一种测定望远镜极轴偏差的方法

利用望远镜的恒动跟踪，对两颗恒星进行无导星曝光０．５小时，扣除蒙气差影响，用球面三角方法计算出望远镜极轴指向的偏差在赤经和赤纬方向上的分量，据此对望远镜极轴进行调整，就可以方便地把望远镜极轴指向调整到较高精度。     

赤道式天文望远镜极轴调整分析及观测结果

天文望远镜的指向精度和跟踪精度是评判一架天文望远镜的重要指标。赤道式天文望远镜的指向精度和跟踪精度受到极轴位置准确性的影响。正确地安装好极轴位置显得非常重要。极轴校正是一项很重要的工作。介绍了用观测恒星的方法来校正极轴位置,分析了合理地选择目标恒星,得出结论:在调整极轴东西方向时选择子午圈上的恒星作为观测目标恒星,在调整极轴俯仰方向时选择90°时角圈上的恒星作为观测目标恒星。经过多次调整极轴东西方向和极轴俯仰方向并对两个方向交替进行调整,望远镜的极轴将处于相当准确的位置。     

十米天线极轴指向的调整

十米天线为赤道式,极轴的指向直接影响指向跟踪精度,因此需要仔细地进行检测和反复地调整。本文总结了十米天线极轴的检测及调整情况。     

一种赤道式射电望远镜极轴的精密校准方法

使用一具附有测微器的光学望远镜配合赤道式射电望远镜进行极轴精密调整,不需用精确的度盘和记时设备。极轴测量和校准精度可达6角秒左右。本文详细叙述了这种方法的测量原理和操作步骤。     

1.56米望远镜的极轴校正和跟踪误差测定方法与结果

1.56米天望远镜已于1989年上海天台的佘山工作站投入使用，经校正，瓣极轴指向偏离北极为：0″.±4″.48（在方位上）和0″.±2″.21（在高度上）。望远镜的跟踪误差也被测定：在天顶附近30分钟内所作的128次观测得到的望远镜跟踪的均方根误差为±0″.36。结果表明，1.56米望远镜的恒动跟踪十分优良。     

基于CCD提高射电望远镜极轴校准精度及修正

射电望远镜极轴的安装定位是否准确直接影响其指向精度和成像质量,通过运用光学CCD原理精确测量射电望远镜极轴偏差角度,用以安装校准极轴,达到提高射电望远镜指向精度和成像质量的效果,并且结合计算机可实现多极轴同时校准,提高工作效率。同时,基于CCD技术可以及时发现天线极轴出现的偏差并进行修正,提高了数据的质量。     

采用光学指向系统建立天马13m望远镜指向模型

描述了采用光学望远镜辅助天马13m射电望远镜进行指向测量以及建立指向误差修正模型的方法. 对于小口径望远镜, 指向校准目标源比较少, 用射电法建立指向模型难以覆盖全天区. 利用上海天文台天马13m射 电望远镜进行光学望远镜辅助射电望远镜指向测量研究, 在13m天线背架上安装一套光学指向系统, 获得了优 于3''的重复测量误差. 此外, 通过对影响天线指向因素的分析, 建立了包含8个误差项的指向误差修正模型以及 光轴和电轴偏差模型. 将指向模型代入天线伺服控制系统, 对校准目标射电源进行十字扫描, 得到指向样本残差约 为5''. 该研究可以为实现高精度指向建模提供一种参考方法.     

卫星激光测距望远镜的指向改正

介绍激光测距望远镜全天区指向改正的实施方法及改正效果。通过实测的恒星指向误差数据,利用经优化的机架模型,对望远镜的全天区指向进行实时改正,基本达到了全天区白天激光测距的指向要求。     

基于光学辅助指向测量的太赫兹望远镜指向误差模型研究

针对太赫兹波段天文点源目标较少, 指向测量相对困难的特点, 研究了利用与太赫兹天线共轴的小型光学望远镜来辅助太赫兹望远镜指向测量以及建立指向误差修正模型的方法. 依托紫金山天文台1.2 m斜轴式太赫兹天线开展了光学辅助指向测量的实验研究, 利用一台安装在天线背架上的100mm口径折射式光学望远镜获得了优于2$''$的指向测量精度. 此外, 通过对斜轴天线的结构分析以及大气折射和本地恒星时(Local Sidereal Time, LST)偏差等误差来源的分析, 建立了包含23个误差项的斜轴式光学指向修正模型, 实现了约3$''$的拟合精度. 最后, 借助高精度数字摄影测量对光电轴一致性进行了标定, 并针对其对指向模型精度的影响进行了讨论. 研究成果将为南极5 m太赫兹望远镜(The 5m Dome A Terahertz Explorer, DATE5)及其他太赫兹望远镜提供指向测量和指向修正模型方面的技术参考.     

小行星(58)Concordia测光研究

小行星基本物理参量(周期、形状、自转)对于理解小行星起源、演化和碰撞具有重要意义.利用测光手段可以获得小行星的光变曲线,通过光变曲线可以确定小行星基本参数.利用云南天文台1 m望远镜在2000和2015年对小行星(58) Concordia进行观测,结合前人测光观测数据,通过凸面体光变曲线反演模型获得该小行星的周期、形状和轴指向.(58) Concordia的恒星周期为9.894541 h,在黄道坐标系下,极轴指向为λ_1=15.3?±0.7?,β_1=-4.2?±2.6?,另外一组解为λ_2=195.9?±1.0?,β_2=4.8?±1.2?.     

行星(月球)自转监测望远镜的原理样机地面验证实验

类地行星(月球)自转监测望远镜的科学目标是在行星(月球)表面现场测量行星(月球)自转并研究其内部结构和物理性质.为了验证全新的观测原理和资料处理方法,项目团队设计制造了一套原理样机,在一台商用天文望远镜的光路前端增加3面反射镜组,使其具有同时观测3个视场的能力.自2017年起在地面上开展了观测实验,获得了混合有3视场星象的图像.通过计算星象在前后图像上的位移实现了归属视场识别,使得观测效果与分视场独立观测等同,证明了用一台设备同时观测多视场的可行性.处理图像并通过3个视场中心的指向变化归算地球自转轴的空间指向,与理论值比较偏差平均约1′′,证明了观测原理和数据处理方法有效.对各种观测误差来源进行了分析,包含大气折射、仪器热稳定性和光学分辨能力的影响等,指出采用更长焦距的望远镜可以提高空间分辨率,优化形变控制可以提高观测稳定性.改进多视场同时观测中的光学设计也有助于精度的提高.     

Automatic guide for the Raduga astronomical spectrograph

An automatic mirror guide has been designed and made for the Raduga fiber-optic echelle spectrograph. The new device was built into one of the parts of the spectrograph and allows the work of observers to be facilitated significantly. The automatic guide efficiently removes stellar image oscillations at frequencies of 0–2 Hz, which compensates almost completely for errors in setting the polar axis of a telescope and in its clockwork drive. The guide can be used on any telescope with a focal length of more than 5 m and has operated on two different telescopes. Over two observing seasons, several hundred stellar spectra were taken with the Raduga spectrograph using the automatic guide.     

The Ground-based Experiment of the Prototype of Planetary (& Lunar) Rotation Monitor Telescope

The scientific objective of the Planetary (& Lunar) Rotation Monitor (PRM) telescope is to study the terrestrial planet's (the Moon's) rotation and its interior structure and physics by in-situ observation. In order to verify the brand new principle of observations and the data processing method, the prototype of the telescope is designed and manufactured. The prototype's optical system consists of a commercial telescope and trihedron mirror set placed at the entrance of its light path to realize the capability of observing three fields of view (FOVs) simultaneously. The ground-based validation observation began in 2017, and the images containing the stars from three FOVs were achieved. Star images from different FOVs are initially mixed together, but they can be classified into the three FOVs respectively by calculating the displacement of star images on the CCD plate between two adjacent exposures, to make the observational effect be identical with three independent observations of the three FOVs respectively. After image processing, from the orientation variation of the three FOVs simultaneously in space due to the Earth's rotation, the direction of the rotation axis of the Earth in space can be derived. Its deviation from the theoretical value is about 1${}^{″}$ in average, indicating that the working principle and data processing method are effective. The main errors in observations are discussed, including the atmospheric refraction, the thermal deformation of the commercial telescope tube, the low optical resolution caused by the short focal length, the optical aberration in the multi-FOV observation, etc. It is indicated that the spatial resolution of the telescope can be enhanced with a longer focal length, and the observational reliability can be improved by optimizing the thermal deformation control. Improving the optical design in the simultaneous observation of multiple FOVs will also be helpful to the accuracy enhancement.     

Analysis and Correction of the Influence of Track Irregularity on the Antenna Pointing

According to the influence mechanism of the antenna track irregularity on the telescope pointing accuracy, the distribution of the track errors and their influence on the pointing of the Urumqi Nanshan 26 m telescope are reanalyzed after the antenna track was reformed by using the whole-body welding technology, and hereby the pointing error model is correspondingly revised. By using the moving least-squares method, the measured height errors of the antenna track plane are fitted with a closed curve, and the tilt of the antenna azimuth axis caused by the track irregularity can be determined accordingly. Comparing it with the measured deviation of the antenna azimuth axis caused by the deformation of antenna pedestal, it can be found that both deviations are strongly correlated. A new pointing error model is established in view of the gravity deformation of antenna pedestal, which includes the north-south and east-west components, as well as the antenna track irregularity. Finally, by scanning a known calibration radio source at different positions in the sky, the measured pointing errors are fitted with the new pointing error model. The result shows that the sinusoidal component of the model error can be well constrained by the new pointing correction model, indicating that the new model can reflect very well the antenna pointing error, and can amend it to a certain extend.     

Measuring fiber position errors from spectral data

Precise fiber positioning is crucial to a wide field,multi-fiber spectroscopic survey such as the Guoshoujing Telescope(the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope,LAMOST).Nowadays,most position error measurements are based on CCD photographic and image processing techniques.These methods only work for measuring errors orthogonal to the telescope optical axis,but there are also errors that lie parallel to the optical axis of the telescope,such as defocusing,and errors caused by the existing deviation angle between the optical axes of a fiber and the telescope.Directly measuring the two latter types of position errors is difficult for an individual fiber,especially during observations.Possible sources of fiber position errors are discussed in brief for LAMOST.By constructing a model of magnitude loss due to the fiber position error for a point source,we propose an indirect method to calculate both the total and systematic position errors for each individual fiber from spectral data.Restrictions and applications of this method are also discussed.     

YNST光电导行镜机械设计

YNST(云南1m太阳望远镜)光电导行系统的作用除了获取足够清晰的太阳像用作光电导行外,还参与望远镜光轴的校正.介绍了YNST光电导行镜的光学要求、机械设计结果及镜体设计所采用的被动无热化技术.校核了导行镜在阳光辐照下的热变形,计算了导行镜镜筒的最大弯沉,结果表明,所采用的无热化设计是有效的,导行镜刚度满足导行系统要求...     

ASO-S卫星基于太阳导行镜的高精度高稳定度姿态控制系统

先进天基太阳天文台(Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, ASO-S)卫星姿控分系统的主要任务是实现高精度、高稳定度对日指向控制. ASO-S卫星的科学载荷中,白光望远镜(White-light Solar Telescope, WST)前端配置了太阳导行镜(Guide Telescope, GT)稳像系统,利用正交分布光电二极管组成的边缘探测器测量导行镜光轴与太阳中心的偏差角.提出了一种将GT测量值引入姿态控制闭环的控制方法:利用星敏陀螺定姿算法获得卫星-太阳方向姿态偏差, GT测量值确定非卫星-太阳方向姿态偏差;以4斜装反作用轮组为执行机构,进行三轴零动量稳定姿态控制.通过数学仿真验证,基于GT测量值的姿态控制器在非卫星-太阳方向的绝对指向精度优于2′′、相对姿态稳定度优于1′′/60 s,满足ASO-S卫星高精度高稳定度的对日指向要求.     

A novel method for telescope polarization modeling based on an artificial neural network

The polarization characteristics of an astronomical telescope is an important factor that affects polarimetry accuracy. Polarization modeling is an essential means to achieve high precision and efficient polarization measurement of the telescope, especially for the alt-azimuth mount telescope. At present, the polarization model for the telescope(i.e., the physical parametric model) is mainly constructed using the polarization parameters of each optical element. In this paper, an artificial neural network(ANN) is used to model the polarization characteristics of the telescope. The ANN model between the physical parametric model residual and the pointing direction of the telescope is obtained, which reduces the model deviation caused by the incompleteness of the physical parametric model. Compared with the physical parametric model, the model fitting and predictive accuracy of the New Vacuum Solar Telescope(NVST) is improved after adopting the ANN model. After using the ANN model, the polarization cross-talk from I to Q, U, and V can be reduced from 0.011 to 0.007, and the crosstalk among Q, U, and V can be reduced from 0.047 to 0.020, which effectively improves the polarization measurement accuracy of the telescope.