干旱半干旱地区草原灌丛荒漠化及其 生物地球化学循环

干旱和半干旱地区草地生态系统木本植物入侵及其导致的草原灌丛化已经成为全球范 围普遍发生的现象, 是草地沙化和荒漠化的一个重要标志。干旱生态系统中, 此种类型的植被变 化将对区域和全球生物地球化学循环产生显著影响。过度放牧、区域气候干旱化和自然火过程是 导致灌丛入侵和发展的主要控制因子。草原灌丛化过程中, 草地生态系统分布较为均匀的土壤养 分及相关元素在水平和垂直方向发生分异, 关键生命元素C、N、P 、S 生物地球化学循环的变化 将对全球气候变化产生显著作用。全球气候变化与草原灌丛荒漠化之间存在潜在的反馈机制, 人 类扰动的影响将使这种反馈作用变得更加迅速和灵敏。     

干旱半干旱区草原灌丛化的原因及影响-争议与进展

灌丛化作为全球干旱半干旱区草原普遍发生的现象,其定义为草原生态系统中灌木/木本的生物量、密度、盖度的增加以及草本的生物量、密度、盖度的减少。草原灌丛化是气候变化和人类活动多种因素综合作用的结果。过度放牧被认为是引发草原灌丛化的主要原因之一。最新的研究结果表明过度放牧并不能导致草原灌丛化,但过度放牧后实施休牧却改变了草本与灌木的种间作用,有可能导致灌木的扩张。灌木入侵草原长期以来被认为是草原的退化,结论来源于干旱区土壤沙化的情形,在沙化的灌木林中,土壤碳库被局限于灌木株丛及其周边,使草原的碳截留和储存降低。但最近的全球性集成研究表明草原中灌木覆盖率盖度增加对生态系统可以产生积极作用,灌木可以增加土壤水分的下渗,有利于生态系统的水分储存和和养分的转化(如加强氮的矿化过程)。草原灌丛化对生态系统结构和功能影响存在景观尺度和斑块尺度上的差异。进一步研究适应灌丛化过程的管理机制,综合不断变化的气候条件因素和地域因素,采取合理的草原管理策略,对于全球草原区生产具有极其重要的意义。     

模拟湿地生境升温条件下湿地底泥——水体磷元素循环特征

气候变暖对全球生态系统产生了广泛的影响,这其中包括与水质安全和水质演变密切有关的湿地磷元素生物地球化学循环.以长三角南区6块磷库与碳库具有显著差异的湿地为研究对象,通过基于微宇宙原理的湿地生境研究平台模拟升温环境,以现实环境温度为对照组,以(5±1)℃的温度为升温组,探讨升温条件下的湿地磷元素生物地球化学循环特征.结果...     

泥炭地与全球变化

近半个世纪来，由于人口数量的急剧增加，人类对自然资源的不合理利用，导致全球的生态环境发生了急剧变化，以全球变暖为标志的全球变化(global change)成为当今国际社会日益关注的主题。按照最近国际地圈与生物圈计划(IGBP)的解释，全球变化应包括大气成分的变化、全球气候变化、土地利用和土地覆盖的变化、生物多样性变化、人口增长、荒漠化等内容。全球变化对所有生态系统均产生了影响，甚至对脆弱的生态系统如泥炭地(peatland)构成了严重威胁。     

干旱半干旱地区草地碳循环关键过程对降雨变化的响应

未来全球气候变化背景下,全球或局部地区的降雨量及降雨时间分布将发生一定的变化.草地生态系统在全球碳收支中作用显著,对气候变化的反馈起着重要的作用.但由于草地多处于干旱半干旱地区,受到水分条件的限制,对降雨变化响应敏感,其碳源汇功能表现出很大的不确定性.为了更好地预测未来全球气候变化背景下草地的碳源汇功能及其对气候变化的进一步反馈,有必要深入研究决定草地碳源汇功能的两大碳循环关键过程--净初级生产力和土壤呼吸对降雨变化的响应特征及机制.本文对国内外有关草地生产力和土壤呼吸如何对降雨量、降雨强度、降雨频率和间隔时间进行响应的相关研究成果进行了综述,在此基础上指出了目前研究存在的不足,并对未来相关的重点研究方向进行了探讨和展望.     

2004－2014年河西走廊荒漠化草地生态系统服务价值估算

草地是干旱、半干旱区面积占优势的生态系统,在时间尺度上对其进行生态系统服务价值评估是判断区域生态系统处于改善或退化的主要途径。基于野外调查和遥感分类解译划分的河西走廊荒漠化草地基础数据,首次建立了河西走廊不同类型、不同程度荒漠化草地生态系统服务价值计算和修正方案,评估了第三次（2004年）、第四次（2009年）和第五次（2014年）荒漠化监测期河西走廊荒漠化草地生态系统服务价值动态变化及服务价值结构。结果表明：（1）2004—2014年间河西走廊草地荒漠化呈现轻微逆转趋势,荒漠化草地面积由519.7万 hm²减少至357.7万 hm²;（2）10年间河西走廊荒漠化草地生态系统服务总价值以损失为主,损失量达209亿元;（3）河西走廊荒漠化草地生态系统服务总价值在时空分布、荒漠化类型和程度方面存在显著差异;（4）河西走廊荒漠化草地生态系统服务倾向于气候调节、净化环境和水文调节功能。     

基于Biome-BGC模型的青藏高原五道梁地区NPP变化及情景模拟

以“气候变暖”为标志的全球气候变化对青藏高原生态系统产生强烈影响,利用参数本地化的生物地球化学模型（Biome-BGC）对五道梁地区草地生态系统进行模拟,研究了该区域1961~2015年净初级生产力（net primary productivity,NPP）的变化,并进行了情景模拟。结果表明:五道梁地区近55 a草地年均NPP为67.94 g/(m ²·a),呈显著上升趋势,主要是由生长季延长以及9月份生物量快速增长造成。在该地区,温度是草地NPP的主导因子,降水变化在40%以内对生产力影响不显著;温度和降水交互影响NPP,对单一影响有放大作用,暖湿条件下NPP对气候变化响应更加明显。     

基于MODIS时序数据的中国西南地区主要植被生态系统干扰动态监测及分析

在自然或人为活动的干扰下,生态系统的正常功能或多或少受到影响。生态系统干扰信息可为跟踪气候变化响应、探寻全球碳循环路径和维系生态系统功能提供重要参考。飞速发展的遥感技术为生态系统干扰信息的获取提供了新的思路,高时空分辨率的遥感影像能及时有效地监测干扰事件发生的时间和位置。本文以中国西南地区为例,选用2005—2016年MODIS影像的地表温度LST（Land Surface Temperature）和增强型植被指数EVI（Enhanced Vegetation Index）产品,首先应用遥感干扰指数模型提取2007—2016年的逐年生态系统干扰数据,然后研究了西南地区森林与草地灌丛生态系统干扰的时空分布,并通过地面着火点观测记录、遥感火烧迹地数据、Google Earth和政府报告等验证干扰指数模型的有效性,最后明晰中国西南地区森林与草地灌丛干扰强度的分布特征。结果表明：① 本文使用的遥感干扰指数模型对干扰事件十分敏感,明显优于单独使用EVI或LST。② 本文提取的森林生态系统干扰和草地灌丛生态系统干扰与Google Earth、气象数据等保持高度一致。③ 森林与草地灌丛干扰是研究区内最主要的生态系统干扰,约占每年总干扰面积的90%。④ 森林干扰最强烈区在川西高原地区,可能的干扰类型为森林火灾,草地灌丛干扰最强烈区为青藏高原农牧区,可能的干扰类型为气象干旱干扰。     

我国高寒草甸碳循环研究进展

在我国，高寒草甸是广布于青藏高原的主要植被类型之一，它对青藏高原大气与地面之间的能量平衡、水气交换、生物地球化学循环有着极其重要的作用。近年随着人们对全球气候变暖问题的日益关注，高寒草甸，这个全球气候敏感生态系统的源、汇动态及其影响因素的研究，成了认识全球碳循环的关键之一。分析了草地生态系统在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，对我国高寒草地生态系统碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，包括植物、凋落物和土壤三大碳库以及主要含碳温室气体通量等。     

“草地生态系统碳循环过程”研究进展

我国草地生态系统碳素总贮量为308 PgC,占陆地生态系统碳素总储量的15·2%,草地生态系统在碳循环研究中占有重要的位置。草地生态系统碳循环具有其独特的生物地球化学循环过程和作用,主要表现为:碳素储量绝大部分集中于土壤中,地上生物量中仅为10%;草地生态系统不像森林生态系统那样具有明显的地上生物量,但由于地上部分受放牧、农垦等的影响碳循环远较森林生态系统要强烈,地上部分碳循环不仅速度快,而且向大气排放CO2的作用明显;作为主要碳贮存库的地下部分,由于草地所处的特殊地理位置和气候条件,导致其地下部分分解普遍较慢,草地作为CO2汇的作用更为明显。因此,对于草地生态系统独特的碳循环过程与机制的研究     

Shrubs proliferated within a six-year exclosure in a temperate grassland—Spatiotemporal relationships between vegetation and soil variables

Overgrazing has been considered one of the maj or causes that trigger shrub encroachment of grassland. Proliferation of shrubs in grassland is recognized as an important indicator of grassland degradation and desertification. In China, various conservation measures, including enclosures to reduce livestock grazing, have been taken to reverse the trend of grassland desertification, yet shrubs have been reported to increase in the grasslands over the past decades. In late 2007, we set up a 400-m-by-50-m exclosure in a long-term overgrazed temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, with the ob- jective to quantify the spatiotemporal relationship between vegetation dynamics, soil variables, and grazing exclusion. Soil moisture was continuously monitored within the exclosure, and cover and aboveground biomass of the shrubs were measured inside the exclosure in 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013, and outside the exclosure in 2012 and 2013. We found the average shrub cover and biomass significantly increased in the six years by 103 % and 120%, respectively. The result supported the hypothesis that releasing grazing pressure following long-term overgrazing tends to trigger shrub invasion into grassland. Our results, limited to a single gradient, suggest that any conservation measures with quick release of overgrazing pressure by enclosure or other similar means might do just the opposite to accelerate shrub en- croachment in grassland. The changes in vegetation cover and biomass were regressed on the temporal average of the soil moisture content by means of the generalized least square technique to quantify the effect of the spatial autocor- relation. The result indicates that the grass cover and biomass significantly increased with the top, but decreased with the bottom layer soil moisture. The shrub cover and biomass, on the other hand, decreased with the top, but increased with bottom soil moisture, although the regression coefficients for the shrubs were not statistically significant. Hence this study supports the two-layered soil model which assumes grasses and shrubs use belowground resources in dif- ferent depths.     

Contrasting nutrient-capture strategies in shrubs and grasses of a Patagonian arid ecosystem

Shallow-rooted grasses and deep-rooted shrubs dominate arid ecosystems where nitrogen is concentrated in the upper layers of the soil and water is distributed throughout. Analysis of mineral nitrogen and absorption patterns using a tracer indicated that shrubs in Patagonia absorbed nutrients from the lower, relatively nutrient-poor layers of the soil. Are they, consequently, at a competitive disadvantage with grasses that have the opposite pattern? Studies of nitrogen economy indicated that shrub and grass species have similar N-use efficiency but that they achieve it through opposite mechanisms. Shrubs have a conservative N economy absorbing annually only small fraction of their N content, whereas grasses have a more open N economy. This study about N-capture strategies in conjunction with previous studies about water-use by shrubs and grasses in the Patagonian Steppe suggest a coupling of N and water-capture strategies. Our findings have implications for the response of arid and semiarid ecosystems to global warming, nitrogen deposition, and biodiversity change. For example, climate change scenarios predict, for most arid regions, decreases in moisture availability that will result in a reduction in deep water, which in turn will reduce shrub density and result in a less conservative nitrogen economy.     

呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究（Ⅲ）: 微地貌和土层的影响

 采用剖面测量,沿剖面选取不同微地貌部位测量土层厚度、坚实度、粒度构成,并进行室内统计比较和分析的方法,对呼伦贝尔沙质草原区风蚀坑的发育受微地貌部位和土层控制的情况进行了研究。发现在接近自然状态下风蚀坑主要发育于西南坡和南坡的上部和中部;由于翻耕、机动车道路等人类活动诱发,也形成于平坦的草地,北坡和东坡甚至低地。沙质草原区的土层中部存在一个粗化层,在失去草被和上部的土壤-根系层保护时特别容易遭受风蚀的侵害,形成风沙流破坏钙积层并导致风蚀坑的形成。沙质草原是生态地质环境脆弱区,呼伦贝尔沙质草原区的西坡、南坡的中上部,梁岗丘等微地貌部位是风蚀沙化的危险地带。干旱半干旱气候区沙质草原的土层是稀缺的自然资源,地表土壤-植物根系层是珍贵的生态系统。保护地表土层对于保护草地资源和生态环境,以及沙漠化防治具有极端重要性。     

荒漠灌木树干茎流及其生态水文效应研究进展

树干茎流作为林冠层降雨截留再分配过程中的重要组成部分,影响着土壤-植物-大气连续体（SPAC）中不同尺度和圈层间的水分和养分循环的速度与方向,对荒漠地区灌木的生存和生长具有深远影响,对于土壤养分的溶解、利用,土壤水、地下水的循环与补给,土壤侵蚀过程等方面都有重要意义。本文系统总结了近年来荒漠地区灌木树干茎流研究的主要手段与方法,对影响树干茎流形成的主要因素、形成过程、变化趋势进行了具体论述,对主要的荒漠灌木树种树干茎流经验模型进行了归纳,并具体分析了树干茎流在生态水文学方面研究意义及主要进展。针对荒漠树干茎流尚有以下方面的问题需要进一步深入研究:(1）不同灌木树干茎流的形成过程、主要影响因素及其相互作用机制;(2）树干茎流集水系统的空间结构配置特征和降雨径流作用机制;(3)树干茎流补给在荒漠地区群落格局形成以及演替中的作用机理、荒漠植被特征与动态对截留、树干茎流、蒸散发以及入渗过程的反馈机制等。     

LAND DEGRADATION AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN THE ARID AND SEMI ARID AREAS OF CHINA

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Carbon and water exchange in semiarid ecosystems in SE Spain

The changing climate is affecting biological and physical processes occurring in the biosphere, including the biogeochemical cycles of water and carbon. The response of ecosystem carbon exchange to changes in temperature and the water balance is still very uncertain, a fact that highlights the need for research in order to understand the role of the biosphere in the future global carbon budget. South east Spain is on the borderline between the tropical and mid-latitude climate zones, with climates ranging from sub-humid to arid, and the majority representing the driest area in Europe. Initial predictions on climate change for this region point to decreases in total precipitation and the number of precipitation events, meaning a decrease in water availability underlining the vulnerability of the region to desertification. This region, due to these special climatic conditions, has been the subject of experimental carbon and water field research in recent years. This paper defines the state of the art of carbon and water balance measurement and modelling studies in this region, analyses the different processes involved in aggregate exchanges (vegetation and soil; net ecosystem carbon balance–evapotranspiration, photosynthesis–transpiration, soil respiration–evaporation), and identifies needs for future research.     

中国北方典型沙漠化地区沙漠化的对比研究

选择了中国北方极端干旱、干旱和半干旱三个地带的沙漠化典型地区, 即, 新疆塔里木河下游阿拉干、内蒙阿拉善盟吉兰泰和河北省丰宁县坝上等地区进行对比研究, 以阐明不同地带沙漠化过程的成因、发展趋势及其防治措施, 并探索建立预测沙漠化发展趋势的数学模式。     

Linking landscape and species: Effect of shrubs on patch preference of beetles in arid and semi-arid ecosystems

Linking individual behavior to spatial population processes, may clarify the complex link between species distribution and landscape properties. We asked how shrubs affect beetles in drylands and tested if we could explain distribution patterns of beetles by individual response to shrub landscape. We studied patch preference of ground-dwelling beetles segregated in a two-phase mosaic landscape, composed of shrub-covered and open patches and hypothesized that species richness and abundance are higher under shrubs due to the ameliorated microclimatic conditions and greater food resources. Pitfall trapping showed that shrub patches were preferred in shrub poor ecosystem because there was more food available under shrubs and cooler temperatures. However, similar conditions resulted in shrub preference only in an arid ecosystem, whereas in a semi-arid ecosystem, with high cover of shrubs, we found more beetles in the open patches. Observations in beetle movement patterns explained the contradicting effects of shrub patches in the two ecosystems. Beetle movement was affected by shrubs’ shading suggesting dependency on shrub structure rather than speciesdependency. Integrating analysis of beetle distribution in the population level with analysis of individual movement provides a robust framework for linking landscape properties to species behavior and distribution in a patchy landscape.