火箭人工增雨效果评价系统的设计

利用GoogleEarth二次开发工具API,开发了基于Web技术的海南省火箭人工增雨作业效果评价系统,该系统能形象地描绘火箭人工增雨作业车的位置,动态地勾画和快速计算火箭作业区-对比区的区域面积,并通过互联网技术访问人工增雨数据库、气象资料数据库和自动雨量数据库,随时可以进行人工增雨作业效果评价,导出效果报告。该系统在Web页上操作,便于推广和应用,从而为各市县人工增雨作业提供了一套操作简便、可视化、交互式的人工增雨效果评价平台,实现了全省作业效果评价的统一,提高了人工增雨作业的科技水平和防灾减灾的服务能力。     

基于WebGIS技术的人工增雨指挥系统

利用ArcGIS地理信息软件平台和计算机服务器硬件平台,结合当地人工影响天气业务的实际需求,研制完成了集省、市、县三级作业为一体、基于WebGIS技术的人工增雨指挥系统,实现了人工增雨作业指挥业务化。该系统充分利用了计算机网络、数据库、空地无线传输、GPS、GIS、手机短信等新技术并集成了雷达、卫星、自动站雨量、干旱指数、数值预报等气象产品,利用IE浏览器即可实现实时指挥飞机、地面增雨作业,着重对人工增雨作业指挥系统的设计思路、系统构成、软件功能及数据库设计等内容进行介绍。     

地面人工增雨防雹作业信息采集系统

随着我国人工影响天气作业规模的发展,作业信息数据量不断增大,作业信息上报和统计在人工影响天气业务中愈显重要.为实现地面增雨防雹作业信息上报、数据统计和图表分析,通过Visual Basic 6.0编程技术和Microsoft Office Excel表格处理技术,研发地面增雨防雹作业信息采集系统.该系统具有数据创建、数...     

广东省人工增雨作业指挥系统的设计

广东省人工增雨作业指挥系统的设计思路和总体结构,是在广东省气象局气象现代化业务系统的基础上,充分利用高性能计算机以及网络技术的优势,设计一套适用于广东省人工增雨飞机作业的系统平台,使之具有天气预警、云况探测、数值模拟、作业指挥、效果评估以及监控全省火箭增雨情况等多种功能。     

基于GPS/北斗卫星和GIS技术集成的飞机人工增雨指挥系统设计与应用

针对国内飞机人工增雨指挥系统的发展现状,紧密联系业务需要,结合卫星通信、地理信息系统和.Net编程技术研制了一套基于GPS/北斗卫星和GIS技术集成的飞机人工增雨指挥系统.系统实现了资料采集、信息显示、航线设计、决策分析、实时监控、作业指挥、数据管理等系统功能,优化了飞机人工增雨业务流程,为飞机人工增雨作业提供了指挥、调度的决策依据.系统采用卫星通信技术实现了点对多地空实时通信,适合用于跨区域飞机人工增雨指挥系统建设,具有一定的推广和应用价值.     

地市级人工影响天气业务技术系统

以GIS为基础,把人工增雨、防雹资料分析、作业指挥、数据传递、效果分析等项市级人工增雨、防雹业务,较完整地汇总到一个工作平台上,建立了可视化地市级人工影响天气业务技术系统。该系统依据雷达图像和增雨、防雹的不同特点,自动确定高炮作业参数,自动形成和发布作业指令并通过采用了GPRS（通用无线分组业务）技术的“固定型人工影响天气作业指令接收机”安全、无延迟地接收作业指令,形成了地市级指挥中心直接指挥作业点的作业模式。该系统较好地解决异地数据共享和异地事务处理问题,实现地市级人工影响天气指挥的业务化,具有可移植性。     

适合飞机人工增雨作业天气系统的雷达回波特征分析

应用2004～2005年沈阳辉山新一代天气雷达资料和常规气象资料,对实施飞机人工增雨作业的天气系统、增雨作业云系及其雷达回波特征进行了归纳和分析,并提出了飞机人工增雨作业条件和作业时机、作业区域等判别方法,为实施飞机人工增雨作业提供科学依据。     

市（地）级人工增雨决策指挥系统

介绍了驻马店市人工增雨作业指挥系统的结构、技术要点、功能和应用情况。系统将作业需求分析、作业潜势预报、作业条件判别、作业现场指挥与反馈、作业效果分析评估、作业信息共享等功能有机地融合,为市、县增雨作业提供了可视化、可操作性强、自动化程度高的业务技术平台和决策指挥平台。     

辽宁省人工增雨数据集管理系统的设计与实现

基于辽宁省气象资料,依托机载观测仪器及地面特设仪器观测数据,利用VB编程实现了辽宁省人工增雨业务数据集管理系统。系统包括：地面站资料、高空站资料、自动站资料、雷达探测资料、卫星探测资料和双通道微波辐射计数据、机载液态水探测数据、粒子激光探测数据、飞机和火箭增雨作业信息、降水天气分型共10个方面的内容,其目的是在人工影响天气业务工作中实现信息共享,为气象业务和科研工作服务。     

长春市人工影响天气作业指挥系统简介

长春市人工影响天气作业指挥系统的方案设计和研制,主要根据长春市人工增雨防雹减灾作业和空中云水资源开发实际需求,结合吉林省现有气象业务系统,以新一代多普勒天气雷达为依托,建立了从数据资料采集、天气预警、作业条件判别、作业决策、作业指令发布、作业指挥、作业定位跟踪、作业效果评估,到作业信息统计、存储、上报等高度集成化、可视化、网络化的新一代业务技术平台,本系统对于地（市）级人工影响天气作业指挥系统建设具有一定的示范作用。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted