胶东地块东部变质岩锆石U-Pb定年和氧同位素研究

对胶东地块东部高压-超高压变质岩作了系统的锆石U-Ph定年和矿物氧同位素分析,结果对这些变质岩的原岩性质提供了制约。研究得到:(1)区域花岗片麻岩及岩浆锆石普遍不同程度地亏损~(18)O,3个片庥岩样品中岩浆核锆石U-Pb年龄分别为723±36Ma、738±17Ma和744±63Ma,低δ~(18)O值(-0.42～4.14‰)岩浆核锆石说明其原岩为新元古代低δ~(18)O值岩浆岩,石英-石榴石氧同位素温度及少量印支期变质锆石的出现,指示片麻岩与榴辉岩曾经共同经历了印支期超高压变质作用;(2)花岗片麻岩中的榴辉岩原岩年龄有两种,一种是新元古代,其U-Ph年龄为806±79Ma。另一种是古元古代晚期,其 U-Pb年龄为1838±41Ma。这2个榴辉岩的超高压变质年龄分别为229±3Ma和242±21Ma。多数榴辉岩中的变质增生或变质重结晶锆石也具有低δ~(18)O值特征(0.22～3.4‰),指示在榴辉宕相变质作用之前,这些榴辉岩原岩为低δ~(18)O值蚀变岩或低δ~(18)O值基性岩浆岩;(3)大理岩中榴辉岩变质增生锆石δ~(18)O值高达15.9‰,U-Pb年龄为229±4Ma,指示在榴辉岩相变质作用之前,榴辉岩原岩与大理岩一样具有高δ~(18)O值;(4)斜长角闪岩的原岩U-Pb年龄为1719±18Ma,与同时期榴辉岩原岩一起构成扬子板块北缘新元古代岩浆侵位时的裂谷肩部围岩,在三叠纪大陆碰撞时同样受到变质改造。     

威海地区超高压变质花岗片麻岩锆石U-Pb定年和氧同位素研究

在苏鲁超高压变质带东北端山东威海地区皂埠镇发现锆石δ18O值低至-7.8‰左右的花岗片麻岩, 与前人在苏鲁超高压变质带西南端江苏东海青龙山地区发现的锆石δ18O值为-7‰~-9‰左右的花岗片麻岩一致.对这些低δ18O值花岗片麻岩进行了锆石SHRIMP法UPb定年和系统的激光氟化法矿物氧同位素分析, 结果对低δ18O值锆石成因和花岗片麻岩的原岩性质提供了制约.研究得到: (1) 这些低δ18O值锆石以新元古代岩浆锆石为主, 但部分岩浆锆石在印支期超高压变质作用过程中发生了不同程度的重结晶作用.δ18O值为-7.08‰的岩浆核锆石UPb定年得到的花岗片麻岩原岩谐和年龄和不一致线上交点年龄分别为(760±49) Ma和(751±27) Ma, 变质谐和年龄和不一致线下交点年龄分别为(232±4) Ma和(241±33) Ma, 指示其原岩为新元古代花岗岩并经历了印支期变质作用; (2) 锆石δ18O值在局部范围内变化于-7.76‰~5.40‰之间, 低δ18O值岩浆锆石表明它们是从新元古代低δ18O值岩浆中直接结晶形成, 锆石δ18O值的局部变化表明其原岩岩浆的氧同位素组成具有不均一性, 指示低δ18O值岩浆源区物质曾经在地表与极度亏损18O的大气降水发生过不同程度的高温水岩反应; (3) 低δ18O值花岗片麻岩在印支期板块俯冲和折返过程中基本没有与外部发生显著的氧同位素交换, 在退变质作用过程中花岗片麻岩内部缓冲流体对原岩岩浆锆石的δ18O值影响不大.威海皂埠镇地区和东海青龙山地区的花岗片麻岩在原岩时代、变质时代和氧同位素组成等方面基本相同, 指示它们应具有相同的原岩性质, 并经历了相同的变质作用和水岩相互作用过程.因此, 极度亏损18O的新元古代双峰式基性-酸性岩浆岩可能分布于整个大别-苏鲁造山带.      

威海地区超高压变质花岗岩成因：锆石U-Pb定年和氧同位素研究

在苏鲁超高压变质带东北段威海地区皂埠镇发现锆石δ18O值低至-7.8‰左右的变质花岗岩，对这些低δ18O值变质花岗岩进行了锆石SHRIMP法U-Pb定年和系统的激光氟化法矿物氧同位素分析，结果对低δ18O值锆石成因和变质花岗岩的原岩性质提供了制约。研究得到：①这些低δ18O值锆石以新元古代岩浆锆石为主，但部分岩浆锆石在印支期超高压变质作用过程中发生了不同程度的重结晶作用。δ18O值为-7.08‰的岩浆核锆石U-Pb定年得到的变质花岗岩原岩谐和年龄和不一致线上交点年龄分别为760±49 Me和751±27 Ma，变质谐和年龄和不一致线下交点年龄分别为232±4 Ma和241±33 Ma，指示其原岩为新元古代花岗岩并经历了印支期变质作用；②锆石δ18O值在局部范围内变化于-7.76‰~5.40‰之间，低δ18O值岩浆锆石表明它们是从新元古代低δ18O值岩浆中直接结晶形成，锆石δ18O值的局部变化表明其原岩岩浆的氧同位素组成具有不均一性，指示δ18O值岩浆源区物质曾经在地表与极度亏损18O的大气降水发生过不同程度的高温水岩反应。威海皂埠镇地区和东海青龙山地区的花岗片麻岩在原岩时代、变质时代和氧同位素组成等方面基本相同，指示其应具有相同的原岩性质，并经历了相同的变质作用和水岩相互作用过程。因此，极度亏损δ18O的新元古代双峰式基性-酸性岩浆岩可能分布于整个大别-苏鲁造山带。     

胶南桃行超高压变质岩的氧同位素地球化学及其年代学制约

对苏鲁超高压变质带内诸城桃行地区榴辉岩及其花岗片麻岩围岩进行了单矿物氧同位素组成分析和锆石U-Pb定年。氧同位素组成显示出不均一亏损~(18)O的特征。石英-石榴石等高温矿物对的氧同位素温度为600～950℃,指示它们在榴辉岩相变质条件下达到并保存了氧同位素平衡。而部分石英-长石和白云母-金红石等矿物对的氧同位素温度为350～570℃,指示它们在峰期变质之后的角闪岩相退变质过程中达到并保存了同位素退化交换再平衡。锆石氧同位素组成低达-1.3‰～4.2‰,对这种低δ~(18)O值进行锆石U-Pb定年,分别得到762～834Ma的原岩年龄和202～249Ma的变质年龄。因此,桃行低δ~(18)O值锆石形成于新元古代(700～800Ma)的低δ~(18)O值岩浆。这种低δ~(18)O值岩浆是由于变质岩原岩经历新元古代高温大气降水热液蚀变后再部分熔融所形成。对于在角闪岩相退变质之后保存了封闭体系的花岗片麻岩样品(石英-长石矿物对温度为355～405℃),石榴石在榴辉岩相变质温度下达到并保存了氧同位素平衡(石英-石榴石矿物对温度为685℃),指示石榴石中Sm-Nd体系在同样的变质务件下也达到了平衡。因此,花岗片麻岩中石榴石-斜长石-全岩的Sm-Nd等时线年龄215±11Ma与锆石变质边的三叠纪年龄(202～249Ma)一样,代表了榴辉岩相峰期变质后的冷却年龄。而花岗片麻岩中石英-钾长石和石英-斜长石矿物对处于氧同位素不平衡状态,同时钾长石和斜长石相对于样品中其它矿物异常亏损~(18)O,指示在角闪岩相退变质之后体系曾经开放,岩石受到低~(18)O流体在低温和中温下(200～400℃)的热液蚀变。这种奈件下矿物氧同位素的退化交换是由表面反应机制控制,与Nd的扩散机制不同,因此氧同位素平衡无法制约Sm-Nd矿物等时线的有效性。     

北淮阳庐镇关岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年龄和氧同位素组成

对大别造山带北麓的北淮阳庐镇关浅变质岩浆杂岩进行了锆石阴极发光显微结构观察、激光剥蚀等离子质谱锆石U-Pb定年以及单矿物激光氟化氧同位素分析。锆石阴极发光图像显示,这些样品中的锆石具有明显的振荡环带或片状分带,为典型的岩浆锆石。少数样品的锆石具有窄的蚀变边。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,这些岩浆岩有较一致的形成年龄,变化范围为739±8Ma～754±5Ma。岩浆岩单矿物的氧同位素组成具有较大的变化范围,其中锆石δ~(18)O为1.39‰～6.81‰,石英为3.12‰～12.47‰,斜长石为0.71‰～8.38‰。锆石的δ~(18)O值在不同岩体和/或同一岩体的不同样品之间具有明显差别,反应了其初始岩浆在氧同位素组成上的不均一性。锆石与其它矿物之间表现出显著的氧同位素不平衡,说明它们经历了岩浆期后的扰动,其中部分样品受到了亚固相条件下高温热液蚀变作用的影响,还有部分样品在岩浆后期演化过程中可能同化混染了高δ~(18)O值的围岩。大多数锆石具有低于典型地慢锆石的δ~(18)O值,表现出~(18)O亏损特征。低δ~(18)O锆石的内部结构和化学组成表现出典型岩浆锆石的特征,表明这些低δ~(18)O锆石是从亏损~(18)O的岩浆中结晶出来的,而非热液蚀变成因。这一结果证明,扬子板块北缘新元古代低δ~(18)O锆石形成于热液蚀变岩石经部分熔融所形成的低δ~(18)O岩浆。结合这些样品的形成年龄,我们认为这些低δ~(18)O岩浆的形成与Rodinia超大陆裂解有关的地幔柱裂谷岩浆活动有关,并对应于全球性的雪球地球事件。此外,这些岩石中锆石U-Pb年龄与矿物δ~(18)O分布与大别造山带高压-超高压变火成岩原岩相似,指示北淮阳单元属于俯冲的扬子板块北缘     

大别山麻粒岩包体的氧同位素研究

对北大别变质杂岩中的麻粒岩包体进行详细的氧同位素地球化学研究,发现其全岩δ~(18)O值偏低,为3.3‰～4.4‰。在麻粒岩相变质条件下,大别山麻粒岩包体的共存矿物对之间达到并保存了氧同位素平衡,后期退变质作用未明显破坏这种平衡。由矿物氧同位素地质测温得到的顶峰变质温度800～875C,与一般麻粒岩相变质温度相吻合。在变质作用之前或顶峰变质作用过程中,大别山麻粒岩包体的原岩曾与一δ~(18)O值低于3‰的外来流体发生了高温水—岩交换作用,并且这种交换作用在一定范围内是相对均一的。     

华北克拉通古老麻粒岩纪录的三期构造-岩浆事件

华北克拉通中部造山带上广泛发育新太古代-古元古代的基性岩墙。本文选取出露于华北南缘太古代太华群花岗片麻岩中的基性麻粒岩脉体进行研究,进而探讨了克拉通南缘太古代地体所经历的构造-岩浆-变质事件以及其后期演化过程。通过对基性麻粒岩脉体的野外地质、岩石学、锆石的U-Pb年代学、锆石O及Hf同位素地球化学的研究,显示该脉体记录有3期明显的构造-岩浆-变质事件:(1)新太古代晚期岩浆侵位事件(2523±8Ma)。岩浆锆石正的εHf(t)值(2.88~7.16)显示该基性岩脉是由亏损幔源玄武质岩浆侵位于太古代基底而形成的,结合锆石略高于正常地幔的δ18O值(6.12‰~7.47‰)说明岩浆侵位后受地壳混染并不显著。该岩浆事件与华北克拉通新太古代(~2.5Ga)广泛存在的地壳再造和少量的地壳增生事件吻合;(2)古元古代变质作用(1922±6Ma)。麻粒岩中变质锆石纪录的古元古代变质作用事件与华北克拉通中部造山带普遍遭受变质作用的时期(1.85~1.97Ga)相一致。锆石正的εHf(t)值(1.61~5.52)说明变质作用过程中Hf同位素体系保持封闭,因此其Hf同位素组成继承了原岩幔源岩浆的组成。而略低于岩浆锆石的δ18O值(4.85‰~5.76‰)可能是由变质作用过程中发生的高温热液蚀变导致的;(3)渐新世岩浆活动(31.38±0.15Ma),该期岩浆作用在华北克拉通属首次发现。麻粒岩中部分岩浆锆石给出了非常好的谐和年龄,这些锆石的εHf(t)值(-3.03~1.69)集中分布于原始地幔岩浆库(CHUR)演化线之上,且具有非常接近于原始地幔的δ18O值(5.78‰~6.62‰),表明该基性岩脉所记录的渐新世岩浆活动也来源于地幔。结合已有研究成果,我们认为华北南缘太华群基性脉体形成于新太古代晚期,侵位于早先的太古代地体之中,并随同古老基底一起俯冲至下地壳深度发生了麻粒岩相的变质作用,不久又一同被抬升至发生角闪岩相退变质,后又经历了渐新世的幔源岩浆活动的扰动,抬升至地表的地质演化过程。     

大别山中生代中酸性岩浆岩锆石U-Pb定年、元素和氧同位素地球化学研究

对大别山中生代主簿源、天柱山和团岭中酸性岩浆岩进行了锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主量和微量元素分析以及全岩和单矿物的氧同位素分析。结果表明,这些富钾的中酸性侵入岩表现出明显的轻稀土富集和高场强元素(Nb、P和Ti)负异常,与围岩片麻岩之间具有类似的微量元素分布特征和初始Sr-Nd-Ph同位素组成。锆石U-Pb年龄指示了早白垩世(121～131Ma)的岩浆结晶年龄。通过CL照相和SHRIMP定年在某些锆石颗粒中发现了老的继承核,年龄分别为742～815Ma和222Ma。这些新元古代和三叠纪核年龄分别与大别-苏鲁造山带超高压变火成岩原岩年龄和超高压变质年龄一致。尽管石英和锆石具有较小的δ~(18)O值变化范围(石英:6.30‰～8.66‰,锆石:4.14‰～6.11‰),全岩和其它单矿物氧同位素比值变化较大(全岩:0.07‰～7.13‰,钾长石:0.55‰～7.40‰,斜长石:-4.88‰～6.96‰),大多数锆石具有与正常地幔锆石(5.3±0.3‰)一致的δ~(18)O值。大多数样品的石英-锆石之间保存了氧同位素平衡分馏,而其它矿物(如,钾长石、斜长石、黑云母和角闪石)与锆石之间则大多表现出明显的氧同位素不平衡分馏,指示它们受到了岩浆期后亚固相水-岩相互作用的扰动。元素和同位素特征表明,大别山中生代中性岩起源于加厚基性下地壳的脱水部分熔融,在岩浆侵位过程中伴随有结晶分异作用;而花岗岩则起源于与北大别TTG正片麻岩具有相似化学组成的中性地壳的部分熔融。因此,大别山中生代中酸性岩岩浆源区是三叠纪扬子陆块俯冲产生的加厚地壳,形成机制可能与早白垩世地幔超柱事件热扰动所引起的部分熔融有关。     

华北克拉通大青山-集宁地区古元古代变质沉积岩的锆石氧同位素组成:SHRIMP微区原位分析

在已获得锆石U-Pb年龄基础上,我们首次对孔兹岩带典型出露区大青山和集宁土贵乌拉地区古元古代变质沉积岩进行了锆石SHRIMP氧同位素研究。锆石具有复杂的内部结构和年龄分布。大青山地区古元古代早期变质沉积岩4个样品碎屑锆石的δ18O为5.52‰~7.11‰,部分重结晶锆石的δ18O为7.22‰~7.90‰,变质新生锆石的δ18O为6.37‰~8.31‰。大青山地区古元古代晚期变质沉积岩2个样品的锆石O同位素组成特征与古元古代早期的类似,另外2个样品的锆石O同位素组成与之不同,碎屑锆石、部分重结晶锆石和变质新生锆石的δ18O分别为6.26‰~10.80‰、9.00‰~11.20‰和9.66‰~11.90‰。集宁土贵乌拉地区古元古代晚期超高温变质沉积岩4个样品不存在碎屑锆石,变质锆石的δ18O变化范围为11.41‰~13.57‰。主要认识如下:1)大青山地区碎屑沉积物主要来自新太古代晚期-古元古代早期成熟度不高的TTG花岗质岩石物源区,与之相比,集宁土贵乌拉地区古元古代晚期超高温岩石的变质原岩成熟度更高;2)不同类型变质沉积岩变质新生锆石的δ18O和变质新生锆石与碎屑锆石的Δ18O存在明显区别,主要反映了岩石体系和变质流体的O同位素组成不同;3)大青山地区高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相变质沉积岩,重结晶锆石的O同位素完全重置,但U-Th-Pb体系未完全重置,集宁土贵乌拉地区超高温变质沉积岩的重结晶锆石O和U-Th-Pb同位素体系都完全重置。变质作用强度不同是主要原因。     

胶北早前寒武纪变质基底多期岩浆-变质热事件:来自TTG片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩中锆石U-Pb定年的证据

本文采用LA-ICP-MS技术,对胶北地体TTG片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩中锆石进行系统原位U-Pb定年和稀土、微量元素的分析,发现研究区早前寒武变质结晶基底存在多期岩浆-变质热事件。4件TTG片麻岩和2件花岗质片麻岩锆石样品记录了2909±13Ma、2738±23Ma、2544±15~2564±12Ma和2095±12Ma 4组岩浆事件年龄,以及2504±16~2513±32Ma和1863±41Ma 2组变质事件年龄。结合以往TTG片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩的地球化学及Nd同位素研究发现,约2738Ma的TTG岩浆事件可能代表胶北地体地壳最主要的生长事件,而2544~2564Ma的岩浆事件则可能代表古老地壳重熔的最强烈岩浆事件,约2095Ma岩浆事件则反映了胶-辽-吉构造带内部在该时期与地壳拉张作用有关的岩浆活动。2504~2513Ma是研究区以及华北克拉通早前寒武基底最主要的一期变质热事件,可能与地幔柱(热点)岩浆的底侵作用有关,而TTG片麻岩记录的约1863Ma的变质年龄与研究区基性和泥质高压麻粒岩相岩石记录的麻粒岩相变质时代一致,暗示TTG片麻岩可能也经历了古元古代高压麻粒岩相变质作用,上述研究进一步表明胶北地体在古元古代的确存在一期陆-陆碰撞的重要造山事件。该项研究成果对于进一步深入探讨胶北乃至华北克拉通早前寒武纪变质基底的形成演化、岩浆-变质热事件序列及其构造背景具有重要的科学意义。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the