云南中甸峨眉山玄武岩中超基性－基性岩包体元素地球化学分析

峨眉山大火成岩省于滇西地区广泛发育有一系列的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体,但对于其中地幔包体的报道还相对较少。本次研究在云南中甸地区峨眉山玄武岩中发现了岩性表现为由纯橄岩→辉橄岩→橄辉岩→苦橄岩→辉长岩→辉绿辉长岩→辉绿岩变化系列的超基性-基性岩包体。通过对包体岩石开展元素地球化学分析研究,结果表明:形成包体的原始超基性岩浆属于峨眉山地幔柱活动产物,且与主岩形成背景相似,其岩浆源区位于难熔的方辉橄榄岩区与石榴二辉橄榄岩区的过渡部位,受岩石圈地壳混染程度较低。结合丽江苦橄岩性质,认为滇西地区上地幔存在早阶段峨眉山地幔柱活动。     

云南金宝山铂钯矿Nd-Os同位素特征及成因意义

金宝山铂钯矿是峨眉山大火成岩省具有典型意义的岩浆Ni-Cu-PGE矿床,成矿岩体岩矿石Sm-Nd、Re-Os同位素特征表明为地幔柱成因并受到岩石圈地幔和地壳混染作用的影响.∈Nda=+0.01～+0.89,显著高于大陆岩石圈地幔,而低于软流圈地幔,介于地幔柱与岩石圈地幔之间但明显靠近地幔柱的同位素组成.γOs=20～60,高于任何端员类型的地幔储集库,反映地壳混染作用.混合模型分析表明,成矿岩浆演化经历了10%左右的大陆岩石圈地幔熔体混合并受到下地壳5%～10%的混染.     

云南金宝山铂钯矿Sr-Nd-Os同位素组成:岩浆成因及演化分析

金宝山铂钯矿是峨眉山大火成岩省具有典型意义的岩浆Ni-Cu-PGE矿床,成矿岩体岩矿石Rb-Sr,Sm-Nd,Re-Os同位素特征表明:成矿岩浆为地幔柱成因并受到岩石圈地幔和地壳混染作用的影响。εNd(260 Ma)=-1.78~+0.81,介于地幔柱与岩石圈地幔之间但明显靠近地幔柱的同位素组成。γOs(260 Ma)=20~60,高于任何端元类型的地幔储集库,体现地壳混染作用的效果。模式分析认为,成矿岩浆形成演化过程中大约有10%的岩石圈地幔熔体混合并受到5%左右的下地壳混染。     

鲁西中生代闪长岩中深源橄榄岩类包体的研究

鲁西中生代侵入岩依次生成辉长岩系列、二辉石闪长岩系列、角闪闪长岩系列、二长岩系列和正长岩系列(林景仟等,1989)。近年来,我们在属于二辉石闪长岩系列的莱芜铁铜沟岩体、矿山岩体和邹平茶叶山岩体中发现了大量不同成因类型的橄榄岩类包体。这些包体为认识鲁西地区中生代岩浆起源、岩石圈结构及上地幔中的超镁铁质岩浆作用提供了重要的信息。 1.包体成因类型及岩石学特征所发现的橄榄岩类包体的主要岩石类型有纯橄岩、方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩和橄辉岩;以前两类为主,与二辉岩、单辉辉石岩、辉闪岩和角闪岩包体相伴生。根据岩石结构和矿物成分特征,这些包体可划分为亏损型上地幔纯橄榄岩、方辉     

内蒙温根南基性-超基性岩体岩石学、地球化学特征及其形成构造背景

内蒙古温根南岩体位于内蒙古中部,属于华北克拉通北缘中段,主要火成岩组合为纯橄岩-橄长岩-辉长岩,平面上呈NNE向延伸。元素地球化学分析结果显示,岩体富Mg、低碱和Ti O2,全岩氧化物含量主要受控于橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石的相对分配比例,微量元素含量总体较低,具Nb、Ta和Hf轻微亏损,Pb、Sr显著富集的特征。其中辉长岩表现出显著的Nb、Ta负异常和Pb、Sr正异常。辉长岩微量元素相对纯橄岩和橄长岩明显富集。辉长岩相-纯橄岩相中总稀土含量变化较大(1.41×10-6~111.6×10-6),稀土元素配分曲线表现为轻微右倾型与平坦型,岩体深部超基性岩类总稀土含量极低,随着其结晶分异程度的增大和堆晶作用的加强,岩石中稀土元素含量迅速升高,反映晶间残余熔体的比重不断升高。运用橄榄石与残余熔浆平衡方法制约母岩浆性质,结果表明温根南岩体初始岩浆MgO=11.73%,FeO=11.38%,属于高镁玄武质岩浆。温根南岩体基性-超基性岩中Sr-Nd同位素投点主要靠近EM I型富集地幔端元,推测幔源岩浆在源区或上升过程中受到了地壳物质的混染。运用Zr、Y、Th、Ta等不相容元素的比值(判别岩浆演化过程,基于Th/Nb比值(1)和低Nb/La比值(1)表明温根南岩体初始岩浆侵位过程中遭受到了地壳物质的混染。温根南岩体Ta/Th-Zr/Nb、Th/Yb-Th/Nb、Ta/Th-Th/Yb、Nb/Th-Nb构造环境判别图中主要落入板内玄武岩(WPB)范围,推测温根南基性-超基性岩体在早石炭纪形成于板内伸展构造环境。     

新疆北山启鑫基性-超基性岩体地球化学特征及地质意义

岩石学分析表明,新疆北山一带启鑫岩体的岩石类型主要有蛇纹石化橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、斜方辉橄岩、辉橄岩、辉石岩、橄长岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉长岩和闪长岩,岩体铜镍矿化明显。元素地球化学分析结果显示,启鑫岩体具富铁镁,贫钾钠特征,MgO含量为8.42%~34.37%,Mg#为0.77~0.85,SiO_2含量为36.31%~51.50%,属基性-超基性岩类。岩石相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb,Sr等,亏损高场强元素Nb等,部分样品Zr,Hf,Ta呈一定程度的正异常,表明启鑫岩体起源于高镁拉斑玄武质岩浆,在成岩过程中分离结晶相主要是橄榄石和单斜辉石,并存在斜长石的堆晶作用,同时发生了一定程度的同化混染作用,推测启鑫岩体可能形成于岛弧向板内环境转换的构造背景。     

新疆中天山白石泉含铜镍矿镁铁-超镁铁岩体地球化学特征与岩石成因

白石泉含Cu-Ni硫化物镁铁-超镁铁侵入体位于中天山地块,其主要岩石类型有辉石橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、橄长岩、辉长岩及角闪辉长岩等,具有明显的堆晶结构.对岩体的主要、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征研究表明,岩体属铁质镁铁-超镁铁岩,具有拉斑玄武质岩浆的分异趋势;并相对富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr等)、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf),以及具有LREE富集((La/Yb)n=1.27～9.95)的右倾型稀土元素分布模式.Pb同位特征表明母岩浆与软流圈地幔和EM Ⅱ地幔物质有关.综合地球化学特征表明,母岩浆为来源于受早期俯冲物质混染的软流圈地幔的高镟拉斑玄武岩浆.岩浆在上升过程中,没有受到上地壳及围岩的混染.原生岩浆形成后,经过了橄榄石、辉石、斜长石及铬铁矿的分离结晶作用和硫化物的熔离作用.目前出露的岩体为富含橄榄石及硫化物的“晶粥“在高位岩浆房中演化的产物.     

吉林蛟河地幔橄榄岩捕虏体的Sr-Nd-Hf-Os同位素特征与岩石圈地幔时代

吉林省蛟河市境内大石河新生代玄武岩中含有丰富的地幔橄榄岩包体,详细的岩石学与矿物学研究显示,这些包体的主要岩石类型为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩-方辉橄榄岩,未发现石榴石橄榄岩。岩相学及地球化学资料显示它们都是经历过熔体抽取而形成的岩石圈地幔残留。矿物平衡温度计算发现,本区的这些地幔橄榄岩包体来自地下40～60km 深度,且下部以二辉橄榄岩为主,而上部以贫单斜辉石的二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩为主,显示明显的岩石圈地幔分层现象。Sr-Nd-Hf 同位素资料反映这些地幔包体均表现为亏损性质,而 Re-Os 同位素资料确定上述岩石圈地幔形成于中元古代,明显老于上覆地壳的新元古宙时代,反映壳幔年龄上的解耦。因此我们推测,该区曾经历过华北克拉通类似的早期岩石圈地幔的整体丢失事件,然后形成于其它地区的中元古宙岩石圈地幔在本区增生。     

福建新生代碱性超基性火山岩地球化学特征及构造意义

为了解福建新生代地幔性质和大地构造背景,对柳城玻基辉橄岩进行系统的年代学和元素地球化学研究。岩石为碱性超基性岩,形成于12.6Ma,富Mg、Fe和贫碱性质,以富集LILE、HFSE、Nb与Ta正异常为特征,强烈富集LREE,相对亏损HREE,(La/Yb)N＝35.1~36.2,δEu＝0.98~1.00,微量元素特征与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)类似。微量元素地球化学特征表明,该岩石是地幔橄榄岩低度部分熔融的产物,成岩过程没有地壳混染;源区地幔具有HIMU性质,由软流圈地幔、脱水洋壳与残留岩石圈地幔混合组成,表现出富集的特征;柳城玻基辉橄岩形成于大陆裂谷环境。与新生代玄武岩进行对比研究表明,中国东南部地幔组成存在多个地幔端元成分。     

甘肃北山红柳沟基性-超基性岩体岩石成因及成矿条件

甘肃北山红柳沟基性-超基性岩体位于塔里木板块北缘北山裂谷带, 岩体侵位于敦煌岩群,主要岩石类型有辉长岩、橄榄辉长岩、橄榄苏长辉长岩、橄榄角闪苏长岩、橄榄辉长苏长岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩和辉石岩等。橄榄石Fo介于66.97%~82.92%之间,属贵橄榄石,斜方辉石En成分范围为68.49~77.65,属古铜辉石;单斜辉石En成分范围为45.85~48.81,主要为斜顽辉石和透辉石;斜长石An为58.70~72.69,以拉长石为主;角闪石以普通角闪石为主。岩体母岩浆Mg^#值为0.59~0.62,属于高镁拉斑玄武质岩浆,岩浆演化过程中主要发生了橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石和斜长石的分离结晶作用,主要分离结晶矿物受单斜辉石和斜方辉石的控制,岩浆上升侵位过程中遭受到下地壳物质混染。从构造环境、母岩浆、岩体类型、岩浆分异程度、同化混染等方面综合分析认为红柳沟岩体具有形成铜镍硫化物矿床的较大潜力。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。