基于SBAS-InSAR和GM-SVR的居民区形变监测与预测

采用合成孔径雷达时序分析方法，利用2016-12～2017-05(12 d为一个周期)连续13景哨兵卫星雷达影像对淮南矿区内的居民区杨聚庄进行形变监测。根据矿区形变特征，提出一种基于灰色支持向量机（GM-SVR）的组合预测模型对矿区形变进行预测，并与传统的单一灰色模型和支持向量机预测模型进行对比。结果表明，时序InSAR技术和GM-SVR模型的结合，可以实现对矿区形变的快速监测和灾害预防，为矿区灾害监测与预警提供了一种可靠手段。     

山东省崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害发育现状与趋势分析

山东省崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害具区域分布相对集中 ,形成条件大致相近 ,周期性变化规律。其诱发因素主要是地震和降雨。本文采用统计法和标准点密度法对灾害的时空分布特征作了分析 ,并根据地质背景条件及气象周期、地震活动规律预测了灾害的多发部位和多发时段     

山东省栖霞市泥石流灾害的成生环境及危险性趋势分区评价

栖霞市是地质灾害多发区，主要地质灾害有泥石流、崩塌和滑坡，尤其是泥石流灾害频发，其形成主要受自然地理环境、地质条件和人类经济活动影响。因而在地质灾害调查成果基础上危险性趋势进行了分区评价，确定了泥石流灾，将泥石流的发育频度、面积密度和规模进行了分级，采用袭扰系数法对区内泥石流灾害的害的高危区、中危区和低危区，为泥石流灾害防治提供了科学依据。     

中国海洋渔业人力资源结构的灰色分析及其预测

用灰色关联和灰色预测的方法，对我国沿海省市海洋渔业人力资源的结构和现状进行了分析，并对2000～2005年的人力资源发展状况进行了预测。结果认为，对海洋渔业劳动力影响最大的因素是海洋捕捞专业的劳动力，其次是海洋兼业劳动力，再次是海洋养殖和后勤专业的劳动力，这一人力资源的组成结构对可持续渔业的发展要求不尽合理。通过分别建立灰色模型GM（1，1），预测到2000～2005年从事海洋渔业的劳动力人数将达到291.9～343.8万人，海洋捕捞的劳动力人数为128.5～149.2万人，海洋养殖的劳动力人数为54.3～77.9万人，海洋后勤的劳动力人数为29.1～35.4万人，海洋兼业的劳动力人数为81.3～87.9万人。     

中国海洋渔业人力资源结构的灰色分析及其预测

用灰色关联和灰色预测的方法，对我国沿海省市海洋渔业人力资源的结构和现状进行了分析，并对2000-2005年的人力资源发展状况进行了预测。结果认为，对海洋渔业劳动力影响最大的因素是海洋捕捞专业的劳动力，其次是海洋兼业劳动力，再次是海洋养殖和后勤专业的劳动力，这一人力资源的组成结构对可持续渔业的发展要求不尽合理。通过分别建立灰色模型GM(1，1)，预测到2000-2005年从事海洋渔业的劳动力人数将达到291．9～343．8万人，海洋捕捞的劳动力人数为128．5～149．2万人，海洋养殖的劳动力人数为54．3～77．9万人，海洋后勤的劳动力人数为29．1～35．4万人，海洋兼业的劳动力人数为81．3～87．9万人。     

灰色预测在环境水文地质中的应用

本文介绍了灰色预测的基本原理和特点 ,以及它的建模方法 ,并介绍了利用它对环境水文地质要素进行预测的步骤     

灰色马尔可夫模型在济南市耕地预测中的应用

以济南市为研究区域,分析了1996年至2010年耕地面积和人均耕地的变化态势,并运用灰色-马尔可夫预测的方法,建立划分状态的GM(1,1)模型,对研究区域的耕地面积进行了预测。研究表明:灰色-马尔可夫模型对波动较大的数据拟合较好,在预测中具有独特的优势。另外,济南市耕地面积在15年的时间中呈现出波动下降变化态势,虽在近年趋于稳定,但在快速城市化、人口增长等因素的影响下,保护形势依然严峻。     

滑坡变形预测灰色神经网络耦合模型的构建及适用性分析

结合灰色模型和神经网络的数据处理特点,提出串联、并联和混联式3种结构的灰色神经网络滑坡变形预测模型。串联式将滑坡变形位移时序分解为趋势项和随机项,采用灰色模型提取滑坡位移时序趋势,利用神经网络逼近随机波动;并联式以灰色模型和神经网络分别对滑坡预测,采用智能非线性组合,按照预测目标精度动态调整权重,从而获取最终组合预测结果;混联式通过增加灰白化层及灰模型群,对神经网络拓扑结构进行优化,达到弱化滑坡原始监测数据随机性、提高预测模型稳健性的目的。将3种模型应用于古树屋滑坡变形预测,并对其适用性进行讨论。结果表明,3种结构的灰色神经网络耦合模型均提高了预测精度,适用于复杂状况下滑坡体的变形预测。     

GM(1,1)模型的改进及其在变形预测中的应用

为了提高GM(1,1)模型预测精度,采用积分优化、二次拟合优化以及残差改化方法,分步对GM(1,1)模型进行改进,建立灰色多重修正模型.具体改进步骤为:首先,利用积分优化方法对背景值进行纠正,减小模型误差并提高预测精度;接着,对模型参数(发展系数和灰作用量)进行二次拟合优化,使参数更加接近理论真值;然后,根据预测结果进行适当的残差改化,提高模型整体的预测精度;最后,建立根据GM(1,1)模型改进的灰色多重修正模型.以重庆南川地区甄子岩崩塌为例,建立灰色多重修正模型对危岩裂缝累计位移值进行模拟和预测,并与GM(1,1)模型进行对比.精度检验结果表明:灰色多重修正模型后验差比值(0.082 39)明显好于GM(1,1)模型(0.192 67),平均相对残差比(0.073 9)更远好于GM(1,1)模型(0.259 6),表明灰色多重修正模型在预测精度上有较大提高,可靠性更好.     

栖霞市生木树泥石流隐患点发育特征及发展趋势分析评价

栖霞市生木树泥石流隐患点为烟台市471处地质灾害隐患点其中1处,曾于1979年7月因暴雨引发泥石流灾害,给当地村民造成严重经济损失。以该泥石流沟流域作为研究区,并以区内泥石流发育的自然环境、基本特征及形成泥石流的地质条件、物源条件和水源条件等勘察成果为基础,综合分析区内泥石流发育特征、类型、形成机理、引发因素,并选取相关参数对泥石流基本特征值进行计算,为同类型泥石流的防治提供科学依据。综合研究确定区内泥石流易发程度为轻度易发,现阶段泥石流沟发展阶段为发展期,泥石流灾害趋于相对稳定,但一旦遭遇暴雨至特大暴雨,可能会再次引发泥石流地质灾害。     

陕西省岚皋县城关镇泥石流形成条件及其防治

本文论述了陕西省岚皋县城关镇一带近年来所爆发的泥石流的形成条件、发育特征和发展趋势。据此文中提出了区内小白虎崖泥石流的发育过程模式和对区内泥石流的防治原则和措施。     

Effects of loose deposits on debris flow processes in the Aizi Valley,southwest China

Loose deposits, rainfall and topography are three key factors that triggering debris flows.However, few studies have investigated the effects of loose deposits on the whole debris flow process.On June 28, 2012, a catastrophic debris flow occurred in the Aizi Valley, resulting in 40 deaths.The Aizi Valley is located in the Lower Jinsha River,southwestern Sichuan Province, China. The Aizi Valley debris flow has been selected as a case for addressing loose deposits effects on the whole debris flow process through remote sensing, field investigation and field experiments. Remote sensing interpretation and laboratory experiments were used to obtain the distribution and characteristics of the loose deposits, respectively. A field experiment was conducted to explore the mechanics of slope debris flows, and another field investigation was conducted to obtain the processes of debris flow formation, movement and amplification. The results showed that loose deposits preparation, slope debris flow initiation,gully debris flow confluence and valley debris flow amplification were dominated by the loose deposits.Antecedent droughts and earthquake activities may have increased the potential for loose soil sources in the Aizi Valley, which laid the foundation for debris flow formation. Slope debris flow initiated under rainfall, and the increase in the water content as well as the pore water pressure of the loose deposits were the key factors affecting slope failure. The nine gully debris flows converged in the valley, and the peak discharge was amplified 3.3 times due to a blockage and outburst caused by a large boulder. The results may help in predicting and assessing regional debris flows in dry-hot and seismic-prone areas based on loose deposits, especially considering large boulders.     

Mechanisms involved in triggering debris flows within a cohesive gravel soil mass on a slope: a case in SW China

The triggering mechanisms of debris flows were explored in the field using artificial rainfall experiments in two gullies, Dawazi Gully and Aizi Gully, in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, China, respectively. The soils at both sites are bare, loose and cohesive gravel-dominated. The results of a direct shear test, rheological test and back-analysis using soil mass stability calculations indicate that the mechanisms responsible for triggering debris flows involved the decreases in static and dynamic resistance of the soil. The triggering processes can be divided into 7 stages: rainfall infiltration, generation of excess runoff, high pore water pressure, surface erosion, soil creep, soil slipping, debris flow triggering and debris flow increment. In addition, two critical steps are evident: (i) During the process of the soil mass changing from a static to a mobile state, its cohesion decreased sharply (e.g., the cohesion of the soil mass in Dawazi Gully decreased from 0.520 to 0.090 kPa, a decrease of 83%). This would have reduced the soil strength and the kinetic energy during slipping, eventually triggered the debris flow. (ii) When the soil mass began to slip, the velocity and the volume increment of the debris flow fluctuated as a result of the interaction of soil resistance and the sliding force. The displaced soil mass from the source area of the slope resulted in the deposition of a volume of soil more than 7 - 8 times greater than that in the source area.     

中朝板块南缘的滑塌堆积及其构造环境

陕西商洛及河南卢氏、栾川地区上元古界和下古生界地层中发育有滑塌堆积物,其主要类型包括岩崩、滑动、滑塌和沉积物重力流,其中后者主要见到碎屑流、颗粒流和浊流沉积。它们多从下到上构成了由粗到细由浅水到深水的退积序列,呈海相扇三角洲沉积在晚元古代冰川边缘及早古生代碳酸盐台地边缘的两种大陆斜坡上,其沉积特征反映了中朝板块南缘从晋宁期到早加里东期呈强烈抗张断陷的大陆边缘环境。     

Changes in runout distances of debris flows over time in the Wenchuan earthquake zone

A large number of debris flows occurred in the Wenchuan earthquake zone after the 12 May 2008 earthquake.The risks posed by these debris flows were rather high.An appropriate model is required to predict the possible runout distance and impacted area.This paper describes a study on the runout characteristics of the debris flows that occurred in the Wenchuan earthquake zone over the past four years.A total of 120 debris flows are analyzed.Separate multivariate regression models are established for the runout distances of hill-slope debris flows and channelized debris flows.The control variables include type of debris flow,debris flow volume,and elevation difference.Comparison of the debris flows occurring before and after the earthquake shows that the runout distance increased after the earthquake due to sufficient material supply and increased mobility of the source materials.In addition,the runout distances of annual debris flow events in 2008,2010 and 2011 are analyzed and compared.There is a tendency that the runout distance decreases over time due to the decreasing source material volume and possible changes of debris flow type.Comparison between the debris flows in the earthquake zone and the debris flows in Swiss Alps,Canada,Austria,and Japan shows that the former have a smaller mobility.     

Gravel accumulation in deposits of viscous debris flows with hyper-concentration

According to the observational data of viscous debris flows with hyper-concentration, debris flows can be classified into three types： high-viscous, viscous, and sub-viscous debris flows. Distinct formation mechanism of different graded bedding structures in deposits of viscous debris flows was analyzed in this paper by using their yield-stress ratio and flow plug ratio. This paper specially analyzed the effect of Weissenberg which the gravels in squirm condition of hyper-concentration viscous flows would tend to move vertically, and the formation mechanism of the gravels accumulated at surface was also studied. The analysis in this paper can establish a foundation for the studies on differentiation of bedding structures of debris flow deposits and studies on dynamic parameters of debris flows.     

潍坊涌泉庄膨润土、沸石岩、珍珠岩矿床矿层结构及其成因

本文阐述了涌泉庄火山－沉积型膨润土、沸石岩、珍珠岩三位一体矿床的矿层内部结构，将划分为Ａ，Ｂ，Ｃ，Ｄ，Ｅ五种类型。提出了矿床的形成是成矿原岩在外界条件作用下连续去硅的过程，对三矿的共生在成因方面得到了一致的解释。     

Slope debris flows in the Wenchuan Earthquake area

Avalanches and landslides, induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12, 2008, resulted in a lot of disaggregated, solid material on slopes that could be readily mobilized as source material for debris flows. Rainstorms triggered numerous slope debris flows with great damage to highways and rivers over the subsequent two years. Slope debris flows (as opposed to channelized debris flows) are defined as phenomena in which high-concentration mixtures of debris and water flow down slopes for short distances to highways and river banks. Based on field investigations and measurements of 19 slope debris flows, their main characteristics and potential mitigation strategies were studied. High rainfall intensity is the main triggering factor. Critical rainfall intensities for simultaneous occurrence of single, several and numerous slope debris flow events were 20 mm/day, 30mm/day, and 90 mm/day, respectively. Field investigations also revealed that slope debris flows consist of high concentrations of cobbles, boulders and gravel. They are two-phase debris flows. The liquid phase plays the role of lubrication instead of transporting medium. Solid particles collide with each other and consume a lot of energy. The velocities of slope debris flows are very low, and their transport distances are only several tens of meters. Slope debris flows may be controlled by construction of drainage systems and by reforestation.     

A catastrophic debris flow in the Wenchuan Earthquake area,July 2013: characteristics,formation, and risk reduction

In the Wenchuan Earthquake area,many co-seismic landslides formed blocking-dams in debris flow channels. This blocking and bursting of landslide dams amplifies the debris flow scale and results in severe catastrophes. The catastrophic debris flow that occurred in Qipan gully(Wenchuan,Southwest China) on July 11,2013 was caused by intense rainfall and upstream cascading bursting of landslide dams. To gain an understanding of the processes of dam bursting and subsequent debris flow scale amplification effect,we attempted to estimate the bursting debris flow peak discharges along the main gully and analyzed the scale amplification process. The results showed that the antecedent and triggering rainfalls for 11 July debris flow event were 88.0 mm and 21.6 mm,respectively. The event highlights the fact that lower rainfall intensity can trigger debris flows after the earthquake. Calculations of the debris flow peak discharge showed that the peak discharges after the dams-bursting were 1.17–1.69 times greater than the upstream peak discharge. The peak discharge at the gully outlet reached 2553 m~3/s which was amplified by 4.76 times in comparison with the initial peak discharge in the upstream. To mitigate debris flow disasters,a new drainage channel with a trapezoidal V-shaped cross section was proposed. The characteristic lengths(h1 and h2) under optimal hydraulic conditions were calculated as 4.50 m and 0.90 m,respectively.     

Activity evolution of landslides and debris flows after the Wenchuan earthquake in the Qipan catchment,Southwest China

The Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on 12 May 2008 induced numerous landslides. Loose landslide materials were deposited on hillslopes, and deep channels were easily remobilized and transformed into debris flows by extreme rainstorms. Twelve years after the Wenchuan earthquake, debris flows were still active in the Qipangou Ravine in the quake-hit area. In this paper, we continuously tracked the spatiotemporal evolution of the landslides and vegetation restoration and evaluated the evolution of debris flow activity in the Qipan catchment with the aid of a GIS platform and field investigations from 2008 to 2019. We observed that the area with active landslides increased sharply immediately following the earthquake, and then decreased with time; however, the total area of landslides continued to increase from 6.93 km2 in 2008 to 10.55 km2 in 2019. The active landslides shifted towards lower angles and higher elevations after 2013. Since 2009, the vegetation coverage has been gradually increasing and approaching the coverage present before the earthquake as of 2019. The landslide activity was high and the vegetation recovery rates were rapidly rising during the first five years after the earthquake; the recovery rates then slowed over time. Therefore, we divided the evolution that occurred during the post landslide period into an active period(2008-2013), a self-adjustment period(2013-2026) and a stable period(after 2026). We then proposed a quantitative model to determine the trends of landslide activity rates and NDVI values in the catchment, which indicated that the landslide activities and postseismic vegetation restoration rates in this catchment will return to preseismic levels within approximately two decades. We also analysed the runout volumes of the debris flows after the earthquakes(Diexi and Wenchuan) and the standard deviation of the vegetation coverage and predicted that the debris flow activities will last for an additional 50 years or more.