Ge湖氮,磷平衡研究

Ｇｅ湖位于江苏省常州市西南１３ｋｍ处，水面面积１６４ｋｍ＾２，平均水深１．２６ｍ，是太湖湖洋的重要组成部分。其氮、磷平衡研究结果表明：①入湖氮、磷总量分别为４１２０．２９ｔ／ａ和２７０．０３ｔ／ａ；其中以河道入湖量最大，分别占入湖总量的７１．９％和５７．１％，其次是养殖投饵，分别占入湖总量的１２．４％和２９．９％；氮、磷的滞留系数分别为０．３６和０．３５，年滞留量分别为１４８１．６ｔ和９４．８２ｔ     

骆马湖营养盐收支

根据对骆马湖1998年度营养盐（氮,磷）收入和支出的研究,结果表明,入湖氮,磷量分别为15764．78t和1035．53t,其中通过河道入湖的氮磷量最大,其年入湖氮磷量分别为13598．05t和942．35t,分别占总来源量的86．3％和91．0％,氮,磷在骆马湖湖体中的滞留量和沉降量较,滞留量分别为1532．65t和221．63t,分别占总来源量的9．7％和21．4％,沉积量分别为205．47t和199．95吨,分别占总业源量的1．3％和19．3％,湖水氮,磷蓄积变化大,湖水浓度升高较快,氮磷负荷较大,年平均负荷量分别为总氮42．04％g/m^2和总磷2．76g/m,^2。     

滆湖沉积物理化特征及磷释放腄

对滆湖表层底泥、柱状层祥和间隙水进行理化分析,模拟不同条件下的沉积物磷释放。结果表明,0～20cm深度范围内,各项理化指标变化较大;大于2cm后差异较小。当提高沉积物-水体系温度、降低氧含量(或Eh),提高pH及施以水动力作用时,可促进沉积物磷释放进程。无菌条件对磷释放有抑制作用。采用实验室模拟和间隙水浓度扩散模型计算得到的磷总释放量分别为10.65t/a和9.40t/a,其中湖面网围区释放量占全湖总量的28.2～35.4％。建议适度控制网围养殖规模,以减少内源磷污染。     

滆湖沉积物理化特征及磷释放模拟

对滆湖表层底泥、柱状层祥和间隙水进行理化分析,模拟不同条件下的沉积物磷释放。结果表明,0~20cm深度范围内,各项理化指标变化较大;大于2cm后差异较小。当提高沉积物-水体系温度、降低氧含量(或Eh),提高pH及施以水动力作用时,可促进沉积物磷释放进程。无菌条件对磷释放有抑制作用。采用实验室模拟和间隙水浓度扩散模型计算得到的磷总释放量分别为10.65t/a和9.40t/a,其中湖面网围区释放量占全湖总量的28.2~35.4%。建议适度控制网围养殖规模,以减少内源磷污染。     

特大洪水对浅水湖泊磷的影响:以2016年太湖为例

2016年太湖发生特大洪水,水位达到历史第二,入湖水量比平均年多60.8亿m³.而从2016年开始太湖磷指标改变了2010年以来平缓下降的趋势出现回升,也就是出现所谓“磷反弹”的问题.为了研究磷反弹和特大洪水之间的关系,本研究从2016年入湖水量、水质、磷通量、水中磷存量以及磷在太湖中的迁移过程出发,对大洪水前后太湖磷的变化进行分析.结果表明：洪水期间入湖河道带来大量的磷是引起磷反弹的主要原因.由于洪水的影响,2016年磷净入湖通量比往年平均水平多出579.2 t,约达到1683.0 t.其中,两次洪水贡献极大,约占全年水平的50%（6-7月和10月的洪水分别带入580.5和268.2 t磷）.磷反弹的另一个原因在于太湖存在较高的磷滞留率,磷在入湖后很难经由出湖河道排出.从入湖后磷的归趋上看,洪水过程中高磷浓度水块尽管存在由太湖西北部向东、南部迁移的过程,但途中水体磷浓度出现显著降低（即滞留现象）,导致高磷浓度水块未能到达出湖排泄区（太浦港、望虞河等）.全年净入湖磷通量中仅有小部分（205.3 t）直接引起水体磷浓度上升,而其余的大部分则滞留于底泥之中,明显高于往年水平.2016年滞留在太湖内的磷很可能破坏了往年底泥-上覆水的磷平衡,对后续水质的变化产生间接的影响.     

2001—2018年滇池总磷出入湖通量变化与源汇效应

磷的外源输入与底泥源汇变化是湖泊富营养化形成的重要原因,解析磷出入湖关键过程及其平衡变化对湖泊环境治理具有重要意义。本研究针对滇池外海出入湖磷通量变化问题,融合水文水质观测数据和HBV水文模型模拟数据,使用LOADEST负荷统计模型解析了2001-2018年滇池外海入湖河流、大气沉降和出湖河流的磷通量变化特征,评估了湖体总磷的源汇效应及其影响因素。结果表明:①2001-2018年滇池外海入湖磷通量年际间波动范围大,在118~700 t/a之间,多年平均入湖磷通量为280.61 t/a,其中河流平均输入251.97 t/a,大气沉降平均输入28.64 t/a,在研究的气象水文因子中,入湖磷通量主要影响因素是入湖流量和调水量,其次是降水;②滇池外海年均出湖总磷通量42.25 t/a,在8~84 t/a之间波动,出湖通量变化主要受入湖流量与调水量的影响,其次是气温;③在年和月的时间尺度上,滇池外海均表现为磷的环境汇,多年平均磷滞留量为238.36 t/a,但在部分年份(2009、2018年)逐日尺度上存在源效应。针对滇池外海常年表现磷的环境汇问题,调水工程对降低磷的滞留率有显著作用,但仍无法有效解决磷在湖泊中富集的问题。滇池外海持续的磷汇效应将增加湖泊未来水生态安全风险。     

基于湖库水质目标的流域氮、磷减排与分区管理——以天目湖沙河水库为例

湖库水环境保护在保障生产与生活用水、维系生态平衡、发展旅游等方面发挥着重要的作用.水质目标管理是保护湖库水质的最佳管理办法.本文以天目湖地区沙河水库及其流域为研究区域,建立模型模拟沙河水库流域的水文与水质,评估入库污染通量和主要来源;依据水质目标测算氮、磷污染的容量和减排量,结合土地的生态保护与开发适宜性评估,提出氮、磷污染分区减排和土地管控的对策和措施.研究结果表明,沙河水库氮、磷污染物入库通量分别为206.01和3.29 t/a,面源总氮和总磷分别占总入库量的85.7%和67.5%.不同土地利用类型氮、磷输出强度有显著差异,总氮输出强度依次为茶园 >耕地 >建筑用地 >裸地 >草地 >退耕地 >林地 >河湖漫滩,总磷输出强度与地表覆盖度有关,依次为裸地 >建筑用地 >茶园 >耕地 >草地 >退耕地 >林地和河湖漫滩.从氮、磷输移过程来看,沙河水库流域总氮排放量为321.64 t/a,进入河流的为255.53 t/a,在河道输送过程中损失19.4%,最终有206.01 t/a进入水库;沙河水库流域总磷排放量为13.42 t/a,进入河流的为7.90 t/a,在河道输送过程中损失58.3%,最终有3.29 t/a进入水库.不同分区河流氮、磷滞留降解率有很大的差异,中田河总氮、总磷滞留降解能力最强,分别为34.71%和84.31%.2009年的通量计算结果显示,沙河水库总氮达到Ⅳ类水质目标需要的入湖减少量为32.01 t/a,入湖削减比例为15.50%,总氮达到Ⅲ类水质目标需要的入湖减少量为59.66 t/a,入湖削减比例为29.00%;总磷达到Ⅲ类水需要的入湖减少量为0.682 t/a,入湖削减比例为20.70%,总磷达到Ⅱ类水需要的入湖减少量为1.479 t/a,入湖削减比例为44.90%.为了实现基于土地利用的面源污染减排管控,选定植被覆盖度、水源涵养能力、地形坡度、土地利用、氮磷分区贡献量、与道路和村落距离等指标综合评估生态保护价值和开发适宜性,并划定禁止开发区、限制开发区和保护性开发区3个管理分区,最终确定各分区的开发强度限制和管控方式.     

2001-2002水文年环太湖河道的水量及污染物通量

根据2001-2002水文年115条环太湖河道的同步环境监测资料,对水量及污染物通量进行了估算.全年的入湖水量为80.11×108m3,出湖水量为96.67×108m3.入湖水量主要通过西部河网以及西苕溪、望虞河等河流汇入太湖,其中西部河网的入湖量占总入湖量的60%;出湖水量主要通过太浦河、东苕溪以及东部河网汇出太湖,其中太浦河的出湖量占47%.污染物通量的估算结果是,CODMn、TN及TP的入湖总通量分别为37571t/a、28658t/a及1029t/a,出湖总通量分别为35431t/a、14600t/a及668t/a.CODMn、TN及TP入湖通量通过西部河网进入太湖的比例占63%、49%及47%;CODMn、TN及TP出湖通量通过太浦河汇出太湖的比例占51%、45%及34%.通过与上世纪90年代以前相同年型的数据进行对比,除TP外,其它各种污染物的入湖量均明显增加,且污染物在湖泊中的滞留率也显著提高.由此说明,环太湖河道入湖污染负荷的增加是太湖水环境恶化的根本原因.     

滆湖磷迁移过程研究(二)——磷平衡及磷迁移的预测

在滆湖磷的来源途径调查和磷迁移过程模型建立的基础上,计算了磷的平衡及磷浓度的变化趋势。结果表明,滆湖磷的年入湖量为270t,年出湖量为174．5t,滞留系数为0．35。在适当控制和合理利用磷资源的情况下,滆湖水体将继续维持目前的中营养水平;反之,隔湖磷浓度将逐年上升,湖水富营养化的进程将会大大加快。     

城市浅水型湖泊底泥释磷的通量估算--以南京玄武湖为例

以南京玄武湖为研究对象,通过静态条件下5℃、10℃、15℃、25℃、35℃玄武湖底泥释磷室内实验计算玄武湖释磷速率,得出底泥释磷速率与上覆水温度的关系,进而算出玄武湖北湖每年磷释放量为0．815 t,东南湖每年磷释放量为 1．013t,西南湖每年磷释放量为0．266t．玄武湖每年底泥释磷总量为2．094 t．根据费克定理,建立了间隙水扩散模型,利用模型计算玄武湖北湖每年磷释放量为0．799 t,东南湖每年磷释放量为0．983 t,西南湖每年磷释放量为0．232 t．玄武湖每年底泥释磷总量为2．014t．在不考虑外源污染的情况下,由底泥磷释放造成的内源污染使玄武湖磷浓度年均维持在 0．101 mg/L,超过湖泊富营养化磷标准,因此,在切断外源污染的情况下应采取措施治理磷的内源污染．     

太湖水华成因及控制途径初探

1990年8～12月对太湖水华9次调查表明,水华主要由漂浮性蓝藻—微囊藻组成,夏季SE风时其漂移集聚是西北湖区形成严重水华的主要原因。这种漂移使得藻类所含营养物逆吞吐流方向传输,形成了一种“生物营养滤器”,加速了太湖尤其是西北湖区的富营养化进程。太湖外源N、P负荷量分别为12.0和0.85g/(m~2·a),足以引起富营养化;表层5cm底泥中含丰富的N、P,其释放也成为湖水中部分营养的来源。因2～8月藻类总生物量的增长基本遵守Logistic方程dN/dt=N·r(1—N/K),故对藻类控制可从N、r入手,即通过收获藻类达到控制藻类总量和营养输出的双重功效;提高水位增加非光合层厚度,有效地降低水柱中藻类生产力;建立有水生植被的水质保护区也是一种局部藻类控制方法。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus budget in coastal and marine cage aquaculture and impacts of effluent loading on ecosystem: review and analysis towards model development

Being an essentially open system, cages are usually characterized by a high degree of interaction with environment and cage systems are highly likely to produce large bulk of wastes that are released directly into the environment. Therefore, large-scale cage aquaculture development has been put into question and concerns have been raised that cage aquaculture produces large bulk of wastes that are rich in organic matter and nutrients and are released into coastal and nearshore environment. Recent information on cage aquaculture nutrient budget is scarce and most published reports are dated. This paper reviews cage aquaculture nutrient budget and nutrient loadings and propose a model for nutrient (nitrogen, N and phosphorus, P) budget in a hypothetical cage aquaculture farm with values of feed loss, FCR (feed conversion ratio) and nutrient contents in feed and fish taken from published literature in order to calculate the amount (kg) of N and P produced and released to the environment for each ton of fish produced. The paper proposes, in addition, a critically analyzed nutrient budget based on the dry matter conversion rate instead of the usual feed conversion rate. The conceptual model shows that 132.5 kg N and 25.0 kg P are released to the environment for each ton of fish produced; these values are as high as 462.5 kg N and 80.0 kg P when calculated on the basis of dry matter conversion rate instead of usual feed conversion rate. Thus, the annual global N and P loadings from cage aquaculture (10,000 tons fish and 3000 tons dry matter) are 1325 tons N and 250 tons P and 1387.5 tons N and 240.0 tons P based on usual feed conversion rate and dry matter conversion rate respectively. The paper also proposes, by analyzing the existing data, an FCR-based regression model for predicting nutrient loadings for a given diet. Finally, attempt was made to calculate the annual global loading and release of N and P from cage aquaculture to the coastal and marine environment, the potential impacts of nutrient loading on the ecosystem were discussed and critical points to be considered for minimizing nutrient output in cage aquaculture were suggested.     

湖泊湿地的水质净化效应——以太湖三山湿地为例

为了解湖泊湿地的水质净化效果,以太湖三山湿地为研究对象,综合利用遥感、GIS技术、现场水质监测、实验室分析和模型模拟等方法,分析三山湿地对污染物的拦截净化效果,进而探讨湖泊湿地对水体氮、磷污染物的削减渠道及其贡献率.结果表明三山湿地对太湖水体和三山岛生活污水均有明显净化效果.2014年三山湿地的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)输入通量分别为549.45和19.4 t,通过水草打捞/收割分别去除20.99和4.52 t,湿地水体内TN、TP变化量分别为528.46和14.88 t,这部分营养盐输出途径包括沉积到底泥、降解转化、水体交换等.湿地的TN、TP拦截能力分别为2723.56和102.48 kg/(hm2·a).水生植物收割打捞与底泥疏浚是提高湿地水质净化能力的有效措施.水动力模拟结果显示,三山湿地建成后使附近水域水体流向发生变化,流速减小,对湿地内水质产生多方面的作用.     

Organic matter governs N and P balance in Danube Delta lakes

The transformation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP), and the release of dissolved organic and particulate N and P, were analyzed in two lake complexes (Uzlina–Isac and Puiu–Rosu–Rosulet) of the Danube Delta wetland during flood conditions in May and at low water level in September 2006. The Uzlina–Isac complex was hydrologically tightly-connected with the Danube River and was flushed with river-borne nutrients and organic matter. These lakes acted as effective transformers for nutrients and produced large amounts of fresh biomass, that promoted the excretion of dissolved organic N and P during active growth. Biomass breakdown created particulate matter (<0.45 μm), which was widely liberated during low flow in the fall. The Puiu–Rosu–Rosulet complex was characterized by a more distant position to the Danube and proximity to the Black Sea, and received dominantly transformed organic compounds from the flow-through water and vast vegetation cover. Due to reduced nutrient input, the internal production of organic biomass also was reduced in these more remote lakes. Total N and P export from the lake nearest to the shelf was governed by dominantly dissolved organic and particulate compounds (mean 58 and 82%, respectively). Overall, this survey found that these highly productive wetlands efficiently transform nutrients into a large pool of dissolved organic and particulate N and P. Hence, wetland lakes may behave widely as net sources of organic N and P to downstream waters and coastal marine systems.     

垂向归纳模型下鄱阳湖丰、枯水期初级生产力特征及与环境因子相关性分析

于2014年1月(枯水期)、7月(丰水期)对鄱阳湖湖水进行采集,测定相应的理化参数、叶绿素a浓度和光合有效辐射,结合初级生产力垂向归纳模型估算浮游植物初级生产力,分析湖区初级生产力特征及与环境因子的相关性.结果表明,鄱阳湖枯水期浮游植物初级生产力波动范围为83.50~355.43 mg C/(m~3·d),平均值为193.33 mg C/(m~3·d),初级生产力空间分布特征主要受水体类型的影响,枯水期初级生产力与氮、磷营养盐浓度呈负相关,其中与铵态氮浓度呈显著负相关,枯水期不会出现营养盐限制现象;丰水期浮游植物初级生产力波动范围为113.80~1134.06 mg C/(m~3·d),平均值为412.12 mg C/(m~3·d),初级生产力空间分布主要受河流注入的影响,丰水期浮游植物初级生产力与总磷及悬浮物浓度呈显著正相关,由于悬浮物对浮游植物生长的促进作用大于抑制作用,鄱阳湖丰水期会出现磷营养盐的限制;鄱阳湖整体平均流速约为0.28 m/s,易于浮游植物的生长,南鄱阳湖平均流速约为0.21 m/s,而北鄱阳湖平均流速约为0.35 m/s,所以南鄱阳湖比北鄱阳湖更容易发生水体富营养化并暴发水华.     

近百年来洱海沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化

湖泊沉积物有机碳埋藏是陆地碳循环中重要的环节,对全球碳平衡起着重要的作用.洱海是云贵高原第二大淡水湖,目前对洱海生态环境变化、重金属与营养盐污染等已展开了较为深入的研究,但对近百年来沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化与驱动因素缺乏系统的分析.本文通过对洱海北部湖区典型岩芯（编号EH2012）以及其他湖区13个沉积岩芯中有机碳（OC）含量的分析,结合湖泊生态环境与气候因子变化,研究了近百年来沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化特征与影响因素.C/N摩尔比值表明洱海沉积物中OC以湖泊内源为主,不同湖区岩芯中OC含量变化趋势基本相似.以EH2012岩芯为例,OC含量历史变化可分为3个阶段：1970年以前,表现出较稳定的低值;1970-2000年,OC含量逐渐增加;2000年以来,OC含量增加更加明显并达到近百年来的最大值.近百年来,EH2012岩芯有机碳累积速率（OCAR）呈逐渐增加趋势,变化范围为7.9~87.2 g/（m²·a）,平均OCAR（OCAR）为24.1 g/（m²·a）;OCAR变化与OC含量和区域气温呈显著正相关,全球变暖与营养驱动下的湖泊生产力提高可能是近年来OCAR增加的主要原因之一.基于重金属Cd污染初始时间建立的时标,1982年以来不同湖区OCAR为17.1~44.7 g/（m²·a）,采用克里金插值得到的全湖OCAR均值为31.4 g/（m²·a）;不同湖区OCAR与磷累积速率呈显著正相关,指示了湖泊营养水平对有机碳埋藏空间变化的重要影响.     

Modelling the relative impact of rivers (Scheldt/Rhine/Seine) and Western Channel waters on the nutrient and diatoms/Phaeocystis distributions in Belgian waters (Southern North Sea)

The coastal areas of the Southern North Sea (SNS) experience eutrophication problems resulting from freshwater nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs from rivers. In particular, massive blooms of Phaeocystis colonies occur in Belgian waters. In this region, water masses result from the mixing of Western Channel (WCH) waters transported through the Straits of Dover with nutrient-rich freshwater from the Scheldt, the Rhine and Meuse, the Seine, the Thames and other smaller rivers. However, the relative contribution of the WCH and each river to the inorganic nutrient pool and the impact on the phytoplankton community structure (diatoms and Phaeocystis) are not known. In order to effectively manage the eutrophication problems, it is necessary to know: (i) the relative contribution of the WCH and of each river impacting the region and (ii) the relative effect of a N and/or P nutrient reduction on the Phaeocystis blooms. To answer these questions, sensitivity tests (1% nutrient reduction) and nutrient reduction scenarios (50% nutrient reduction) have been performed with a three-dimensional (3D) coupled physical–biogeochemical model (MIRO&CO-3D).MIRO&CO-3D results from the coupling of the COHERENS 3D hydrodynamic model with the ecological model MIRO. The model has been set up for the region between 48.5°N, 4°W and 52.5°N, 4.5°E and run to simulate the annual cycle of carbon, inorganic and organic nutrients, phytoplankton (diatoms and Phaeocystis), bacteria and zooplankton (microzooplankton and copepods) in the SNS under realistic forcing (meteorology and river inputs) for the period 1991–2003. The relative contribution of the WCH waters and of the different rivers on the inorganic nutrient pool available for phytoplankton (diatoms and Phaeocystis) growth is assessed by decreasing by 1% the nutrient (dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN and inorganic phosphate, PO₄) inputs from the WCH and from, respectively, the Scheldt (and smaller Belgian rivers), the Rhine/Meuse and the Seine (and smaller French rivers) [sensitivity tests]. The relative role of N and P reduction on the diatoms/Phaeocystis distribution is further explored by simulations with 50% reduction of the total (inorganic and organic) N and total P river inputs [nutrient reduction scenarios]. These scenarios allow assessing the impact of the expected 50% reduction of river nutrient inputs resulting from the implementation of nutrient reduction policy.Results of the sensitivity tests suggest that the impact of a 1% reduction of river nutrient inputs on surface nutrients (DIN and PO₄) over the Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) area is similar for the Seine and the Scheldt, which are in turn greater than for the Rhine. However, a hypothetical 1% reduction of nutrient input from the WCH boundary would have a higher impact than for the Scheldt. The impact of nutrient reduction is higher for DIN than for PO₄ whatever the river (contrary to the WCH). DIN is more sensitive to riverine nutrient reduction because the rivers are over enriched in DIN compared to PO₄. The sensitivity tests suggest also that a PO₄ river input reduction would result in a N:P increase and a DIN river input reduction would result in a N:P decrease but that a combined (PO₄ and DIN) input reduction would reduce the N:P ratio at sea.From 50% nutrient reduction scenarios, model results suggest that a total P reduction would induce a significant decrease of diatoms and a small (coast) to negligible (offshore) decrease of Phaeocystis biomass. On the contrary, a total N reduction would induce a significant decrease of Phaeocystis biomass and a moderate increase of diatoms. When N and P river input reductions are combined, the model predicts a significant decrease of Phaeocystis biomass in Belgian waters and a significant decrease of diatom biomass in the coastal waters and a small increase offshore. A future management plan aiming at Phaeocystis reduction should thus prioritise N reduction.     

典型农业流域不同类型池塘水体CO2排放特征

内陆水体是大气CO₂收支估算的重要组成部分。农业流域分布着大量池塘景观水体,且具备蓄洪抗旱、消纳污染、水产养殖等多种功能。但是,农业流域不同功能的小型池塘CO₂排放特征尚不清楚。本研究以极具农业流域代表性的烔炀河流域为研究对象,选取流域中用于水产养殖(养殖塘)、生活污水承纳(村塘)、农业灌溉(农塘)、蓄水(水塘)的4个功能不同的景观池塘,基于为期1年的野外实地观测,以明确农业流域小型池塘CO₂排放特征。结果表明,不同功能池塘水体CO₂排放差异显著,受养殖活动、生活污水输入和农田灌溉等人类活动影响,养殖塘((80.37±100.39) mmol/(m²·d))、村塘((48.69±65.89) mmol/(m²·d))和农塘((13.50±15.81) mmol/(m²·d))是大气CO₂的热点排放源,其CO₂排放通量分别是自然蓄水塘((4.52±23.26) mmol/(m²·d))的18、11和3倍。统计分析也表明,该流域池塘CO₂排放变化总体上受溶解氧、营养盐等因素驱动。4个不同景观池塘CO₂排放通量全年均值为(37.31±67.47) mmol/(m²·d),是不容忽视的CO₂排放源,其中养殖塘和村塘具有较高的CO₂排放潜力,在未来研究中需要重点关注。