单环刺螠幼虫的体壁发生和体节形成

研究螠虫动物体壁发生和体节形成,可为阐释其早期发育机制以及体节在螠虫动物进化中的意义提供科学数据。本文以生活于沿海底质U形洞穴中的单环刺螠为材料,研究了单环刺螠幼虫的体壁发生和体节形成过程。研究显示,单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)担轮幼虫的体壁由单层上皮组织构成;至体节幼虫时,体壁变为单层上皮组织、结缔组织和纵向分布的肌纤维组成的多层结构,且体壁表面出现明显的分节;蠕虫状幼虫体节消失,体壁单层上皮细胞聚集形成不规则的乳突状结构,上皮中黏液细胞增多、结缔组织和肌纤维增多;至幼螠时,体壁的组织结构与成体基本一致,由复层上皮组织、结缔组织和肌肉组织(外环肌-中纵肌-内环肌)构成;单环刺螠体壁结构的不断分化,体现了其由浮游生活方式向爬行和穴居生活方式转变的适应过程。TUNEL检测发现,在单环刺螠幼虫体节发生过程中未出现明显的细胞凋亡现象。使用细胞增殖标记分子PCNA(Proliferating cell nuclear antigen)检测单环刺螠体节发生区域增殖细胞的分布时发现：在担轮幼虫中期,其后体部首先出现增殖细胞带,并在随后的发育过程中形成体节细胞增厚区;担轮幼虫晚期...     

大菱鲆早期发育过程中免疫器官的发生

应用组织切片研究了大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)初孵仔鱼至60 日龄幼鱼免疫器官的发育过程。结果表明, 免疫器官原基出现的先后顺序是头肾、脾脏和胸腺。1 日龄仔鱼可以观察到头肾原基, 包含未分化的造血干细胞。5 日龄时, 脾脏原基出现, 其淋巴化开始于27 日龄且发育速度较慢。13 日龄时, 大菱鲆仔鱼胸腺原基出现, 且发育速度较快, 分为外区和内区。在大菱鲆早期发育过程中, 胸腺和头肾之间出现细胞迁移现象。免疫器官淋巴化的顺序是胸腺、头肾和脾脏。在免疫器官发育后期, 脾脏和头肾中均发现了黑色素-巨噬细胞中心(MMCs), 脾脏中较丰富, 但在胸腺中尚未发现。在大菱鲆仔鱼早期发育阶段, 免疫器官尚未发育完善, 非特异性防御机制起着重要的免疫作用。     

仿刺参肠道神经定位初步研究

本文以仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)肠道组织为研究材料,利用HE染色、米利根染色和免疫组化技术对其组织学结构及神经定位进行了观察和分析,初步探讨了仿刺参肠道的神经分布。HE染色结果表明,仿刺参肠壁由外向内分别为:体腔上皮层、肌肉层、内部结缔组织层和肠腔上皮层;和后肠相比,其中肠内壁常形成高而窄,且方向单一的褶皱,在结构上扩大了吸收面积,与其主要起消化吸收作用这一功能一致。米利根染色表明肠壁的纵向肌肉、肠腔上皮层和体腔上皮层均有神经成分存在,棘皮动物神经特异性抗体1E11的定位研究结果同样显示其免疫活性广泛而强烈,阳性位点集中于体腔上皮层、肌肉层和内部结缔组织层,且在肌肉层中表达最强,推测其可能参与肠道的再生过程及长期夏眠萎缩后的肠道快速修复过程。本研究为仿刺参神经生物学的研究提供了理论支持,同时也为仿刺参特殊生理机制的研究提供神经学参考资料。     

条石鲷( Oplegnathus fasciatus) 心脏早期发育的组织学观察

应用石蜡切片技术和显微测量法,对条石鲷心脏的早期发生、分化和形成过程进行了连续观察。结果表明,在水温(24±1.0)℃的条件下,心脏原基在受精后13h30min出现于中部脑的腹面,其外部由卵黄多核层包围,内部则为扁平细胞所填充;受精后20h30min,心脏开始搏动,可见血细胞;初孵仔鱼心脏呈直管状,位于体腔前端;2日龄(daysafterhatching,DAH),心脏分化成静脉窦、心耳(心房)、心室和动脉球四个部分;3日龄,耳室瓣和半月瓣形成;6日龄,窦耳瓣和心小室形成;12日龄,心脏内血细胞的数量急剧增加,血流量显著加大;27日龄,心耳内形成小梁结构,心脏发育完善。     

高等海洋植物海神草营养器官的组织学特点

采用常规石蜡切片法,对海神草(Cymodocea rotundata)营养器官的组织学进行研究。结果表明:海神草的根、茎、叶均具有发达的通气组织,根由表皮、皮层和维管柱三部分组成,内皮层中有凯氏带且六面加厚结构。茎由表皮、基本组织和维管组织三部分组成,维管组织有1束中央维管束和数束外环维管束,维管束为有限外韧维管束,有气隙分布。叶由表皮、叶肉和叶脉三部分组成,上下表皮均由单层细胞构成,排列规则无胞间隙,其外壁覆盖一层连续的角质层,无气孔但分布有类泡状细胞,表皮细胞中富含叶绿体,是光合作用的主要部位。本文还讨论了海神草营养器官与海洋沉水生活相适应的结构特征。     

中国海域海盘车科(棘皮动物门,海星纲)种类记述

基于中国科学院海洋生物标本馆的馆藏标本,通过传统形态学,结合扫描电子显微镜等方法,对分布于中国海域的海盘车科(Asteriidae)种类进行了系统的分类学研究,共鉴定出该科5属10种,分别为:粗钝海盘车(Asterias argonauta Djakonov, 1950)、多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis Lütken, 1871)、罗氏海盘车(Asterias rollestoni Bell, 1881)、异色海盘车(Asterias versicolor Sladen, 1889)、日本滑海盘车(Aphelasterias japonica (Bell, 1881))、张氏滑海盘车(Aphelasterias changfengyingi Baranova Wu, 1962)、日本长腕海盘车(Distolasterias nipon(D?derlein,1902))、美丽长腕海盘车(Distolasterias elegans Djakonov,1931)、座冠海星[Coronaster volsellatus(Sladen,1889)]和尖棘筛海盘车[Coscinasterias acutispina(Stimpson,1862)]。文中对物种的鉴别特征进行了描述,并提供了地理分布和种属鉴定所需要的检索表。     

7个海星动物线粒体基因组比较及基因变异位点分析

与单基因相比,线粒体基因组是一个完整的体系,具有信息量丰富等优点,在过去的十几年间被广泛地应用于后生动物关键类群的分子系统发育和群体遗传学的研究.本论文综合分析了海星纲7个物种(多棘海盘车、赭色豆海星、多棘槭海星、砂海星、长棘海星、棘冠海星和海燕)线粒体基因组全序列,全面揭示了海星纲线粒体基因组的基本特征.海星线粒体基因组均编码后生动物线粒体基因组标准的37个基因.7个海星线粒体基因组的基因排列完全一致;与海胆纲及海参纲楯手目线粒体基因组的基因排列相比,海星线粒体基因组的基因排列存在4.6 kb长片段的倒位.长棘海星属13个线粒体蛋白质编码基因的非同义替换率(Ka)与同义替换率(Ks)比值都低于1.000 0(为0.006 0～0.221 9),显示出较强的负(纯化)选择.对海星纲线粒体基因组的基因变异位点分析结果表明,nad5、nad4基因可作为备选的分子标记,应用于海星纲群体遗传学的研究中.同时,在长棘海星属线粒体基因组变异位点分析中,nad5、nad4基因仍然可作为备选的分子标记,用于分析长棘海星不同群体及物种之间的生物多样性,为合理利用其生物资源及其生物多样性的保护提供基础资料.     

Interaction between water flow and oxygen deficiency on growth in the infaunal brittle star Amphiura filiformis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Interactions between ‘oxygen concentration’ (normoxia: >80% oxygen saturation, and hypoxia: 18% oxygen saturation) and ‘water flow velocity’ (low: 0.1 cm s⁻¹, and moderate: 0.5 cm s⁻¹) were studied on growth rates in the brittle star Amphiura filiformis in a flow-through aquaria system. Effects of ‘sublethal predation’ on growth rates were investigated as ‘number of amputated arms’ (1 and 3 arms) and ‘amputation of the disk’. A significant interaction between oxygen concentration and water flow velocity was observed in mean arm regeneration rate, but in both flow velocities higher mean arm regeneration rates were observed in normoxia compared to hypoxia. In hypoxia a positive response in arm regeneration rate was observed in moderate flow compared to low flow velocity. In normoxia, however, no response to flow velocity was observed. The latter observation indicates that Amphiura filiformis is able to maintain the ventilation of the burrow at low flow velocities, but in low oxygen concentrations hydrodynamic forces seem to affect growth. A significant interaction between oxygen concentration and disk amputation was observed in both arm and disk regeneration rates, indicating that the disk is the major organ for gas exchange in this species. The number of arms amputated, however, did not affect mean arm regeneration rate. The results obtained in this study suggest that the secondary production in subtidal infaunal populations could be negatively affected by low oxygen concentrations and that this response is even more negative in combination with low flow velocities in the near-bottom water.     

Demersal fishing disturbance increases predation risk for whelks (Buccinum undatum L.)

Field observations by divers indicated that a high rate of predation of whelks (Buccinum undatum) by starfish (Asterias rubens) occurred in an area disturbed by scallop dredging, although these whelks mostly appeared to be alive and externally undamaged. The ability of whelks to escape from starfish was tested in the laboratory after they were dropped or rolled to simulate direct physical contact with bottom fishing gear. Dropping whelks did not significantly affect their escape behaviour, but whelks which had been rolled took significantly longer to right themselves and were significantly less likely to perform an escape response than whelks that had not experienced this treatment. This study suggests that demersal fishing may indirectly increase whelk mortality by increasing their risk of predation.     

中国对虾PENAEUS CHINENSIS(O''''SBECK)皮肤与外骨骼的组织

观察中国对虾蜕皮间期皮肤与外骨骼的组织学构造。指出外骨骼分为表层和里层,表层由较薄的外表层和较厚的内表层组成。里层又分为外层和内层:外层由平行于表面的纤维小板组成(暗板带),平行的纤维小板之间有抛物线状纤维联系(明板带);内层纤维小板比外层小。内层与外层之间有一结晶钙薄层,是两层之间临界面。表皮为单层细胞,有基膜衬托。皮肤腺和色素细胞位于表皮层之下,分布全身。     

Collaboration among sponge species increases sponge diversity and abundance in a seagrass meadow

Caribbean sponge species typical of coral reefs are generally inhibited from living in seagrass meadows by their vulnerability to predation by the large starfish Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus 1758). Although readily consumed by Oreaster , the conspicuous coral reef sponge species Lissodendoryx colombiensis Zea & van Soest, 1986 has expanded its habitat distribution to include a seagrass ( Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König, 1805) meadow in Belize, where individuals grow to volumes of nearly 7 l. By simple observation, L. colombiensis appears to be an inferior competitor in this system, because portions of many individuals are overgrown by seagrass sponge species. However, experimentally clustering seagrass sponges around L. colombiensis individuals deterred starfish from feeding on them, suggesting an advantage to being overgrown. Sizes of individual L. colombiensis can fluctuate widely over short time intervals, reflecting both a relatively fast growth rate and the high rate at which starfish consume this species. At the population level these fluctuations are not evident, as losses of L. colombiensis due to Oreaster are balanced by a combination of efficient recruitment, rapid regeneration and growth, and protection of portions of many individuals by the overgrowth of seagrass sponge species that are unpalatable to Oreaster . In turn, the seagrass sponges acquire stable perches on L. colombiensis individuals in this sediment-dominated habitat. Community ecology theory relating to diversity patterns in sessile organisms has focused on competition between space-requiring neighbors as the underlying process that inevitably decreases diversity unless curtailed. Sponges, with their propensity for engaging in beneficial interactions with neighbors, demand expansion of the theory to acknowledge how collaboration can increase abundance and species diversity within a community.     

华北半叶紫菜丝状体细胞凋亡过程的初步研究

本文对华北半叶紫菜丝状体细胞的凋亡过程进行了初步观察并对这一过程中细胞超微形态的变化进行了研究。结果表明 ,丝状体细胞的凋亡过程是由分枝的端部细胞发生老化开始的 ,老化细胞的细胞内壁增厚 ;细胞核内染色质凝缩 ,核膜溶解 ;色素体片层结构变形、溶解 ;红藻淀粉电子密度显著下降 ,逐渐解体 ;胞浆中出现不规则形态的囊泡、髓样结构和结构特殊的小体 ;随着细胞的趋于凋亡 ,核、色素体、线粒体等细胞器相继溶解消失 ,细胞结构崩溃 ,细胞内壁明显增厚。细胞中的囊泡和髓样结构参与了细胞内壁的形成。本研究首次报道紫菜中存在细胞凋亡 ,并对丝状体细胞凋亡过程的生物学意义及髓样结构的功能进行了讨论     

Study of non-linear wave motions and wave forces on ship sections against vertical quay in a harbor

The resonance phenomenon of fluid motions in the gap between ship section, seabed and vertical quay wall is studied numerically and experimentally. The natural frequency of the fluid motions in the gap is derived. A two-dimensional time-domain coupled numerical model is developed to calculate the non-linear wave forces acting on a ship section against vertical quay in a harbor. The fluid domain is divided into an inner domain and an outer domain. The outer domain is the area between the left side of ship section and the incident boundary, where flow is expressed by Boussinesq equations. The rest area is the inner domain, which is the domain beneath the ship section plus the domain between the right side of ship section and vertical quay wall. The flow in the inner domain is expressed by Newton's Second Law. Matching conditions on the interface between the inner domain and the outer domain are the continuation of volume flux and the equality of pressures. The numerical results are validated by experimental data.     

A 3-D time-domain coupled model for nonlinear waves acting on a box-shaped ship fixed in a harbor

A 3-D time-domain numerical coupled model is developed to obtain an efficient method for nonlinear waves acting on a box-shaped ship fixed in a harbor. The domain is divided into the inner domain and the outer domain. The inner domain is the area beneath the ship and the flow is described by the simplified Euler equations. The remaining area is the outer domain and the flow is defined by the higher-order Boussinesq equations in order to consider the nonlinearity of the wave motions. Along the interface boundaries between the inner domain and the outer domain, the volume flux is assumed to be continuous and the wave pressures are equal. Relevant physical experiment is conducted to validate the present model and it is shown that the numerical results agree with the experimental data. Compared the coupled model with the flow in the inner domain governed by the Laplace equation, the present coupled model is more efficient and its solution procedure is simpler, which is particularly useful for the study on the effect of the nonlinear waves acting on a fixed box-shaped ship in a large harbor.