湘中地区下寒武统烃源岩沉积环境及其特征

本文通过对湘中地区早寒武世岩相古地理的研究,认为早寒武世期间,湘中地区为发育在陆架之上的缺氧滞留盆地沉积环境,沉积了一套以黑色炭质板状页岩及含硅质炭质泥岩等为主的黑色沉积。该套黑色沉积沿着湘中地区以及扬子东南缘呈带状稳定分布,反映出当时湘中地区是一＂富烃沉积区＂,具有生烃潜力;该套寒武纪海相地层是油气勘探的重要层位。     

四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组沉积特征及其对构造的响应

随着四川盆地页岩油气的勘探和开发,下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩受到广泛关注,但是由于埋藏深度大、钻井资料有限,该套地层在四川盆地的沉积特征差异尚不清晰。通过露头剖面观测、岩芯描述、主微量元素地球化学分析等,对四川盆地筇竹寺组页岩沉积特征进行综合研究。通过分析了四川盆地不同地区筇竹寺组岩性纵向上的变化及组合关系划分出4种不同岩性组合类型。针对不同构造背景下岩性组合类型的异同,总结了筇竹寺组沉积相类型。受构造运动影响,四川盆地早寒武世各地区构造背景有一定区别。筇竹寺页岩沉积厚度大且有机质富集的川东北城口地区、川中绵阳—长宁地区、川东南石柱等地区均与拉张槽、热水沉积以及特殊的构造位置相关。通过对四川盆地不同地区内筇竹寺组岩相组合和沉积旋回的划分、对比,以及古环境的氧化—还原性、气候、生产力等差异,明确了早寒武世不同构造背景下筇竹寺组沉积演化差异。本研究建立了四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组川东北浅水缓斜坡沉积体系、川东南浅水陆棚区沉积体系、滨岸海滩—陆棚沉积体系和陆棚内凹陷（拉张槽）沉积体系,为筇竹寺组海相页岩进一步勘探开发提供参考。     

浙江江山下寒武统荷塘组的三叶虫及其地质意义

浙江江山下寒武统荷塘组上段产三叶虫化石3属6种:Hunanocephalus sp.,Hunanocephalus ovalis,Hunanocephalus (Duodingia) constricatus,Sinolenus sp.,Shabaella jiangshanensis,Shabaella convexa。Hunanocephalus为早寒武世筇竹寺期Hunanocephalus-Husuaspis带的典型分子,可以与同期湖南下寒武统清虚洞组的Hunanocephalus带、四川秀山水井沱组的Sichuanolenus带进行对比。Sinolenus和Shabealla两属则见于湖南龙山沙坝的水井沱组和石牌组,荷塘组和该两组的所属时代相当,属筇竹寺晚期至沧浪铺早期。荷塘组结合岩性可分为上下两段:下段由石煤层和磷块岩组成,含小壳化石和藻类化石,结合岩性特征指示沉积环境为静水滞留海盆地;上段为粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、硅质页岩,三叶虫化石主要产于粉砂岩与硅质页岩中。粉砂岩以及页岩主要呈灰色、灰白色或者灰绿色,发育微细水平层理,有连续的韵律层出现,三叶虫化石未见明显的弯折或破碎,结合岩性特征指示沉积环境水体较深呈弱还原性,反映出早寒武世荷塘组上段为陆棚斜坡相台地环境。     

宁镇山脉小壳化石层时代的新认识

最新研究表明，句容仑山的小壳化石层和南京幕府山的一样，其层位都相当于下寒武统沧浪铺阶Ｐａｏｋａｎｎｉａ带，为我国下寒武统层位最高的一个小壳化石组合带。句容仑山当时位于台地边缘，缺失了早寒武世早期至沧浪铺期中期的沉积。     

河南省(华北型)早寒武世沉积环境演化及其痕迹化石组合

到目前为止本省内早寒武世尚未发现有梅树村期和筇竹寺期沉积,仅有沧浪铺期和龙王庙期沉积存在。在济源—博爱—武陟一线以南地区有沧浪铺阶辛集组、朱砂洞组和龙王庙阶馒头组。该线以北只有龙王庙阶辛集组和馒头组。辛集组是个受特定环境控制的穿时地层单元。早寒武世沧浪铺早—中期(辛集组)沉积环境是潮下浅水陆棚和滨岸潮下带、滨岸潮坪潮间带。沧浪铺中—晚期(朱砂洞组)沉积环境是滨岸碳酸盐潮坪缓坡—潮间—潮上蒸发坪和潮间蒸发岩洼地以及潮下碳酸盐浅水缓坡。龙王庙期(馒头组)沉积环境是滨岸碳酸盐岩潮坪缓坡和潮下碳酸盐岩浅水缓坡。早寒武世痕迹化石主要产于三个层位,可分为H-T组合和L-B组合。前者为潮下浅水陆棚风暴环境痕迹组合,后者为潮间—潮上低能泥坪环境痕迹组合。早寒武世痕迹化石共11属(1新属)、16种(1新种、1相似种、10未定种)。     

四川盆地及邻区寒武纪古地理与构造-沉积环境演化

四川盆地寒武纪台地滩相储集体是一套重要的油气勘探目的层,准确预测其发育部位、储集性能与分布规律是其油气勘探的重要基础,其中,寒武纪不同地质历史时期古地理与构造-沉积环境的研究是储集体预测的关键。根据野外实测剖面、钻井和测井分析、地震资料,应用活动论构造-古地理思想,在沉积地质条件、区域连井地层剖面,地层厚度与沉积相等分析的基础上,综合编制了寒武纪各个时期的构造-沉积环境图件,反映了四川盆地寒武纪的古地理特征及盆地演化。四川盆地寒武纪整体呈现西高东低、北高南低的古地理格局,西部发育潮坪和滨岸等碎屑岩沉积相,中东部发育缓坡相、台地相及台地边缘浅滩相等。沉积相在时空上的响应为由早寒武世梅树村期局限台地→筇竹寺期碎屑岩台地和深水盆地→早寒武世沧浪铺期滨岸-混积台地→早寒武世龙王庙期碳酸盐岩缓坡→中寒武世陡坡寺期蒸发局限镶边台地→中晚寒武世洗象池期成熟镶边台地的演化过程。其中,筇竹寺期为巨厚的烃源岩生成期;龙王庙期和洗象池期,为碳酸盐岩储集层发育的有利时期;龙王庙期及陡坡寺期发育的蒸发岩可形成良好的盖层。     

四川盆地寒武系底部黑色岩段对比与沉积相初探

对四川盆地及周缘寒武系底部黑色段剖面的实地考查、测制,结合钻井研究厘定了筇竹寺组与沧浪铺组的分界线,认为盆缘寒武系底部黑色段的筇竹寺、牛蹄塘、水井坨组与可比的长江沟组、青坪组、沙滩段属同一层位;重庆东南秀山一带杨家坪组,仅相当峡区的水井坨组底部;确定了石牌页岩是仙女洞段灰岩的相变。通过研究地层厚度,计算了砂/地比、灰/地比,根据层序、层理和各种浅水构造重塑岩相古地理。在全盆地圈定了深水陆棚、浅水陆棚及滨岸体系及滨岸三角洲分布区。为该区页岩气藏勘探提供了参考。     

华北地区下寒武统的划分对比及其沉积演化

华北地区下寒武统具有明显的“两灰两红”四套岩石组合,代表两个潮湿—干旱的沉积旋回,据此自下而上可分成辛集组、硃砂洞组、昌平组和馒头组四个岩石地层单元和Husaspis、Megapalaeolenus fengyangensis和Redlichia chinesis三个化石带,并可能分别与南方的筇竹寺阶、沧浪铺阶红井哨段、乌龙箐段和龙王庙阶相对比。早寒武世沉积时,华北地台具有“北高南低、西高东低”的古地貌格局,海水沿地台西南缘的贺兰—六盘坳陷和地台南缘的晋豫裂坳陷及豫—皖陆块依次北侵,并在早寒武世末期浸漫了大部分华北古陆。早寒武世时,郯庐断裂带东侧的吉南辽东地区可能位于地台南缘,其沉积特征与断裂带西侧的豫皖苏鲁地区非常相似,只是中生代发生了大规模的郯庐断裂左行平移才形成现今的地质构造格局。     

贵州早寒武世早期黑色页岩中生物化石保存及生态学研究

早寒武世早期黑色页岩中以前只发现少量的海绵骨针,但随着研究的深入,各类动物化石被发现。最近,贵州早寒武世早期黑色页岩中发现碳质和薄膜型化石,它们包括大量的简单线状遗迹、碳质膜状高肌虫、完整海绵动物、管虫、薄壳双壳动物、碳质膜状软舌螺以及一些圆形膜状化石等。通过对黑色页岩的粘土矿物定量和定性分析,结合地球化学特征,认为早寒武世早期小壳动物繁盛期之上有一个大型动物繁盛期,随后由于地壳拉张作用,大规模的海底热液和火山喷发作用的加强,海洋环境变成酸性环境,不利于生物生存,发生生物绝灭作用,随后海洋环境逐渐趋于碱性,大量的生物又开始繁盛。     

云南德泽下寒武统黑色岩系中Ni-Mo-V-PGE多金属矿化

云南省德泽地区筇竹寺组黑色岩系位于扬子陆块南缘下寒武统黑色页岩分布带的西端, 不同于该带中段湘黔地区的牛蹄塘组, 它发育有两个多金属富集层位, 其中, 石岩头段黑色碳质粉砂岩底部富集V、U、Ag和Pd, 玉案山段黑色页岩底部富集Mo、Ni、Pt和Pd.筇竹寺组黑色岩系整体上富集V-Ni-Mo-U-Ag-Pt-Pd, 而牛蹄塘组黑色岩系则富Ni-Zn-Co-Pt-Pd-Ag-Pb, 但它们都经历了相似的缺氧环境, 且具有相同的PGE和Ni、Mo富集机制, 是一种重要的非传统矿产资源类型.      

陕南镇巴筇竹寺期的海绵骨针化石

在陕南镇巴下寒武统西蒿坪段和水井沱组下段的碳酸盐地层中含有大量保存完好、类型多样的海绵骨针化石。基于形态描述法,对海绵骨针化石进行了详细的形态描述及产地与层位判断。结果表明：根据与其共生的小壳化石和三叶虫等生物地层学资料,发现这些海绵骨针化石属于筇竹寺期;该区海绵骨针类型不仅包含有形态规则的二轴四射骨针、三轴六射骨针、三轴五射骨针,而且还有形态不规则的四轴四射骨针、五轴五射骨针、尖头星状骨针、二歧分叉式骨针等;其中的四轴四射骨针、五轴五射骨针、五刺尖头星状骨针、二歧分叉二射式骨针为本次发现的新类型,极大地丰富了海绵骨针的类型。陕南镇巴筇竹寺期海绵骨针化石的数量以及分异度快速增加,充分说明海绵动物在陕南地区寒武纪早期开始大量繁盛并且迅速演化。     

Cambrian Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten in South China: Distribution and significance

The final assembly of the supercontinent Gondwana during the Pan-African orogenic episodes (ca. 550–520 Ma) almost simultaneously took place with the Cambrian explosion that is best manifested by a number of Cambrian Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten in South China. The relationship between South China and Gondwana during the Cambrian is far from consensus. Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten may have potential importance for the paleogeographic reconstruction. However, such Lagerstätten have been known in large number only in Laurentia and South China, far less common in Gondwana and other continents. Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten in South China are not evenly spaced through the Cambrian. They appear to be concentrated in the Lower Cambrian, particularly in the Canglangpuian and Qiongzhusian stages, much reduced in number from the uppermost Lower Cambrian. Of ten reported such Lagerstätten, only the Kaili biota (basal Middle Cambrian) is known to be younger than Early Cambrian. This reduction could be explained by the fact that vast areas of siliciclastic facies in both the western plate interior (platform) and the eastern slope basin during most time of Early Cambrian (Meishucunian to Canglangpuian) is evolved into carbonate facies at the very end of Early Cambrian (Longwangmiaoian). It has been known from this study that both siliciclastic platform facies and slope basin facies (shale basin) could preserve soft-bodied fossils. Cambrian Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten in South China are of great significance for providing a sequences of exceptionally preserved biota in a chronological succession. Comparison of such Lagerstätten in a chronological framework may give us more details on the Cambrian explosion events.     

安徽石台地区下寒武统黑色岩系微量元素地球化学特征

黑色岩系成因复杂,且与多金属元素成矿密切相关。对安徽石台地区下寒武统黑色岩系微量元素地球化学研究表明,其富集Ag、V、U、Mo、As、Sb等多种金属元素。且在这套黑色岩系地层剖面中,其中部碳质页岩的金属元素富集程度比其它岩性的富集程度明显偏高。微量元素组成及相关元素比值显示这套黑色岩系形成于海相热水沉积作用,代表了一种非正常海水沉积。沉积环境由早期缺氧的还原环境逐渐向后期的半还原-氧化环境演化,反映早寒武世安徽下扬子海由海侵向海退的逐渐过渡。     

中上扬子地区下古生界页岩气资源前景分析

我国中上扬子地区下古生界黑色页岩是震旦系、二叠系大中型气田的重要烃源岩,同时其自身也具有形成页岩气藏的巨大潜力。初步研究表明,中上扬子地区下古生界有利页岩气层主要发育在下震旦统陡山沱组、下寒武统筇竹寺组、上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组,这些层位的黑色页岩厚度、有机碳含量、以及Ro值等各项参数均符合形成页岩气藏的特征,是今后页岩气勘探的潜力地层。     

The δ13C excursions spanning the Cambrian explosion to the Canglangpuian mass extinction in the Three Gorges area,South China

A remarkable increase of the animal genera and a subsequent mass extinction in the late Early Cambrian are well known as the “Cambrian explosion” and the “Botomian–Toyonian crisis.” A composite global curve of the carbon isotope ratios for inorganic carbon (δ¹³C_carb) shows multiple fluctuations during the evolution events, and it indicates significant changes of the oceanic carbon cycle at that time. This study reveals a new continuous isotopic chemostratigraphy for inorganic carbon (δ¹³C_carb) from the bottom of the Shipai to the base of the Shilongdong formations in Three Gorges area, South China. This section covers the Canglangpuian to the Longwangmiaoian stages in the Lower Cambrian. The δ¹³C_carb variation exhibits three negative excursions: a remarkably negative excursion down to ca. − 12‰ in the middle Canglangpuian stage, a negative excursion to ca. − 1.0‰ in the upper Canglangpuian stage, and a negative excursion to ca. − 1.0‰ in the Longwangmiaoian stage, respectively. The largest negative δ¹³C_carb excursion and a positive excursion before the excursion are definitely consistent with the δ¹³C_carb negative shift (AECE) during the mass extinction and the δ¹³C_carb positive values (MICE) during the increase of animal genera, respectively. However, the minimum values of the negative shifts among South China, Siberia, and Canada sections are different from each other. The positive δ¹³C_carb excursion at the bottom of the Canglangpuian stage indicates that primary productivities and organic carbon burial were enhanced. A sea level rise in the Qiongzhusian to bottom of the Canglangpuian stages in South China corresponds to the Sinsk transgression event in Siberia and Canada. A eutrophication due to higher continental weathering during the transgression after the long-term retrogression enhanced the high primary production and consequently promoted the significant increase of animal diversity.On the other hand, deposition of laminated black shales without bioturbation signatures and a decline of trilobite diversity are observed during the negative δ¹³C_carb excursion in the Canglangpuian stage, indicating that the shallow water environment became anoxic at that time. The negative δ¹³C_carb shift indicates an influx of abundant ¹²CO₂ due to oxidation of organic carbons in seawater. The difference of the minimum values among sections implies the local difference in size of the organic carbon reservoirs and extent of the degradation of the carbons. The largest δ¹³C anomaly in South China suggests the presence of the largest OCPs due to higher activity of primary production and high degree of oxidation of the OCPs because of higher activity of animals. The coincidence of the timing of the negative δ¹³C excursions in the Canglangpuian stage among the sections indicates a global event, and suggests that the onset was caused by increase of oxygen contents of seawater and atmosphere. Abundant oxygen yielded by the increased primary productivity in the Atdabanian and the Qiongzhusian stages caused onset of the oxidation of OCP, and possibly led to the shallow water anoxia and the mass extinction of benthic animals in the Botomian and the Canglangpuian stage.     

层序格架中富有机质页岩发育模式及差异分布:以上扬子下寒武统为例

以岩石地层分区多、名称复杂多变的上扬子下寒武统为例,并以高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,通过露头、岩心、钻（测）井及岩矿测试等资料综合研究,识别出6个层序划分依据、5种沉积旋回叠加组合样式,认为页岩层系中层序界面厘定困难,不同级次沉积旋回的识别是层序划分的关键。以此为依据,结合研究区构造、岩相、有机碳含量等研究,建立了等时层序地层格架及其富有机质页岩的沉积发育模式,并以层序为单元,开展了富有机质页岩分布的精细编图。富有机质页岩主要发育于不同级次的海侵-海退作用早期,不同地区时空分布特征差异明显：四川盆地内部富有机质页岩主要分布在资阳长宁一线近南北向带状展布的区域,其受基底断裂早寒武世多幕堑垒式活动控制,纵向上发育4套富有机质页岩段;四川盆地之外鄂西—渝东、黔北、黔东南及宜昌等地区主要受早寒武世早期上升洋流作用控制,以下部层序发育大套富有机质页岩段为特征。今后应考虑不同地区富有机质页岩的时空分布特点,进行页岩气勘探与开发部署。     

湘西黑色岩系沉积演化与含矿序列

研究了湘西晚震旦世-早寒武世形成黑色页岩的沉积环境和含矿性.黑色岩系形成于沉积盆地斜坡或以下地带,与海平面上升有关.晚震旦世到早寒武世早中期的沉积层序可划分为三个II级层序.海平面上升的结果使下层海水成为还原环境,有机质得以保存,沉积了大面积的黑色岩系.湘西上震旦统、下寒武统分别构成了黑色页岩 磷块岩 硅质岩组合和磷结核 重晶石 石煤 多金属富集层两个成矿系列,含矿层段集中发育于海平面上升期和凝缩层沉积中,在受海底火山、喷泉活动提供丰富物源的背景条件下,有机质参与元素的迁移、富集作用,经成岩期的转化富集成黑色岩系型矿床.     

The Trace Element Distribution Patterns of Ediacaran-Early Cambrian Black Shales and the Origin of Selenium in the Guangning Area, Western Guangdong Province, South China

The Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales are widespread across the South China Craton (Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks). However, the trace element distribution patterns of the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales in the Cathaysia Block are still unclear. In this study, thirty-four black shale samples in the Lechangxia Group (Ediacaran) and thirteen black shale samples in the lower Bacun Group (early Cambrian) from Guangning area, western Guangdong Province, South China, were analyzed for major and trace elements concentrations. Compared to the upper continental crust, the Ediacaran black shales exhibit strongly enriched Se, Ga, and As with enrichment factor values (EF) higher than 10, significantly enriched Bi and Rb (10>EF>5), weakly enriched Mo, Ba, Cs, V, In, Be, Tl, and Th (5>EF>2), normal U, Cr, Cd, Sc, Pb, Cu, and Li (2>EF>0.5), and depleted Ni, Zn, Sr, and Co. Early Cambrian black shales display strongly enriched Se, Ga, and As, significantly enriched Ba, Bi, and Rb, weakly enriched Mo, Cs, Cd, V, U, Be, In, and Tl, normal Sc, Th, Cr, Li, Cu, Ni, and Pb and depleted Co, Zn, and Sr. Moreover, Se is the most enriched trace element in the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales: concentrations vary from 0.25 to 30.09 ppm and 0.54 to 5.01 ppm, and averaging 4.84 and 1.72 ppm, with average EF values of 96.87 and 34.32, for the Ediacaran and early Cambrian shales respectively. The average concentration of Se in the Ediacaran black shales is 2.8 times higher than that of early Cambrian black shales. Se contents in the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales exhibit significant variation (P = 0.03). Provenance analysis showed that Se contents of both the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales were without detrital provenance and volcanoclastic sources, but of hydrothermal origin. The deep sources of Se and the presence of pyrite may explain the higher Se contents in the Ediacaran black shales. Similar with the Se-rich characteristics of the contemporaneous black shales in the south Qingling Mountain and Yangtze block, the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales in Guangning area, Cathaysia, are also enriched in Se, which may provide a clue for looking for the selenium-rich resources in western Guangdong Province.     

川北青川地区下寒武统沥青质砾石的发现及其意义

沥青质砾石被发现于四川省青川县白家镇一带的下寒武统碎屑岩中。黑色的沥青质砾石多呈次圆状或次棱角状,表面光滑但无光泽,与胶结物之间有明显的界线,直径最大可达5cm。推测这些砾石可能来自于被剥蚀的震旦系灯影组。沥青、碳酸盐岩和页岩以砾石的方式沉积于下寒武统．表明在早寒武世筇竹寺期之前川北青川地区已存在有古油藏,前寒武系中可能还有生烃的烃源岩。