Tectonic Framework and Deep Structure of South China and Their Constraint to Oil‐Gas Field Distribution

South China could be divided into one stable craton, the Yangtze Craton (YzC), and several orogenic belts in the surrounding region, that is the Triassic Qinling-Dabie Orogenic Belt (QDOB) in the north, the Songpan-Garzê Orogenic Belt (SGOB) in the northwest, the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Three-river Orogenic Belt (TOB) in the west, the Youjiang Orogenic Belt (YOB) in the southwest, the Middle Paleozoic Huanan Orogenic Belt (HOB) in the southeast, and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Maritime Orogenic Belt (MOB) along the coast. Seismic tomographic images reveal that the Moho depth is deeper than 40 km and the lithosphere is about 210 km thick beneath the YzC. The SGOB is characterized by thick crust (>40 km) and thin lithosphere (<150 km). The HOB, YOB and MOB have a thin crust (<40 km) and thin lithosphere (<150 km). Terrestrial heat flow survey revealed a distribution pattern with a low heat flow region in the eastern YzC and western HOB and two high heat flow regions in the TOB and MOB respectively. Such a “high-low-high” heat flow distribution pattern could have resulted from Cenozoic asthenosphere upwelling. All oil-gas fields are concentrated in the central part of the YzC. Remnant oil pools have been discovered along the southern margin of the YzC and its adjacent orogenic belts. From a viewpoint of geological and geophysical structure, regions in South China with thick lithosphere and low heat flow value, as well as weak deformation, might be the ideal region for further petroleum exploration.     

中国南方显生宙大地构造演化简史

中国南方的构造格架以众多造山带围绕扬子克拉通分布为特征。这些造山带分别形成于古生代(华南造山带)和中—新生代(秦岭-大别山造山带、松潘-甘孜造山带、三江造山带、右江造山带和沿海造山带)。在造山带中散布着保山地块和南海地块等微陆块。本文以扬子克拉通为中心,概述了中国南方显生宙构造古地理演化的主体面貌,并归纳了其对海相烃源岩堆积的制约关系,指出制约和影响中国南方古地理演化的几个主要的构造事件为:新元古代晚期至古生代早期的大陆裂谷和被动大陆边缘形成事件,古生代中期华南造山带形成演化事件,古生代晚期张裂事件,中生代古特提斯洋闭合造山事件,侏罗纪以来的太平洋板块俯冲事件,新生代印度板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞事件等。本文还指出,上述这些事件延续的时间有限,变形强度在空间上也有差异,对于油气成藏和晚期调整的影响也会因时因地而异。具体事物具体分析才能对研究中国南方油气分布规律有所帮助。     

造山带蠕动应力场格局与后造山伸展作用

在理解岩石圈内部流变分层性和造山带热异常形成与演化多控制因素的基础上，建立了造山带热－应力作用数值模型，研究了不同参数下造山带不同部位蠕动应力场的格局及其演化。其研究结果表明，碰撞终止后岩石圈内部应力调整或热松驰控制了造山带内部不同层次构造样式。在造山带中心，加厚岩石圈在碰撞附加力终止后40Ma，岩石圈应力强度明显减少，可诱发科迪勒拉式后造山伸展作用；在地壳中下层次或岩石圈深部（约40～60km、120～150km）可发生拆沉作用，但非岩石圈地幔的整体拆沉，其动力源自岩石圈套内部相应层位的应力引张；在40Ma以内或在拆沉作用发生前，岩石圈地幔根部及地壳中下层次作为热的应变软化区段，相应控制着Moho面形态及中上地壳构造样式；缝合带及造山带前缘作为应力挤压区，在10Ma可出现局部应力引张，孕育喜马拉雅式伸展。但在宽度巨大的造山带（1000km以上），后造山伸展作用的发生则与带内其它大规模构造活化有关。     

The thermal structure and thickness of continental roots

We compare heat flow data from the Precambrian shields in North America and in South Africa. We also review data available in other less well-sampled Shield regions. Variations in crustal heat production account for most of the variability of the heat flow. Because of this variability, it is difficult to define a single average crustal model representative of a whole tectonic province. The average heat flow values of different Archean provinces in Canada, South Africa, Australia and India differ by significant amounts. This is also true for Proterozoic provinces. For example, the heat flow is significantly higher in the Proterozoic Namaqua–Natal Belt of South Africa than in the Grenville Province of the Canadian Shield (61 vs. 41 mW m⁻² on average). These observations indicate that it is not possible to define single value of the average heat flow for all provinces of the same crustal age. Large amplitude short wavelength variations of the heat flow suggest that most of the difference between Proterozoic and Archean heat flow is of crustal origin. In eastern Canada, there is no good correlation between the local values of heat flow and heat production. In the Archean, Proterozoic and Paleozoic provinces of eastern Canada, heat flow values through rocks with the same heat production are not significantly different. There is therefore no evidence for variations of the mantle heat flow beneath these different provinces. After removing the local crustal heat production from the surface heat flow, the mantle (Moho) heat flow was estimated to be between 10–15 mW m⁻² in the Archean, Proterozoic and Paleozoic provinces of eastern Canada. Estimates of the mantle heat flow in the Kaapvaal craton of South Africa may be slightly higher (≈17 mW m⁻²). Large-scale variations of bulk crustal heat production are well-documented in Canada and imply significant differences of deep lithospheric thermal structure. In thick lithosphere, surficial heat flow measurements record a time average of heat production in the lithospheric mantle and are not in equilibrium with the instantaneous heat production. The low mantle heat flow and current estimates of heat production in the lithospheric mantle do not support a mechanical (conductive) lithosphere thinner than 200 km and thicker than 330 km. Temperature anomalies with surrounding oceanic mantle extend to the convective boundary layer below the conductive layer, and hence to depths greater than these estimates. Mechanical and thermal stability of the lithosphere require the mantle part of the lithosphere to be chemically buoyant and depleted in radiogenic elements. Both characteristics are achieved simultaneously by partial melting and melt extraction.     

Source-to-sink of Late carboniferous Ordos Basin: Constraints on crustal accretion margins converting to orogenic belts bounding the North China Block

The Upper Carboniferous Benxi Formation of the Ordos Basin is the lowest strata overlying Middle Ordovician above the major ca. 150-Myr sedimentary gap that characterizes the entire North China Block (NCB). We apply an integrated analysis of stratigraphy, petrography, and U–Pb dates and Hf isotopes on detrital zircons to investigate its provenance and relationships to the progressive collisions that formed the Xing’an-Mongolia Orogenic Belt to the north and the Qinling Orogenic Belt to the south. The results show that, in addition to regional patterns of siliciclastic influx from these new uplifted sources, the Benxi Formation is composed of two sequences corresponding to long-term glacial-interglacial cycles during the Moscovian to lower Gzhelian stages which drove global changes of eustatic sea level and weathering. The spatio-temporal distribution of sediment isopachs and facies indicate there were two sediment-infilling pulses, during which the southern and the northern Ordos Basin developed tidal-reworked deltas. The age spectra from detrital zircons, trace element patterns and ε_Hf(t) values reveal that the siliciclastics forming the southern delta was sourced in the Qinling Orogenic Belt, whereas the northern delta was derived from the Xing’an-Mongolia Orogenic Belt. The source-to-sink evolution of this Upper Paleozoic system records the progressive development of orogenic belts and uplifts forming on the southern and northern margins of the NCB prior to its collisions with the South China and the Siberian plates, respectively.     

Kanfenggou UHP Metamorphic Fragment in Eastern Qinling Orogen and Its Relationship to Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP Metamorphic Belts, Central China

In the Central Orogenic Belt, China, two UHP metamorphic belts are discriminated mainly based on a detailed structural analysis of the Kanfenggou UHP metamorphic fragment exposed in the eastern Qinling orogen, and together with previous regional structural, petrological and geochronological data at the scale of the orogenic domain. The first one corresponds to the South Altun-North QaidamNorth Qinling UHP metarnorphic belt. The other is the Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP metamorphic belts. The two UHP metamorphic belts are separated by a series of tectonic slices composed by the Qiniing rock group, Danfeng rock group and Liuling or Foziling rock group etc. respectively, and are different in age of the peak UHP metamorphism and geodynamic implications for continental deep subduction and collision. Regional field and petrological relationships suggest that the Kanfenggou UHP metamorphic fragment that contains a large volume of the coesite- and microdiamond-bearing eclogite lenses is compatible with the structures recognized in the South Altun and North Qaidam UHP metamorphic fragments exposed in the western part of China, thereby forming a large UHP metamorphic belt up to 1000 km long along the orogen strike. This UHP metamorphic belt represents an intercontinental deep subduction and collision belt between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons, occurred during the Paleozoic. On the other hand, the well-constrained Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP metamorphic belts occurred mainly during Triassic time (250-220 Ma), and were produced by the intracontinental deep subduction and collision within the Yangtze craton. The Kanfenggou UHP metamorphic fragment does not appear to link with the DabieSulu UHP and HP metamorphic belts along the orogen. There is no reason to assume the two UHP metamorphic belts as a single giant deep subduction and collision zone in the Central Orogenic Belt situated between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons. Therefore, any dynamic model for the orogen must ac-count for the development of UHP metarnorphic rocks belonging to the separate two tectonic belts of different age and tectono-metamorphic history.     

中国大陆大规模成矿作用油气田形成——来自岩石圈的约束

由克拉通、造山带、裂谷、边缘海洋壳和岛弧等5大岩石圈类型构成的中国大陆,由于不同类型岩石圈对应的动力学机制及其效应不同,岩石圈不同类型之间的连接带必定是不连续带,与大陆成矿作用有密切的联系。中国大陆已知的绝大多数金属矿床分布于岩石圈不连续和再活化不连续处,表明岩石圈不连续为大型矿床(矿集区)形成提供有利的运-储空间。中国大陆西北、中国东部和西南地区构造-岩浆-成矿事件序列对比表明,一个地区岩石圈的壳-幔岩石学结构、大规模成矿作用,取决于最强的、最后一次的岩浆作用,大规模成矿作用的发生起始于造山岩石圈根失稳、去根和大规模软流圈上涌时期,C型埃达克岩的出现是其标志之一。分布于中国内陆的扬子、鄂尔多斯、塔里木和准噶尔盆地等地表热流值低的“冷盆”,深部属于克拉通型岩石圈背景,在构造上往往为造山带的前陆盆地,克拉通型岩石圈构造上的稳定性决定了这些克拉通盆地不断被周围造山带吞食、掩埋、改造的格局,虽然在这些盆地内如今都已发现油气田,但在盆地外那些现今被造山带前缘逆冲体覆盖的区域,也应该是油气田产出的有利区域,即盆地外造山带花岗岩下依然是寻找油气田的重要远景区。分布于中国东部的平原区和黄海、东海及南海等陆缘海区,属于地表热流值高的“热盆”,这些盆地下对应的是裂谷型或洋壳型岩石圈,它们是在新生代时期中国东部沿海地区进入了新的构造演化阶段——大陆裂谷作用下形成的,以伴随广泛的玄武岩喷发为标志,对流地幔物质和热输入使盆地热流值升高成为“热盆”、大陆裂谷型岩石圈,乃至洋壳岩石圈(如南海中央海盆);伴随裂陷作用及伸展构造普遍发育的幔源玄武岩浆大量喷发,以及大量沉积物的快速沉积、埋藏有利于油气田的形成,其中的组分,如CO2气田中的CO2可能主要源于地幔。中国东部平原及边缘海区域是最具前景的油气田分布区之一。     

Geochronology and Tectonic Evolution of the West Section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt

As an important part of South China Old Land, the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt plays a significant role in explaining the assembly and the evolution of the Upper Yangtze Block and Cathaysia, as well as the structure and growth mechanism of continental lithosphere in South China.The Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups are the base strata of the west section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt.Thus, the research of geochronology and tectonic evolution of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups is significant.The maximum sedimentary age of the Lengjiaxi Group is ca.862 Ma, and the minimum is ca.822 Ma.The Zhangjiawan Formation, which is situated in the upper part of the Banxi Group is ca.802 Ma.The Lengjiaxi Group and equivalent strata should thus belong to the Neoproterozoic in age.The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt consisting of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups as important constituents is not a Greenville Orogen Belt(1.3 Ga–1.0 Ga).The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is a recyclic orogenic belt, and the prototype basin is a foreland basin with materials derived from the southwest and the sediments belong to the active continental sedimentation.By combining large amounts of dating data of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups as well as equivalent strata, the evolutionary model of the western section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is established as follows: Before 862 Ma, the South China Ocean was subducted beneath the Upper Yangtze Block, while a continental island arc was formed on the side near the Upper Yangtze Block.The South China Ocean was not closed in this period.From 862 Ma to 822 Ma, the Upper Yangtze Block was collided with Cathaysia; and sediments began to be deposited in the foreland basin between the two blocks.The Lengjiaxi Group and equivalent strata were thus formed and the materials might be derived from the recyclic orogenic belt.From 822 Ma to 802 Ma, Cathaysia continued pushing to the Upper Yangtze Block, experienced the Jinning-Sibao Movement(Wuling Movement); as result, the folded basement of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt was formed.After 802 Ma, Cathaysia and the Upper Yangtze Block were separated from each other, the Nanhua rift basin was formed and began to receive the sediments of the Banxi Group and equivalent strata.These large amounts of dating data and research results also indicate that before the collision of the Upper Yangtze Block with Cathaysia, materials of the continental crust became less and less from the southwest to the east in the Jiangnan Orogeneic Belt; only island arc and neomagmatic arc were developed in the eastern section.Ocean-continent subduction or continent-continent subduction took place in the western and southern sections, while intra-oceanic subduction occurred in the eastern section.Comprehensive analyses on U-Pb ages and Hf model ages of zircons, the main provenance of the Lengjiaxi Group is Cathaysia.     

秦岭造山带与渭河地堑地电结构研究

秦岭造山带作为典型的陆内复合造山带,发生过强烈的构造变形,与北部的渭河地堑形成独具特色的盆山构造体系,目前其深部结构状态与盆山耦合响应缺乏深层动力学过程的理解,为此以跨越秦岭造山带、渭河地堑布设一条170 km的大地电磁测深剖面,通过宽频带和长周期大地电磁观测,构建秦岭造山带和渭河地堑深部地电结构,研究结果表明:1)秦岭造山带存在多重叠置的巨厚岩石圈,南秦岭与北秦岭地壳尺度存在明显的结构化差异; 2)扬子地块向北楔入到南秦岭岩石圈地幔中,南、北秦岭之间在上地幔存在低阻条带痕迹表明了楔入作用的前缘位置; 3)渭河地堑存在巨厚的沉积盖层,厚度由南向北逐渐减薄,由南侧的7~8 km减到北侧的3~4 km。渭河地堑下地壳至上地幔区域分布的两个低阻块体表明其岩石圈存在明显的电性差异,这种差异性的存在表征了华北地块南向挤压作用背景下软流圈上涌的贡献。     

Zircon U-Pb and Sr-Nd-Hf Isotopic Study of Mafic Intrusions from the Chinese Altai: Implications for the Paleozoic Tectonics

Chinese Altai, a type region of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), is important for understanding the accretionary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Mafic intrusions in this orogenic belt are sporadic, intru-ding granitoid plutons or sedimentary strata.     

Patterns and controls on the distribution of diamondiferous intrusions in Australia

The distribution of kimberlite, lamproite and related alkaline volcanism in Australia can be broadly related to the structure of the Australian continent and lithosphere. Diamondiferous kimberlites and lamproites, with the apparent exception of the weakly diamondiferous Orrorro kimberlites in the Adelaide Fold Belt, lie within the large Precambrian shield where seismic tomographic models and heat flow data indicate the presence of relatively cold, high seismic wave speed lithosphere (tectosphere) typically some 200 km thick or more beneath the Archaean cratons and up to 300 km in parts of central Australia. Many of the diamondiferous intrusions appear to lie at the margins rather than in the centre of the lithosphere domains. The highest concentration of diamondiferous intrusions (kimberlites and lamproites) is on and around the Kimberley Craton where seismic data indicate crustal thicknesses of 35–40 km and a lithosphere up to 275 km thick that is distinct from Proterozoic northern Australia.

Many, but clearly not all, of the intrusions show evidence of regional and local structural controls. Some are spatially associated with known crustal structures, especially regional faults. Others are aligned, either singly or in clusters, along or near discontinuities and/or gradients evident in regional scale potential field data, especially the total horizontal gradients of gravity data continued upward tens to hundreds of kilometres. Many of these features are not evident in the original datasets as their signatures are masked by shorter wavelength (near surface) anomalies. In some cases, the kimberlites and associated rocks lie within crustal blocks and domains defined by discontinuities in the potential field data rather than at domain boundaries.

Our overview suggests that analysis of potential field data, especially horizontal gradients in upwardly continued potential field data, at all scales can assist definition of crustal and, potentially, lithospheric structures that may influence the distribution of diamond pipes. However, more definitive mapping of Australia's diamond prospective regions requires the integration of data on crustal structures, especially trans-lithospheric faults, and geodynamic settings with high resolution tomographic models and other geophysical, petrologic, and isotopic information on the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Australian continent.     

Magnetotelluric investigation of lithospheric electrical structure beneath the Dharwar Craton in south India:Evidence for mantle suture and plume-continental interaction

Broad-band and long period magnetotelluric measurements made at 63 locations along ～500 km long Chikmagalur-Kavali profile,that cut across the Dharwar craton(DC)and Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt(EGMB)in south India,is modelled to examine the lithosphere architecture of the cratonic domain and define tectonic boundaries.The 2-D resistivity model shows moderately conductive features that intersperse a highly resistive background of crystalline rocks and spatially connect to the exposed schist belts or granitic intrusions in the DC.These features are therefore interpreted as images of fossil pathways of the volcanic emplacements associated with the greenstone belt and granite suite formation exposed in the region.A near vertical conductive feature in the upper mantle under the Chitradurga Shear Zone represents the Archean suture between the western and eastern blocks of DC.Although thick(～200 km)cratonic(highly resistive)lithosphere is preserved,significant part of the cratonic lithosphere below the western DC is modified due to plume-continental lithosphere interactions during the Cretaceous—Tertiary period.A west-verging moderately conductive feature imaged beneath EGMB lithosphere is interpreted as the remnant of the Proterozoic collision process between the Indian land mass and East Antarctica.Thin(～120 km)lithosphere is seen below the EGMB,which form the exterior margin of the India shield subsequent to its separation from East Antarctica through rifting and opening of the Indian Ocean in the Cretaceous.     

Linking the Sulu UHP belt to the Korean Peninsula: Evidence from eclogite, Precambrian basement, and Paleozoic sedimentary basins

Considerable debate on whether and how the Sulu Orogenic Belt extends eastward to the Korean Peninsula has remained over the past decade. New results reported here include the following: (1) an eclogite and retrograded eclogite-bearing complex (Hongseong Complex) is discovered in South Korea, in which the eclogite occurs as lenses in circa  810–820 Ma granitic gneiss. SHRIMP zircon dating of the eclogite yields  230 Ma for the metamorphic age and  880 Ma for the protolith age; (2) The basement of the Rangnim, Gyeonggi and Yeongnam massifs have affinities to the basement of the North China Block (NCB). However the Gyeonggi Massif encloses a minor amount of large or small slabs of the Hongseong Complex that are similar to the rocks of the Sulu Belt. (3) Two main Paleozoic basins within the Rangnim and Gyeonggi massifs have a similar Paleozoic tectono-stratigraphy to the NCB. (4) The Imjingang and Ogcheon belts do not exhibit any metamorphic characteristics of collisional orogenic belts. Based on these facts, we propose a crustal-detachment and thrust model and suggest that the collision belt between the Yangtze Block (YB) and NCB (Sino–Korea Craton) is preserved along the western margin of the Korean Peninsula. The lower part of the UHP metamorphosed lithosphere of the YB was subducted under the Korean Peninsula and not uplifted to the surface. The lower crust of the YB (the Hongseong Complex) was detached from the subducted lithosphere and thrust over the Korean Peninsula, and inserted into the basement rocks of the Gyeonggi Massif. The upper crust of the YB possibly was detached from the lower crust and overthrusted along the Honam and Chugaryong shear zones. The Imjingang and Ogcheon belts possibly represent the detached upper crust of YB and their present occurrences are controlled by a Mesozoic strike–slip shear structure. All these detached lower and upper crustal slabs were strongly deformed during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous tectonic event leading to their present geological distribution and characteristics.     

中国东南地区岩石圈热结构特征及其构造意义

中国东南地区地质演化复杂,中—新生代构造变形强烈,岩石圈深部热力学状态及其对构造活动的影响有待深入。文章结合最新的大地热流数据与地壳结构Crust 1.0模型,利用稳态热传导方程,以岩石捕虏体温压数据和地震学观测为约束,构建了华南地区扬子克拉通、华夏地块以及南海北缘等不同单元的岩石圈热结构。结果表明该区岩石圈热结构存在强烈的不均一性：除了上扬子地区（四川盆地）为“温壳温幔”的热结构,华南其他大部分地区都表现为“热壳热幔”的特征;同一深度下,华夏地块与南海北缘的深部温度显著高于扬子克拉通;热岩石圈厚度从克拉通内部向沿海地区（NWSE）逐渐降低,也即由四川盆地的~200 km减少到华夏地块的~110 km,再到南海的~70 km。此外,我们还发现陆内地震的分布与岩石圈温度密切相关,地震活动集中分布于600℃等温线以内。总体而言,扬子克拉通中西部岩石圈热结构具有冷而厚的特征,而华夏地块和南海北缘受古太平洋平板俯冲和新生代大陆边缘构造—岩浆作用的改造,表现为热且薄的特征,岩石圈的热弱化进而加速了华南大陆边缘的裂解及随后的南海扩张过程。     

区域变质作用与中国大陆地壳的形成与演化

在编制1∶500万中国变质地质图的基础上,本文总结了中国主要变质带的演化以及各变质带与中国大陆地壳形成演化之间的内在联系。虽然在华北和华南克拉通都有古太古代到中太古代的变质年代记录,但是由于后期改造其变质作用的特点及与区域构造背景的联系已难以追索。新太古代末-古元古代初期的变质作用在华北克拉通表现最明显,这期变质作用紧随大规模的TTG岩浆作用,普遍具有逆时针的P-T演化轨迹,反映了地幔柱主导的岩浆-变质事件特点。古元古代晚期的变质事件在华北、华南、塔里木克拉通都有强烈反映。这期变质作用以形成具有顺时针P-T演化轨迹的高压麻粒岩为特点,与形成Columbia超大陆的一些造山带的特点类似,但是这三个不同克拉通在与Columbia聚合的时间和空间方位上存在差异。华南克拉通是相对年轻的克拉通,是沿新元古代江南造山带扬子和华夏地块拼合的产物。新元古代江南造山带的火山岩形成时代和变质作用程度从北东向南西迁移,反映了造山过程逐渐迁移和剪刀式闭合的特点。形成华南克拉通后,在其东南缘又先后经历了加里东期和印支期的变质改造,并且由北西向南东变质带从加里东期转变为印支期,但是这两期变质作用的构造背景尚不很清楚。中国南北大陆的聚合首先从西昆仑-阿尔金-北祁连-北秦岭-桐柏开始,所反映的变质作用是早古生代的蓝片岩相和榴辉岩相变质岩相伴产出,表明经历了从洋壳俯冲到陆陆碰撞的演化过程。中国东部的南北大陆到印支期才最终汇聚,相应的变质作用以南部出现高压蓝片岩相、北部出现超高压的榴辉岩相变质带为特点,表明南方大陆向北方大陆的俯冲。超高压带内普遍含有柯石英,意味着大规模的陆壳深俯冲。华北克拉通和塔里木克拉通以北的中亚造山带内存在多条从早古生代到晚古生代的变质带和多条蓝片岩相变质带,表明这是一个由多阶段、多条变质带组成的造山区。但是其变质作用的空间和时间演化还有待进一步深入。青藏高原变质带具有北老南新的空间分布特点,最北部的印支期龙木错-双湖-澜沧江变质带反映了原特提斯和古特提斯洋的碰撞拼合过程,北部的燕山期班公湖-怒江变质带和中部的喜马拉雅早期雅鲁藏布江变质带反映了新特提斯洋的两次碰撞拼合过程,南部喜马拉雅晚期的高喜马拉雅变质带反映了印度板块向北俯冲导致的高原快速隆升过程。     

中国西部盆山系统的耦合关系及其动力学模式——以龙门山造山带一川西前陆盆地系统为例

造山带与沉积盆地是形成于统一的地球动力学系统之中的一对孪生体，由此构造了盆山系统。盆山系统是陆块相互作用、岩石圈层圈相互耦合的复杂系统，主要表现为物质的循环系统和能量的交换系统。盆山系统形成演化过程中造山带和沉积盆地之间一切相互作用的总和即为盆山间的耦合关系。盆山系统是中国西部中新生代构造的基本格局，并有单测盆地型盆山系统和双测盆地型盆山系统两种基本类型。小陆块拼合、多旋回构造运动和陆内构造活动强烈等是中国西部盆山系统形成演化的地质背景。中国西部盆山系统盆山间耦合关系在垂向上表现为造山带隆升与沉积盆地沉降呈镜像关系，在横向上表现为物质流和能量流循环均有两个传递方向，并且盆山系统岩石圈各层圈间有着强烈的相互作用。中国西部盆山系统盆山间耦合关系的动力学模式为C(陆内)—型俯冲，对于单侧盆地型盆山系统其耦合关系的动力学模式为L(龙门山)—型俯冲，而双测盆地型盆山系统其耦合关系的动力学模式为T(天山)—型俯冲。     

华北克拉通破坏时间与破坏范围分布特征——来自银根—额济纳旗盆地苏红图坳陷早白垩世火山岩的启示

克拉通破坏的时间和范围是华北克拉通破坏研究的重要基础问题,但是在华北克拉通破坏时间与破坏范围的问题上存在着不同观点。本文通过对位于华北克拉通西北部银根—额济纳旗盆地苏红图坳陷内采集的火山岩进行年代学及地球化学研究,认为苏红图火山岩年龄为105~113 Ma,为一套钾质碱性系列玄武岩,其形成机制是由于岩石圈发生减薄,软流圈地幔岩浆上涌,经分离结晶而形成的,而动力学机制主要是由于西伯利亚板块、内蒙古褶皱带和华北板块在晚侏罗世发生的碰撞拼合。此外,本文还在前人对华北克拉通破坏研究基础上,依据作者对苏红图坳陷火山岩做的一些工作,粗浅地探讨了华北克拉通破坏的时间与范围的问题,认为华北克拉通周缘均为构造薄弱带,北缘为兴—蒙造山带,南侧为大别—秦岭造山带,东侧为苏鲁带和太平洋俯冲带,河套裂陷、汾渭裂陷分别与古元古代高温变质孔兹岩带及约18.5亿年前华北克拉通东、西部块体拼合时形成的中部造山带内位置大致重合,而苏红图坳陷位于中亚造山带南缘,同时也处于两板块拼合交汇处。这些构造薄弱带处在不同时期发生的俯冲与碰撞的结合部位,它们可能是岩石圈减薄的起始位置,并且它们的俯冲与碰撞时间是华北克拉通破坏的起始时间。克拉通破坏范围主要发生在太行山以东地区,太行山以西的河套裂陷、汾渭裂陷发生了减薄,而苏红图坳陷在早白垩世也发生减薄,所以,破坏范围分布在地理上呈不连续分布特征,造成这种分布特征的主要原因是由于不同区域的破坏时间与破坏的动力学机制不同。     

Physical modelling of deformation in the Tasman Orogenic Zone

Structural vergence within the Western Subprovince of the Lachlan Fold Belt is towards the hinterland rather than the foreland, in contrast to many well-known orogenic belts. High angle-reverse faults and upright folds verge eastwards, away from the Australian craton, towards the inferred centre of orogenic and magmatic activity. We designed a series of analogue models to test the anomalous vergence in the western Lachlan Fold Belt, particularly the interaction of a stable Australian craton with Tasman Line geometry, interacting with weaker oceanic or transitional lithospheric material. We found consistently that vergence direction in the models was towards the hinterland, not the foreland, as in the western Lachlan Fold Belt, irrespective of the way the model was deformed. Strength gradients between the oceanic and cratonic lithosphere control the deformation patterns. An important result of the models is that they demonstrate that fold belts with different vergences can be generated without the requirement of subducting oceanic lithosphere.     

复合造山作用和中国中央造山带的科学问题

在全球大陆范围内,广泛分布的造山带纪录了板块汇聚的历史和碰撞造山的过程,因此,造山带的研究一直是地球科学经久不衰的重要领域。研究表明,世界上许多造山带是长期活动(300Ma)的复合造山带,活动域的宽度可超过1000km,并具有造山前的热结构,是大陆生长的最好见证。近10年来,全球造山带的研究已摆脱传统地质学和经典板块观念的束缚,面临一个新的起点,即由单一造山带向复合造山带研究转轨,由造山类型、造山作用向造山动力学研究聚焦。复合造山带长期活动的原因、大陆增生机制、造山带的流变学结构和造山热对造山作用的控制等已成为当前大陆复合造山带研究的关键科学问题,复合造山动力学已成为当今地球科学前沿——大陆动力学研究的重要内容。中国中央造山带位于北中国板块与南中国板块之间,是中国大陆上一条十分醒目而又极其重要的巨型(长5000km)构造带。中央造山带是经历了大致600Ma的活动历史,泥盆纪和三叠纪的两次碰撞造山以及白垩纪以来的陆内造山过程而构筑成的典型"复合造山带"。在全球复合造山带中,中国中央巨型造山带具有结构复杂性、活动长期性和非原地型,造山过程多期性以及造山带拼贴与大陆增生方式特殊性的特点,特别是世界最大规模的中央超高压变质带及其两期超高压变质作用的发现,揭示了中央造山带的形成还经历了板块汇聚边界洋壳/陆壳深俯冲至100km以上的地幔深处的两次壮观地质事件,使中央造山带成为全球造山带中最为精彩和不可多得的典型,与青藏高原一样,被国内外地学家们誉为当今中国地学研究的"瑰宝"。中国中央巨型复合造山带可以作为研究复合造山过程与复合造山动力学的重大地学问题的范例,重要的核心科学问题是:中国中央巨型复合造山带的早古生代和三叠纪陆块汇聚、碰撞造山过程以及中新生代陆内造山与周缘盆地互馈;两期高压-超高压变质带的时空关系、形成条件和洋壳/陆壳的俯冲-深俯冲与折返动力学机制;揭示和探讨中国中央复合造山带的长期活动性,造山作用的多期性和叠置性,造山热结构以及复合造山过程;洋壳/陆壳深俯冲、复合造山与大陆增生理论的创新。此外,中央复合造山带的研究对于金属矿产资源的开拓、周缘中新生代盆地含油气资源的战略前景以及现今南北中国的气候、环境、人文、地理、生态和灾害的制约提供新的科学依据与动力学背景。