浅谈八项质量管理原则在工勘施工企业中的应用

随着改革及施工市场的需要,工勘施工企业都需要进行质量体系认证工作.2000版质量管理体系国家标准在总结1994版质量管理体系国家标准实践的基础上明确提出了八项质量管理原则:以顾客为关注焦点、领导作用、全员参与、过程方法、管理的系统方法、持续改进、基于事实的决策方法以及与供方的互利关系.八项质量管理原则科学总结了世界各国多年来理论研究的成果和实践的经验,体现了质量管理的基本规律,是2000版GB/T19000族质量管理体系国家标准的基础.八项质量管理原则可以作为工勘施工企业制定质量方针的基础,工勘施工企业的最高管理者可以运用这些原则领导本单位进行业绩改进.实际上,这些原则不仅体现质量管理的基本规律,也适用于工勘施工企业的全部管理.质量管理原则的提出和应用,为进一步提高工勘施工企业质量管理的科学性,乃至为提高工勘施工企业管理科学性创造了条件.     

质量管理体系标准在测绘企业的应用

随着市场经济的不断推进,企业的质量管理及产品质量越来越受到重视,质量管理体系认证工作方兴未艾,实施《质量管理体系标准》已成为大多企业质量管理工作的核心内容。8项质量管理原则既是《标准》的理论基础,又是企业的领导者进行质量管理的基本准则。掌握八项管理原则并加以科学地运用,是执行质量管理体系标准、进而取得良好管理业绩的关键。     

施工企业开展质量管理体系认证的实践

介绍了施工企业开展ISO 9001：2000质量管理体系认证工作中准备阶段，编制文件，建立质量管理体系阶段和质量管理体系运行阶段的具体实践过程。     

质量时代来临 你准备好了吗?

正为贯彻落实中共中央、国务院《关于开展质量提升行动的指导意见》精神,国家质检总局、国家认监委在全国范围内组织开展了质量管理体系认证升级行动及"质量管理体系认证升级版"活动。其中,中国勘察设计行业共有10家企业通过了第一批质量管理体系升级版认证。本期,我刊专门策划了《质量时代来临,你准备好了吗?》专题报道,选取刊登了部分试点企业在质量管理及质量提升方面的创新理念及实践经验,以期为业内企业完善质量管理、提升质量水平、推进转型升级提供参考和借鉴,敬请关注。     

贯标认证是勘察设计企业一项紧迫的工作

随着我国认证事业的发展,勘察设计行业质量管理体系认证工作从无到有,取得了一定成绩。勘察设计行业认证始于1994年,到2002年底,全行业已有近10％的企业通过ISO9000标准质量管理体系认证从认证企业类型看,大中型勘察设计企业较多;从分     

用战略和标准化打造企业管理的坚强"木桶"

当前社会,各种管理思想和管理理论不断涌现,企业要根据自身性质和特点选择适宜的管理理论和管理工具构建企业管理体系.用企业战略管理和标准化等管理理论构建企业管理体系是一种有益的尝试.     

实施分级认证 推动质量提升——《工程勘察设计行业质量管理体系分级认证要求与评价准则》介绍

正为深入贯彻质量强国战略,落实中共中央、国务院关于开展质量提升行动、加强全面质量管理的重大决策部署,国家认证认可监督管理委员会开展了质量管理体系分级认证试点工作。作为中国勘察设计行业唯一一家质量管理分级认证的试点认证机构,北京中设认证服务有限公司组织了37家勘察设计企业的60多位专家,编制了《工程勘察设计行业质量管理体系分级认证要求与评价准则》,目前,该标准的试     

岩土工程设计、施工项目的企业内部质量管理

近年来，岩土工程设计和施工业务已成为众多勘察单位的支柱产业，同时业务的拓展给单位原有的勘察管理体系带来挑战，尤其是质量管理体系。本文从岩土工程的质量特点着手，分析了企业岩土工程设计和施工项目的内部质量体系建立的必要性，并提出了岩土工程设计和施工项目的质量控制要点。     

加强顶层设计 完善管理体系 促进企业发展

正近年来,为了顺应时代要求,保持或扩大在行业的影响力和号召力,不少勘察设计企业延伸产业链进行业务转型,或深或浅地介入工程业务,做项目管理、工程总承包,进而做BT、BOT等等。于是,企业在质量管理体系(ISO 9001)认证的基础上,增加了环境管理体系(ISO14001)认证和职业健康安全管理体系(GB/T28001)认证。在工程总承包业务的市场竞逐中,部分企业取得了施工资质并从事了施工业务,于是,在三体系认证的基础上,又增加了GB/T50430这一工程建设施工企业质量管理规范认证,至此,形成了"四标三体系"的认证局面。     

建立综合管理体系 消除管理孤岛

正当前,为提高管理水平,勘察设计行业不断摸索新的管理模式,有的开展卓越绩效模式,有的实施质量管理体系升级版认证。笔者认为,卓越绩效模式和质量管理体系升级版认证,有利于帮助企业发现管理过程中存在的问题,并为其提供诊断和改进方向,但如何解决尚在摸索中;综合管理体系的建立,为企业解决制度与体系、体系与体系之间并行交叉重复,以及消除管理孤岛提供了基本思路。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.