云南岩石圈热结构

本文探讨了云南深部热流及岩石圈地温分布的横向变化特征，并将岩石圈热结构概括为３种类型；典型现代构造活动区热结构，中间过渡型地质区热结构和稳定地质区热结构。最后，简单讨论了地热与地震活动的关系。     

松辽盆地地热场

本文实测了65口井的地热数据,从中取得17个大地热流值,松辽盆地地热场具有中部高边部低,并呈环状分布,该区地热具有高特征的地质发展历史。分区计算盆地的沉积岩层、花岗岩质层和玄武岩质层各底部的温度和热流值,也都具有中部高边部低的变化趋势。分析了盆地地热场受影响的状况和地热高的主要原因。还分析了盆地地热场与构造活动性、地震活动性、重磁力场、岩石圈厚度的关系,以及与石油生成、运移和富集的关系。     

大同地震水氡动态图像的前兆异常特征

采用“九五”攻关提出的水氡动态图像分析方法,对二次大同５．８级地震水氡前兆异常的时空演化特征进行分析研究。简介了大同地震水氡动态图像的生成方法。研究表明,地震前震源区及周围出现水氡变化率≥０．０６的异常特征区,异常区的时间演化与地震具有“扩展－急剧扩震－地震－持续扩展－地震－收缩”的关系,且与多种异常发展的中期,中短期和短临阶段相对应,异常区的空间分布演化与震中,地质构造和地热等有密切关系。表明动     

Electromagnetic sounding of geothermal zones

Electromagnetic (EM) data provide a substantial contribution to the geophysical mapping and monitoring of geothermal reservoirs. This paper presents an up-to-date picture of the achievements of EM methods for geothermal exploration as they have emerged over the last few years. It has been proved that EM sounding of geothermal zones and distant monitoring macro-parameters of the reservoirs, fluid-filled faults and other elements of the geothermal system are possible provided that modern 3-D inversion is used along with techniques that reduce the effects of industrial and geological noise. In addition, geological and petrophysical data also need to be included in the analysis.     

滇西地热场特征

本文通过大量温泉资料的统计分析，探讨了滇西地区的水热活动特征。结合大地热流和地壳、上地幔热结构的研究，揭示了该区地热场基本状况，同时阐述了某些构造单元地热场差异的受控因素。     

两淮煤田大地热流分布及其构造控制

基于127块煤系地层岩石样品的热导率测定结果,并结合59个井田内可靠的系统测温数据,计算得出两淮煤田的大地热流值,并编制大地热流分布图,其结果表明:两淮煤田大地热流值变化范围为29.7~83.9mW·m-2,平均值为58.3mW·m-2,和其他沉积盆地存在一定的差异,且淮南煤田大地热流值(63.7mW·m-2)远大于淮北煤田(55.2mW·m-2).综合分析得出,两淮煤田大地热流与其他盆地的差异以及淮南煤田热流值高于淮北煤田的现象为构造演化和区域地质背景的控制结果;而研究区内热流的分布不均主要是由于受地质构造对地温场的影响所致,推覆构造上下盘现今热流值的差异尤为突出.     

云南岩石圈地温分布

根据大地热流和岩石圈结构资料，探讨了云南岩石圈的地温分布。研究结果表明，全区存在３种地热类型：高地温型莫霍面温度＞９６０℃，地壳地温梯度＞２℃／１００ｍ；低地温型莫霍面温度＜７００℃，地壳地温梯度＜１．５℃／１００ｍ；中等地温型莫霍面温度介于前二者之间，地壳地温梯度为１．５～２．０℃／１００ｍ     

西藏高原地热活动,温泉分布与地球物理场特征

本文根据西藏高原地热活动与温泉分布和各种地球物理场的特征,进行了综合分析与研究,给出了地壳深部要素的统一解释。说明了西藏高原水热分布及其活动原因是由于地壳介质中温度很高,地壳中存在着物质的熔融或部分熔融所致。水热显示是受深部地壳构造与物质运移所制约,其热能是由印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞过程中所产生的热量和岩浆上涌所提供的。     

天水及其南北地区温泉分布的地质—地球物理特征

根据天水及其南北地区温泉分布众多的现象,从分析地质、地球物理场着手,探讨温泉形成的区域与深部地质构造背景以及热缘机制。区内近南北向隐伏断裂发育,中酸性侵入岩、碱性玄武喷发岩构成近南北向岩浆构造带;在深部软流圈埋深变浅,岩石圈减薄、上地幔热物质上涌引起莫霍面上隆;中地壳低速、高导层同步出现;地表热流值增高,温泉呈网格状分布。该区温泉是甘肃省隆起断裂对流型地热资源有利开发地段。     

长白山天池火山区上地壳三维速度层析成像

利用三维地震透射观测系统所获得的莫霍界面反射波对长白山天池火山区下方上地壳的三维速度细结构进行了反演计算，得到了研究区下方地壳内不同深度的P、S波速度层析成像和VP/VS扰动分布图像，结果表明，天池火山区及其周边速度结构所呈现出的非均匀性变化与该区的地质构造和岩浆系统的存在有着密切的关系，异常变化比较明显的低P波速度异常体分布和高VP/VS扰动体意味这些介质体处在“软化高温”的状态，这与该地区广泛分布的地热异常和低Q值结构的研究结果是一致的.     

Tensor time domain electromagnetic resistivity measurements at Ngatamariki geothermal field, New Zealand

Experimental measurements in the Ngatamariki geothermal field, North Island, New Zealand were made to test the applicability of the time domain electromagnetic method for detailed investigation of the resistivity structure within a geothermal field. Low-frequency square wave signals were transmitted through three grounded bipole current sources sited about 8 km from the measurement lines. Despite high levels of electrical noise, transient electric field vectors could be determined reliably for times between 0.02 and 3.3 s after each step in the source current. Instantaneous apparent resistivity tensors were then calculated. Apparent resistivity pseudosections along the two measurement lines show smooth variations of resistivity from site to site. Over most of the field the images consistently show a three-layer resistivity structure with a conductive middle layer (3–10 Ωm) representing the conductive upper part of the thermal reservoir. A deep-seated region of low resistivity in the northwest of the field may indicate a conductive structure at about 1 km associated with a deeper diorite intrusion. Measurements sited closer than about 100 m to drillholes appear to have been disturbed by metallic casing in the holes. A change in resistivity structure in the east of the field may indicate a major geological or hydrothermal boundary.     

Geothermal studies in China

Geothermal studies have been conducted in China continuously since the end of the 1950's with renewed activity since 1970. Three areas of research are defined: (1) fundamental theoretical research on geothermics, including subsurface temperatures, terrestrial heat flow and geothermal modeling; (2) exploration for geothermal resources and exploitation of geothermal energy; and (3) geothermal studies in mines.Regional geothermal studies have been conducted recently in North China and more than 2000 values of subsurface temperature have been obtained. Temperatures at a depth of 300 m generally range from 20 to 25°C with geothermal gradients from 20 to 40°C/km. These values are regarded as an average for the region with anomalies related to geological factors.To date, 22 reliable heat flow data from 17 sites have been obtained in North China and the data have been categorized according to fault block tectonics. The average heat flow value at 16 sites in the north is 1.3 HFU, varying from 0.7 to 1.8 HFU. It is apparent that the North China fault block is characterized by a relatively high heat flow with wide variations in magnitude compared to the mean value for similar tectonic units in other parts of the world. It is suggested that although the North China fault block can be traced back to the Archaean, the tectonic activity has been strengthening since the Mesozoic resulting in so-called “reactivation of platform” with large-scale faulting and magmatism.Geothermal resources in China are extensive; more than 2000 hot springs have been found and there are other manifestations including geysers, hydrothermal explosions, hydrothermal steam, fumaroles, high-temperature fountains, boiling springs, pools of boiling mud, etc. In addition, there are many Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary basins with widespread aquifers containing geothermal water resources in abundance. The extensive exploration and exploitation of these geothermal resources began early in the 1970's. Since then several experimental power stations using thermal water have been set up in Fengshun (Fungshun),     

3D S-wave velocity structure of the Ningdu basin in Jiangxi province inferred from ambient noise tomography with dense array

The Ningdu basin, located in southern Jiangxi province of southwest China, is one of the Mesozoic basin groups which has exploration prospects for geothermal energy. A study on the detailed velocity structure of the Ningdu basin can provide important information for geothermal resource exploration. In this study, we deployed a dense seismic array in the Ningdu basin to investigate the 3D velocity structure and discuss implications for geothermal exploration and geological evolution. Based on the dense seismic array including 35 short-period (5 s-100 ?Hz) seismometers with an average interstation distance of ～5 ?km, Rayleigh surface wave dispersion curves were extracted from the continuous ambient noise data for surface wave tomographic inversion. Group velocity tomography was conducted and the 3D S-wave velocity structure was inverted by the neighborhood algorithm. The results revealed obvious low-velocity anomalies in the center of the basin, consistent with the low-velocity Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. The basement and basin-controlling fault can also be depicted by the S-wave velocity anomalies. The obvious seismic interface is about 2 ?km depth in the basin center and decreases to 700 ?m depth near the basin boundary, suggesting spatial thickness variations of the Cretaceous sediment. The fault features of the S-wave velocity profile coincide with the geological cognition of the western boundary basin-controlling fault, which may provide possible upwelling channels for geothermal fluid. This study suggests that seismic tomography with a dense array is an effective method and can play an important role in the detailed investigations of sedimentary basins.     

河北邢束地区地壳上地幔的热作用

通过研究邢束地区的地温场、大地热流和其它地球物理资料,对该区的地温场分布、深部结构及其相互关系有了较深入的认识。研究证实:该区地温场具有明显的横向不均匀性,并与地壳上地幔结构有较清楚的对应关系。地温场的分布与构造的关系表明,凸起区与凹陷区相比,前者具有较高的热流值和较大的地温梯度。对该区地震分布与地温场的关系分析以及热应力的数学模拟结果说明,热应力在地震发生过程中具有重要作用。     

Audio frequency magneto-telluric survey of Norikura Volcano in central Japan

Norikura Volcano has not been active during the last 10,000 years in spite of the activity of the surrounding volcanic mountains. To study past volcanic activities, geological studies were carried out extensively. However, quite a few geophysical investigations were conducted to contribute to volcanology. Our objective is to detect the present subsurface structure of Norikura Volcano and to define volcanic stratifications. In the vicinity of Norikura Volcano, geothermal fields are still active. Subsurface volcanic rocks in this area have been exposed to geothermal activity and altered. To comprehend volcanic stratifications of Norikura and geothermal activity, we conducted audio frequency magneto-telluric (AMT) surveys around Norikura Volcano. AMT survey is useful in clearly defining the resistivity structure related to volcanic regions. The AMT data were acquired over a frequency range 10 Hz–10 kHz. Decomposition analysis was applied to the tensor impedance data. Subsequently, apparent resistivity and phase data were inverted using a two-dimensional magneto-telluric (MT) inversion and a model of Norikura was derived. The final model manifests that the surface resistors are in agreement with andesite lava or dacite lava. As for the deeper structure, a horizontal conductor is situated above resistive basements. The alteration of the conductor was weak, while basement rocks were strongly altered and/or heated through the thermal activity. The existence of these layers seems to indicate the degree of thermal activity of Norikura Volcano.     

云南地区地热基本特征

本文从实测26口井的地热数据中取得14个大地热流值,认为云南地区地热场具有西高东低,并自西往东呈波浪式逐渐变低的趋势,该区具有高地热特征的地质发展历史。由于该区地处世界两大地震带的过渡地区,具有岛弧型的高地热特征,也具有岛弧地带地震活跃的特点,强震多发生在深大断裂带上。该区不同构造单元中的地热场存在的明显不均一性,影响着地震的孕育和地震的发生,地热场、温泉和地震的分布呈良好的对应关系     

兰州地区深部电性结构的初步研究

利用兰州地区现有的大地电磁资料，对该区的深部电性结构进行了初步研究。结果表明，兰州地区各地质构造单元的电性差异较明显，与区域构造有较好的对应性。     

Hydrothermal clays and pyrite in geothermal fields: Their significance for the geochemistry of present-day endogenous processes in southern Kamchatka

The studies reported in this paper were carried out in the Pauzhetka and Nizhne-Koshelevskii geothermal fields situated in the southern Kamchatka Peninsula within the Pauzhetka-Kambalnyi-Koshelevskii geothermal area. Layer-by-layer sampling of clays was carried out by stripping, pitting, and hand-operated drilling of core holes in the Verkhne-Pauzhetka thermal field and the Nizhne-Koshelevskii thermal anomaly, which were studied previously using several geological, geophysical, and hydrogeothermal techniques. Hydrothermal clays were found to compose a nearly continuous sheet on the surface of the thermal field and of the thermal anomaly. The sheet has an average thickness of 1.3 to 1.5 m. The chemical and mineralogic composition of the clays have been characterized. The concentrations of Au, Hg, Pb, and Ag (a total of 41 elements) were determined in clay layers selected every 15–20 cm in vertical sections. The elements show inhomogeneous distributions, both along the strike and in vertical sections of the hydrothermal clay sheet, which can be accounted for by the physicochemical, hydrogeochemical, and temperature conditions prevailing during the generation of these clays in specific areas of the thermal fields. It was found that the hydrothermal clay sheet lying on the ground surface of the geothermal fields has a significance of its own as an independent geological body, not only is it an aquifer and a heat-isolating horizon; it also serves as a dynamically active geochemical barrier in the structure of the present-day hydrothermal system. Pyrite is a concentrator of ore elements in hydrothermal clays, in addition to sulfates of Ca, Fe, Mg, Ba, and Al, and (possibly) alumosilicates.     

福建漳州地热田及其邻近地区的地壳深部构造特征

本文根据1985-1986年在福建省穿过漳州热田地区完成的一条NNE向地震折射剖面资料,采用一维与二维射线追踪和理论地震图拟合、反演等方法,获得了该地区比较详细的地壳与上地幔顶部结构及速度分布图像.结果表明:漳州热田地区正好位于一个地壳厚度突变带上,从漳州市往南向海岸方向地壳上隆,厚度只有29.5km,往北迅速加大到32.0 km左右;在这个突变带上地壳内所有速度界面均发生扭曲甚至错动,它可能是一个断裂带;地壳中部有一个横向延伸有限的低速区,其最低速度小于5.80km/s,顶部深度大于10.2km,这个低速区正好位于漳州市下方的地壳突变带上.作者推断它很可能就是漳州热田的壳内热源体,并可能是一个部分熔融体.