AN ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RIVERS IN THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF THE KUNLUN MOUNTAINS

ＡＮＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＷＡＴＥＲＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＯＦＴＨＥＲＩＶＥＲＳＩＮＴＨＥＮＯＲＴＨＥＲＮＳＬＯＰＥＯＦＴＨＥＫＵＮＬＵＮＭＯＵＮＴＡＩＮＳＸｕＹｏｕｐｅｎｇ（许有鹏）；ＧａｏＹｕｎｊｕｅ（高蕴珏）（Ｄｅｐａｒｔ...     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TUMEN RIVER AND THE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND OF ITS HINTERLAND

ＴＨＥ ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴ ＯＦ ＴＨＥ ＴＵＭＥＮ ＲＩＶＥＲＡＮＤ ＴＨＥ ＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＣ ＧＥＯＧＲＡＰＨＩＣＡＬ ＢＡＣＫＧＲＯＵＮＤ ＯＦ ＩＴＳ ＨＩＮＴＥＲＬＡＮＤ ＷａｎｇＲｏｎｇｆｅｎ（王荣芬）；ＬｉＷｅｉ（李为）（Ｃｈａｎｇ...     

PROBLEMS OF THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT AND COUNTERMEASURES IN RAPID ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE ZHUJIANG RIVER DELTA

ＰＲＯＢＬＥＭＳＯＦＴＨＥＡＱＵＡＴＩＣＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＣＯＵＮＴＥＲＭＥＡＳＵＲＥＳＩＮＲＡＰＩＤＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＣＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＩＮＴＨＥＺＨＵＪＩＡＮＧＲＩＶＥＲＤＥＬＴＡ￥ＷｅｎＹａｎｍａｏ（温琰茂）；ＣｈｅｎｇＧｕｏｐｅｉ...     

EVOLUTION OF RAPIDS OF CREEK MOUTH－BAR AT GEZHOUBA RESERVOIR AND THE IMPACTS ON NAVIGABLE CHANNEL IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER

ＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＲＡＰＩＤＳＯＦＣＲＥＥＫＭＯＵＴＨ－ＢＡＲＡＴＧＥＺＨＯＵＢＡＲＥＳＥＲＶＯＩＲＡＮＤＴＨＥＩＭＰＡＣＴＳＯＮＮＡＶＩＧＡＢＬＥＣＨＡＮＮＥＬＩＮＴＨＥＵＰＰＥＲＲＥＡＣＨＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＣＨＡＮＧＪＩＡＮＧＲＩＶＥＲ￥ＬｉｎＣ...     

THE CHANGE OF THE GENERAL FORM AND THE TRANSPORT OF THE WATER， LOAD AND SALT ABOUT THE NORTH－BRANCH OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER MOUTH

陈宝冲ＴＨＥＣＨＡＮＧＥＯＦＴＨＥＧＥＮＥＲＡＬＦＯＲＭＡＮＤＴＨＥＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴＯＦＴＨＥＷＡＴＥＲ，ＬＯＡＤＡＮＤＳＡＬＴＡＢＯＵＴＴＨＥＮＯＲＴＨ－ＢＲＡＮＣＨＯＦＴＨＥＣＨＡＮＧＪＩＡＮＧＲＩＶＥＲＭＯＵＴＨ￥ＣｈｅｎＢａｏｃｈｏｎｇ（Ｎ...     

THE HOLOCENE SEDIMENTAL CHARACTERISTIC AND PALEOCLIMATIC EVOLUTION OF EBINUR LAKE，XINJIANG

ＴＨＥＨＯＬＯＣＥＮＥＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＡＮＤＰＡＬＥＯＣＬＩＭＡＴＩＣＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＥＢＩＮＵＲＬＡＫＥ，ＸＩＮＪＩＡＮＧ吴敬禄，王苏民，吴艳宏ＴＨＥＨＯＬＯＣＥＮＥＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴ...     

THE SYSTEMATIC STRUCTURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES OF THE HUANGHE RIVER DELTA

ＴＨＥＳＹＳＴＥＭＡＴＩＣＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＯＦＴＨＥＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＨＵＡＮＧＨＥＲＩＶＥＲＤＥＬＴＡ￥ＸｕＸｕｅｇｏｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＰｅｋｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｂｅｉ...     

THE ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GLACIAL DEBRIS FLOW IN THE DUKU HIGHWAY OF TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS，

ＴＨＥＯＲＩＧＩＮＡＮＤＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＯＦＴＨＥＧＬＡＣＩＡＬＤＥＢＲＩＳＦＬＯＷＩＮＴＨＥＤＵＫＵＨＩＧＨＷＡＹＯＦＴＩＡＮＳＨＡＮＭＯＵＮＴＡＩＮＳ，ＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＸｉｏｎｇＨｅｉｇａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ...     

THE CAUSES AND DEVELOPMENTAL TREND OF DESERTIFICATION IN THE MIDDLE REACHES OF THE YARLUNG ZANGBO RIVER AND ITS TWO TRIBUTARIES IN XIZANG

ＴＨＥＣＡＵＳＥＳＡＮＤＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＡＬＴＲＥＮＤＯＦＤＥＳＥＲＴＩＦＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＩＮＴＨＥＭＩＤＤＬＥＲＥＡＣＨＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＹＡＲＬＵＮＧＺＡＮＧＢＯＲＩＶＥＲＡＮＤＩＴＳＴＷＯＴＲＩＢＵＴＡＲＩＥＳＩＮＸＩＺＡＮＧＤｏｎｇＧｕａｎｇ...     

FACTORS AFFECTING FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT IN CHINA──A Case Study

ＦＡＣＴＯＲＳ ＡＦＦＥＣＴＩＮＧ ＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ ＡＮＤ ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴ ＯＦ ＴＨＥ ＵＲＢＡＮ ＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＩＡＬ ＤＩＳＴＲＩＣＴ ＩＮ ＣＨＩＮＡ──Ａ Ｃａｓｅ ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＣａｏｈｅｊｉｎｇＨｉ－ＴｅｃｈＰａｒｋｉｎＳｈ...     

四川巴中地区38年来气候变化特征分析

利用1971—2008年巴中地区4个站点的地面常规观测资料和滑动平均、MK法及MHF小波分析等统计诊断方法,分析了该地区降水和温度的年际、年代际的气候变化特征。结果表明：巴中地区的年均气温总体上表现出暖→冷→暖3个阶段,并呈现出8年的准周期变化特征;冬春气温的年代际变化显示出暖→冷→暖3个阶段性特征,而夏秋气温的年代际变化则显示出暖→冷→暖→冷4个阶段性特征。巴中地区的年降水量呈现出减少的趋势,递减率为13．813mm／10年;春季降水量低于全国的春季平均水平,夏、秋季平均降水量均高于全国的平均水平,且占到全年降水量的80％以上。巴中地区的年降水量存在较为显著的2年和6年的准周期变化,降水量增加和减少的突变较多显示出其复杂性。春、夏、秋三季的降水量有随温度升高而下降的趋势,而冬季的降水量有随温度的升高先增多后减少的趋势。巴中气候特征的分析对巴中农业区划和生产安排有其重要意义。     

Recent climate trends on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

In arid regions, mountains fulfill important ecological and economic functions for the surrounding lowlands. In the scenario of global warming, mountain ecosystems change rapidly, especially in the arid region of northwestern China. This paper provides an assessment of the changes in temperature and precipitation in the historical records of climate on the northern slopes of the eastern Tianshan Mountains. A Mann-Kendall nonparametric trend and Sen＇s tests are employed to analyze the interannual changes and innerannual variability in temperature and precipitatiofi in the regions of low to high altitude. The present study finds that the largest increases in annual temperature are observed at stations in the low altitude regions. The significant increasing trends in temperature tend to occur mainly in late winter and early spring at stations from middle to high altitude, but in summer and autumn at stations of low altitudes. The increasing trends in annual precipitation are found from the middle to high altitude areas, but decreasing trends are found in the low altitude areas. The significant increasing trends in precipitation occur mostly in winter and earlier spring at stations from the middle to high altitudes, while the increasing and decreasing trend coexists at stations of low altitude with most of the significant trend changes occurring in March, June and August.     

中国耕地变化区的气候背景对比分析

研究我国耕地变化区的气候背景,对于了解耕地资源的生产能力,评价耕地占补平衡政策的实施效果,实现耕地资源保护和粮食安全等具有重要意义。本文在分析全国耕地空间变化的基础上,从年平均气温、年降水量和日照时数三个方面,研究耕地增加区和减少区的气候背景,并将其进行比较和分析,以期为国家保护耕地资源和发展农业生产等提供建议。研究结果表明,20世纪80年代末至2008年4个时段,耕地减少区比耕地增加区的年平均气温高0.45~1.05℃,年降水量高56.77~79.59mm,年日照时数少45.80~98.83h。耕地显著减少区比耕地显著增加区的年平均气温高0.81~1.85℃,年降水量高85.69~305.26mm,年日照时数少86.96~207.85h。在四个时段中,我国耕地重心逐渐北移且海拔升高。若海拔高度不变,耕地增加区比耕地减少区北移0.5-1个纬度,耕地显著增加区比耕地显著减少区北移1-2个纬度;若纬度不变,耕地增加区比耕地减少区,海拔升高100~200m,耕地显著增加区比耕地显著减少区,海拔升高150~350m。随年份增加,耕地增加区和显著增加区与耕地减少区和显著减少区在水分条件上的差别越来越大。这些结论对于研究我国粮食生产能力、评价耕地占补平衡、调整产业布局等具有重要意义。     

Effect of altitude and latitude on surface air temperature across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The correlation between mean surface air temperature and altitude is analyzed in this paper based on the annual and monthly mean surface air temperature data from 106 weather stations over the period 1961–2003 across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results show that temperature variations not only depend on altitude but also latitude, and there is a gradual decrease in temperature with the increasing altitude and latitude. The overall trend for the vertical temperature lapse rate for the whole plateau is approximately linear. Three methods, namely multivariate composite analysis, simple correlation and traditional stepwise regression, were applied to analyze these three correlations. The results assessed with the first method are well matched to those with the latter two methods. The apparent mean annual near-surface lapse rate is −4.8 °C /km and the latitudinal effect is −0.87 °C /^olatitude. In summer, the altitude influences the temperature variations more significantly with a July lapse rate of -4.3°C /km and the effect of latitude is only −0.28°C /^olatitude. In winter, the reverse happens. The temperature decrease is mainly due to the increase in latitude. The mean January lapse rate is −5.0°C /km, while the effect of latitude is −1.51°C /^olatitude. Comparative analysis for pairs of adjacent stations shows that at a small spatial scale the difference in altitude is the dominant factor affecting differences in mean annual near-surface air temperature, aided to some extent by differences of latitude. In contrast, the lapse rate in a small area is greater than the overall mean value for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (5 to 13°C /km). An increasing trend has been detected for the surface lapse rate with increases in altitude. The temperature difference has obvious seasonal variations, and the trends for the southern group of stations (south of 33° latitude) and for the more northerly group are opposite, mainly because of the differences in seasonal variation at low altitudes. For yearly changes, the temperature for high-altitude stations occurs earlier clearly. Temperature datasets at high altitude stations are well-correlated, and those in Nanjing were lagged for 1 year but less for contemporaneous correlations. The slope of linear trendline of temperature change for available years is clearly related to altitude, and the amplitude of temperature variation is enlarged by high altitude. The change effect in near-surface lapse rate at the varying altitude is approximately 1.0°C /km on the rate of warming over a hundred-year period.     

Climate Changes in Northeastern China During Last Four Decades

The northeastern China is a sensitive region of climate change, whose detailed trend of climate changes is highly interesting. In this study, this kind of variation trend was analyzed. Potential evapotranspiration (PE) and moisture index (MI) were modeled by using Thornthwaite scheme based on the observation data of 1961-2004 from 94 meteorological stations. To describe the climate fluctuation in the northeastern China in 1961-2004, the linear regression method was used to analyze the variation trends of mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, PE and MI. Mann-Kendall method was used to test the significant difference. The results show a general increasing tendency in mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, PE and MI. However increasing tendency was more significant in mean annual temperature and PE than in mean annual precipitation and MI. Analysis of seasonal climate variation indicates that there showed positive trends in winter and in spring, while the positive trend was more significant in winter than in spring. Furthermore, the relations between climate changes and geographical factors were analyzed, the results show that both climate factors and their interannual variability were correlated to latitude, longitude and altitude, suggesting that latitude is the most climate factor affecting climate changes, followed by altitude and longitude.     

广东汛期蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势及气象影响因子的通径分析

选取广东省86个气象观测站的观测资料,采用气候趋势分析和通径分析方法,对广东省1961～2003年小型蒸发皿蒸发量及其相关气象影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:虽然汛期广东省整体平均蒸发量呈下降趋势,前汛期、后汛期线性倾向率分别为-15.86 mm/10a和-13.79 mm/10a;但变化趋势在广东省内空间分布并不均匀,前汛期、后汛期粤东、中部部分地区分别有16、12个站呈上升趋势;前汛期6种气象因子单独对蒸发的决定程度按大小依次为:日照时数>气温>风速>降水>饱和差>气温日较差,后汛期6种气象因子单独对蒸发的决定程度按大小依次为:日照时数>降水>饱和差>风速>气温>气温日较差,整个汛期日照时数与其它各要素的协同作用对蒸发皿蒸发量的决定作用都很大。日照时数和风速总体上的下降是导致广东省汛期蒸发皿蒸发量逐年减少的重要原因。     

Trends in temperature and precipitation extremes over Circum-Bohai-Sea region, China

Trends in temperature and precipitation extremes from 1961 to 2008 have been investigated over Circum-Bohai-Sea region,China using daily temperature and precipitation data of 63 meteorological stations.The re-sults show that at most stations,there is a significant increase in the annual frequency of warm days and warm nights,as well as a significant decrease in the annual frequency of cold days,cold nights,frost days,and annual diurnal temperature range(DTR).Their regional averaged changes are 2.06 d/10yr,3.95 d/10yr,-1.88 d/10yr,-4.27 d/10yr,-4.21 d/10yr and-0.20℃/10yr,respectively.Seasonal changes display similar patterns to the annual results,but there is a large seasonal difference.A significant warming trend is detected at both annual and seasonal scales,which is more contributed by changes of indices defined by daily minimum temperature than those defined by daily maximum tem-perature.For precipitation indices,the regional annual extreme precipitation displays a weak decrease in terms of magnitude and frequency,i.e.extreme precipitation days(RD95p),intensity(RINTEN),proportion(RPROP) and maximum consecutive wet days(CWD),but a slight increase in the maximum consecutive dry days(CDD),which are consistent with changes of annual total precipitation(PRCPTOT).Seasonally,PRCPTOT and RD95p both exhibit an increase in spring and a decrease in other seasons with the largest decrease in summer,but generally not significant.In summary,this study shows a pronounced warming tendency at the less rainy period over Circum-Bohai-Sea region,which may affect regional economic development and ecological protection to some extent.     

Runoff responses to climate change in arid region of northwestern China during 1960–2010

Based on runoff, air temperature, and precipitation data from 1960 to 2010, the effects of climate change on water resources in the arid region of the northwestern China were investigated. The long-term trends of hydroclimatic variables were studied by using both Mann-Kendall test and distributed-free cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart test. Results indicate that the mean annual air temperature increases significantly from 1960 to 2010. The annual precipitation exhibits an increasing trend, especially in the south slope of the Tianshan Mountains and the North Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang in the study period. Step changes occur in 1988 in the mean annual air temperature time series and in 1991 in the precipitation time series. The runoff in different basins shows different trends, i.e., significantly increasing in the Kaidu River, the Aksu River and the Shule River, and decreasing in the Shiyang River. Correlation analysis reveals that the runoff in the North Xinjiang (i.e., the Weigan River, the Heihe River, and the Shiyang River) has a strong positive relationship with rainfall, while that in the south slope of the Tianshan Mountains, the middle section of the north slope of the Tianshan Mountains and the Shule River has a strong positive relationship with air temperature. The trends of runoff have strong negative correlations with glacier coverage and the proportion of glacier water in runoff. From the late 1980s, the climate has become warm and wet in the arid region of the northwestern China. The change in runoff is interacted with air temperature, precipitation and glacier coverage. The results show that streamflow in the arid region of the northwestern China is sensitive to climate change, which can be used as a reference for regional water resource assessment and management.     

川西高原若尔盖旅游气候资源及旅游舒适期研究

利用若尔盖1971-2000年的逐日日照时数、气温、降水量、降水日数、相对湿度、风速、气压等气象资料,用常规统计方法对以上主要旅游气候要素进行月、年变化规律分析,为当地旅游管理部门提供参考,为旅客提供气象服务。统计和分析表明：若尔盖光照资源丰富,日照总时数达到2510h。该地整年气温偏低,月均气温为-10.2℃-10.8℃,年平均气温为0.8℃,而且随着年份的增加,气温呈上升趋势。年降水量为649.1mm,干湿季分明,5-10月降水量占全年降水量的88%,白天降水少并且无大的降水。空气相对湿度与气温的配合让人体感觉比较舒适,风速较小,适合开展旅游活动。该地的最佳旅游舒适期为7、8月,而6月和9月可根据实时天气情况适当安排旅游活动,舒适天数在68天左右,舒适天数随年份呈波动上升趋势。     

Spatio-temporal variation of Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation absorbed by vegetation in the Hengduan Mountains,China

The Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation(FPAR) is an important indicator of the primary productivity of vegetation. FPAR is often used to estimate the assimilation of carbon dioxide in vegetation. Based on MOD15 A2 H/FPAR data product, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and variation trend of FPAR in different vegetation types in 2001 to 2018 were analyzed in the Hengduan Mountains. The response of FPAR to climate change was investigated by using Pearson correlation analytical method and partial least squares regression analysis. Results showed that the FPAR in Hengduan Mountains presented an increasing trend with time. Spatially, it was high in the south and low in the north, and it also showed obvious vertical zonality by elevation gradient.The vegetation FPAR was found to be positively correlated with air temperature and sunshine duration but negatively correlated with precipitation. Partial least squares regression analysis showed that the influence of sunshine duration on vegetation FPAR in Hengduan Mountains was stronger than that of air temperature and precipitation.