瞬变电磁场探测中低阻屏蔽层影响的时-频分析

瞬变电磁法在低阻覆盖层地区施工时会受到低阻层的屏蔽影响。虽然观测数据如感应电动势有较大的数值,但实际上探测深度却大大减小了。当有上覆低阻层存在时,要探测同样的深度,需要较长的观测时间。采用平滑伪Wigner-Ville分布和Gabor展开,分别将典型的二层地电模型(D、G型)与三层地电模型(H、A、K、Q型)的感应电动势衰减曲线映射成为时间-频率平面上的二维信号,通过对时-频能量谱的分析及模型之间的对比研究表明,瞬变电磁场能量在低阻层中聚集和损耗,尤其是对于描述我国华北型煤田的A型地电模型(地表为低阻层),瞬变电磁场的能量在由地面向下扩散的过程中,能量通过基底以上各低阻层的聚集和损耗,到达最有观测意义的底层界面(奥灰与煤系的界面)时,已经消耗殆尽。因此,当在A型模型地层地区进行瞬变电磁勘探时,应充分考虑低阻屏蔽层的影响,在施工设计时应选择较长的观测时窗以保证探测深度,并采用大功率仪器来提高信噪比。      

SOTEM与CSAMT对低阻层的分辨能力比较

克服低阻覆盖层的屏蔽以及实现对地下低阻层的有效探测,一直是勘探电磁法面临的重要问题。电性源短偏移瞬变电磁法(SOTEM)采用近源观测,受到越来越多关注。为了分析SOTEM的探测能力,开展了与目前普遍使用的电性源频率域装置——可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)的对比性研究。首先分析了SOTEM和CSAMT在一维层状介质下的理论响应特征,然后,分别设计了不同情况下低阻覆盖层和地下低阻夹层两组地电模型,通过计算相对异常误差,分析了二者的探测能力。研究结果表明:SOTEM比CSAMT对低阻覆盖层更加敏感,对低阻夹层的探测能力更强,更有利于探测地下导电夹层。     

木里冻土带天然气水合物瞬变电磁法应用研究

天然气水合物是一种绝缘固体,与围岩电阻率差异大,具有电磁法勘探的物性基础。在青海木里天然气水合物赋存区,开展了瞬变电磁法的勘探试验研究,发现电阻率断面图上部为连续较厚高阻层,下部低阻背景之间存在不连续高阻层。根据木里天然气水合物钻井的测井资料,上部连续高阻层可以确定为冻土层,而下部不连续高阻层位于非冻土层之间,深度上与科学钻井的天然气水合物赋存层位基本对应,处于天然气水合物稳定带,因此认为瞬变电磁法探测的下部非冻土层内不连续高阻层指示了木里天然气水合物的赋存层。研究结果表明:瞬变电磁法具有探测常年冻土带深部高阻的能力,可用于天然气水合物的勘探。     

综合物探技术在山西某整合矿井的应用

山西某整合矿井地表条件复杂,目的层埋深变化大,部分区段煤层埋藏较浅,且有采空区存在,为解决该矿地质构造、采空区范围及其富水性以及影响煤层开采的其它水文地质问题,采用三维地震勘探与瞬变电磁法、直流电测深法相结合的综合物探技术。利用三维地震勘探解决目的层赋存形态及其地质构造问题;再利用瞬变电磁法进行平面控制,以使平面及深度解释误差达到勘探要求;应用直流电测深法及瞬变电磁进行勘探,在正反演解释的基础上对其资料综合分析、对比,并结合三维地震资料,确定地质构造的富水及导水性,取得了较好勘探效果。     

榆林地区浅埋煤层采空区电法综合勘探技术

为探明榆林地区浅埋煤层不明采空区,分析了其浅埋煤岩层垂向、横向正常电性特征以及存在采空区时的异常电性差异特征,从而确定榆林地区具备使用瞬变电磁法和高密度电法探测采空区的电性基础。然后开展了瞬变电磁法和高密度电阻率法探测的施工参数试验,建立相应的施工技术体系,实现了榆林地区浅埋煤层采空区的有效综合勘探。结果表明:(1)榆林地区正常地层垂向电性呈稳定的"低阻-高阻-低阻"趋势特征,而当煤层中存在地质异常体时,横向差异明显,出现不连续的高阻或低阻特征;(2)瞬变电磁法采用240 m×240 m发射线框、14 A发射电流、25 Hz发射频率、2048次叠加次数,高密度电阻率法采用20 m接收极距,这些施工参数可以满足榆林地区浅埋煤层采空区的电磁法探测要求;(3)瞬变电磁法、高密度电阻率法探测的异常区范围基本一致,在两种方法重合异常区打钻揭露采空区,说明两种方法可互相补充、验证,为应用于榆林地区煤层采空区综合物探的合理手段。     

工作面顶底板富水构造三维立体探测应用研究

通过分析断层、陷落柱等构造裂隙发育区域等富水异常体的瞬变电磁响应特征,结合某煤矿1310工作面的探测实例,介绍了在煤井工作面现场存在大量锚杆、锚网支护及金属液压支架影响情况下的瞬变电磁探测施工参数,并结合该工作面的顶底板视电阻率等值线三维切片图,解释了工作面上下各60 m范围内的富水性:低阻异常在三维视电阻率立体图中表现为2个柱状闭合异常,其中异常A是富水性较强的陷落柱响应,空间方位偏向于顶板;异常B为液压支柱等铁器干扰所致。根据解释结果,在二个异常位置共布置了10个钻孔,经验证与探测结果较吻合。     

覆盖层影响下圆锥型瞬变电磁Occam约束反演

在地表浅层瞬变电磁勘探中,覆盖层是影响瞬变电磁探测效果的重要因素之一。为了进一步验证覆盖层影响下圆锥型场源装置的探测效果,在瞬变电磁全区视电阻率理论基础上,引入地层信息约束的Occam反演方法,研究了覆盖层不同参数影响下下伏地层的电磁响应特征。研究结果表明:目标层电磁响应强度与覆盖层和目标层电阻率比值有关;当覆盖层电阻率逐渐增大时,目标层反演电阻率与实际电阻率拟合度呈现先提升后降低的趋势,临界点出现在覆盖层与下伏高阻层电阻率相等时;当覆盖层厚度增大时,下伏地层的电磁响应相应减弱,异常区电磁响应峰值出现时间提前,反演后电阻率峰值深度加深。通过加入地层信息约束,下伏地层电阻率与实际电阻率拟合度及层界面分辨率均得到有效提升。研究成果为圆锥型场源野外数据处理与解释提供理论参考。      

低温超导瞬变电磁法在内蒙古四子王旗地质勘探中的应用

瞬变电磁法（transient electromagnetic method,TEM）是金属矿探查的有效手段。超导瞬变电磁法采用高灵敏度低温超导量子干涉器件（superconducting quantum interference device,SQUID）直接接收瞬变电磁二次场,具有本征噪声低（5~7 fT/√Hz）和带宽大（>200 kHz）等特点,勘探浅层分辨率高、探测深度大,优势明显。本文将SQUID系统与商用EM67系统进行了异常环对比实验,验证了以SQUID代替感应线圈作为接收装置的优势与实用性;将该方法应用于内蒙古四子王旗大井坡北部区域的电磁勘探工作,获取了高质量探测数据,反演结果显示浅层和中深层（> 2 000 m）为连续性低阻层;在已有地质资料和物探资料的基础上,结合反演结果可知,测线附近浅层500 m存在北东向断裂带,并推断深部2 000 m处分布着同向断裂带。     

冀东沉积变质型铁矿床瞬变电磁响应研究

本文介绍瞬变电磁方法在冀东沉积变质型铁矿勘查中的应用。根据冀东地区成矿地质背景,以及BIF型铁矿的矿体形态、产状、赋存部位、规模大小及含矿岩层特征,建立了层状模型、透镜体模型与向形模型三种地质模型。将地质模型转化为可处理的地球物理模型,按实际地质情况改变模型参数,完成了瞬变电磁的时域二维正演计算。分析了三种模型在多种情况下（低阻覆盖层、不同倾角、不同深度、发射源特征和不同电阻率）的瞬变电磁响应特征。结果表明,低阻覆盖层对于瞬变电磁场的扩散有一定的屏蔽作用,因而减小探测深度;随着矿体倾角的逐渐增大,瞬变电磁响应强度逐渐减弱,水平板状矿体比垂直板状矿体的响应要更为明显;勘探效果随着地质体埋深的增加而逐渐减弱;发射磁矩的大小对于瞬变电磁场的强弱产生直接影响,在实际应用中需要结合多方面因素,选择最佳的发射边长来达到最佳的勘查效果。利用冀东司家营地区进行的瞬变电磁勘察数据,研究了该地区铁矿床瞬变电磁响应特征,验证了上述模型的结论。     

瞬变电磁法在探测小窑采空区、陷落柱中的应用

通过矿区勘探的三个典型实例,介绍了使用CUGTEM-2002型瞬变电磁系统在探测小窑采空区积水和陷落柱方面的应用。根据瞬变电磁法对低阻地质体的灵敏性,采用在已知地质异常位置布设测线获取地质异常资料特征,然后推断整个测区资料成果的勘探方法,可取得较好的地质效果。实践证明,瞬变电磁法是探测金属矿体、小窑采空区等地质异常体的一种有效手段。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of