated. Our results indicate that major salt movements took place during Late Triassic to Jurassic E–W directed extension and during Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic NNE–SSW directed compression. Moreover, the study outcome suggests that horizontal strain propagation in the salt cover could have triggered passive salt movements which balanced the cover deformation by viscous flow. In the Late Triassic, strain transfer from the large graben systems in West Central Europe to the east could have caused the subsidence of the Rheinsberg Trough above the salt layer. In this context, the effective regional stress did not exceed the yield strength of the basement below the Rheinsberg Trough, but was high enough to provoke deformation of the viscous salt layer and its cover. During the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic phase of inversion, horizontal strain propagation from the southern basin margin into the basin can explain the intensive thin-skinned compressive deformation of the salt cover in the basin. The thick-skinned compressive deformation along the southern basin margin may have propagated into the salt cover of the basin where the resulting folding again was balanced by viscous salt flow into the anticlines of folds. The huge vertical offset of the pre-Zechstein basement along the southern basin margin and the amount of shortening in the folded salt cover of the basin indicate that the tectonic forces responsible for this inversion event have been of a considerable magnitude.     

东营凹陷烃类流体热演化模拟研究——基于Basin2盆地模拟软件

通过运用Basin2盆地模拟软件,模拟东营凹陷的烃类流体热演化表明,该凹陷为高地温梯度沉积盆地,古地温梯度值随着地质年代的更新逐渐下降。研究区下第三系地层中内部洼陷地温梯度较凹陷的凸起区以及南缓坡带、北陡坡带低,同时南缓坡带的地温梯度比北陡坡带较高。因此,隆起区的生油门限要起比洼陷处略浅些,在时间上隆起区的生油门限要起比洼陷处也略旱。东营凹陷的烃源岩属于东营组、沙河街组和孔店组,但主力烃源岩主要来属于孔店组地层、沙河街组沙四段和沙三段.从区域上来看,烃源岩分布主要是在沉积厚度大的洼陷内,并已经进入生油高峰,而凹陷凸起区和缓坡带以及陡坡带的烃源岩主要属于低成熟阶段．     

广西合浦、南宁、宁明、百色盆地烃源岩有机地球化学特征与勘探潜力分析

广西合浦、南宁、宁明等第三系盆地的主要烃源岩层与百色盆地一样,均是中始新统深湖-半深湖相暗色泥质岩层,特点是分布面积广,厚度大,有机质丰度高.有机碳含量多数大于2.0%,达到"好"到"最好"的评价标准.有机质成熟度多数处于低熟阶段,部分在成熟阶段.干酪根类型主要为Ⅱ1型.综合分析认为:合浦、南宁、宁明三个盆地都具有优质...     

中非Melut盆地与我国东部裂谷盆地的类比及意义

Melut盆地为中非地区重要的含油气裂谷盆地,具被动裂谷成盆特征,处于区域构造勘探向"三新领域"勘探的转型阶段,油气富集规律尚不十分清楚,通过开展Melut盆地与我国东部主动裂谷盆地的类比分析,有助于深化盆地成藏认识,推进勘探转型.研究表明,Melut盆地北部具被动裂谷成盆特征,发育大型富油凹陷,形成以古近系跨时代成藏组合为主,近源白垩系成藏组合为辅的油气富集特点,古近系Yabus组上段跨时代岩性油藏与近源白垩系Galhak组断块油藏是北部深化勘探的重要领域;盆地中南部具被动裂谷与主动裂谷的叠加演化过程,与海拉尔盆地相似,具小型断陷沉积充填与成藏特征,近源成藏组合是有利的勘探对象,继承性洼槽内低凸起、凹陷间断裂隆起带及缓坡断层坡折带是有利的成藏构造带.该研究深化了Melut盆地成藏认识,明确了盆地南北具有不同的成盆机制与成藏特征,对推动北部成熟探区深化勘探与中南部低探区勘探突破具有重要意义.     

天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组沉积特征与古环境对比

天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组的沉积时代、沉积环境和构造背景存在争议。根据芦草沟组中发现的标准化石桃树园吐鲁番鳕、托姆介介形虫和孢粉化石组合,结合沉积地层中大量碎屑锆石最年轻峰值年龄261 Ma,认为芦草沟组的沉积时代为瓜德鲁普世(中二叠世)而非乌拉尔世(早二叠世)。近年来,在芦草沟组中发现典型海相指示矿物海绿石、海相或海陆交互相托姆介介形虫,加之超高盐度咸化湖盆的证实,认为芦草沟组主体为湖相沉积,但部分沉积时段受到海侵(泛)事件影响。天山东段地区准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地、吐哈盆地二叠系芦草沟组具有相似的岩石组合、动物群面貌和构造特征,但不同盆地古盐度、古气候、古氧化还原条件、古水深、初级生产力及热液输入强度等具有差异,分析认为芦草沟组形成于相似的伸展裂谷构造背景,但不同盆地之间沉积特征具有差异、不具备统一的沉积中心,为一系列弥散性裂谷盆地群。     

晚白垩世西峡盆地和夏馆盆地古地震事件的发现及意义

以大量的野外工作为基础,辅以地球化学研究,确定了西峡盆地和夏馆盆地普遍存在着古地震事件的物质记录。同沉积期古地震事件主要表现为同沉积小断裂、同沉积角砾岩层等,且同沉积地震事件对于河流侵蚀作用的产生具有重要的影响;成岩期古地震事件主要表现为沿断裂上盘砾岩的"涂抹"和成岩期形成的方解石擦磨晶体,以及由断裂(裂隙)所围限的不同于周侧岩性的块体。古地震事件的研究不仅可以为恐龙蛋的埋藏作用提供信息,也可以为研究古地理和古构造背景提供信息。     

The Hawkesbury sandstone and the Brahmaputra: A depositional model for continental sheet sandstones

Bedding characteristics of the fluvial Hawkesbury Sandstone (Triassic) of the Sydney Basin are most readily explained in terms of a model of flood‐ and falling‐stage vertical accretion derived from Coleman's study of the Brahmaputra. This model suggests inadequacies in present concepts of ‘braided stream’ deposits based on observations made at low stage. A Brahmaputra model may be widely applicable to continental sheet sandstones.     

Basin evolution of the northern part of the Northeast German Basin — Insights from a 3D structural model

A 3D structural model for the entire southwestern Baltic Sea and the adjacent onshore areas was created with the purpose to analyse the structural framework and the sediment distribution in the area. The model was compiled with information from several geological time-isochore maps and digital depth maps from the area and consists of six post-Rotliegend successions: The Upper Permian Zechstein; Lower Triassic; Middle Triassic; Upper Triassic–Jurassic; Cretaceous and Cenozoic. This structural model was the basis for a 3D backstripping approach, considering salt flow as a consequence of spatially changing overburden load distribution, isostatic rebound and sedimentary compaction for each backstripping step in order to reconstruct the subsidence history in the region. This method allows determination of the amount of tectonic subsidence or uplifting as a consequence of the regional stress field acting on the basin and was followed by a correlation with periods of active salt movement. In general, the successions above the highly deformed Zechstein evaporites reveal a thickening trend towards the Glückstadt Graben, which also experienced the highest amount of tectonic subsidence during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Two periods of accelerating salt movement in the area has been correlated with the E–W directed extension during the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic and later by the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic inversion, suggesting that the regional stress field plays a key role in halokinesis. The final part of this work dealt with a neotectonic forward modelling in an attempt to predict the future topography when the system is in a tectonic equilibrium. The result reveals that many of the salt structures in the region are still active and that future coastline will run with a WNW–ESE trend, arguing that the compressional stresses related to the Alpine collision are the prime factor for the present-day landscape evolution.