A Study of the Qianyanzhou Mode in a Subtropical Red Soil Hilly Region of China

Qianyanzhou is located in the heart of Jitai Basin in Guanxi town, the county seat of Taihe county in Jiangxi province. Qianyanzhou has a subtropical humid climate and exemplifies the geographic and geomorphologic characteristics of red soil hilly regions in southern China. In the early 1980s, to control soil and water loss and problems with grain yields, Qianyanzhou’s researchers proposed an innovative, comprehensive stereoscopic agriculture development mode known as the “Qianyanzhou mode”. This mode included a forest-livestock-food ecosystem, a forest-fruit-economy ecosystem, and a land-water compound stereoscopic system, all located within a watershed. In the Qianyanzhou mode, soil and water loss were completely controlled, thereby promoting environmental conservation and economic development. The state and the society as a whole supported this mode thanks to its far-reaching social impact. In the 21^st century, given new societal concerns and continuing economic development, Qianyanzhou mode has been restructured as two ecosystems of forest-fowl and planting-raising circular economies at landscape level, based on an increase in vegetation coverage from 4.3% to more than 80%. These improved modes can significantly enhance the ecosystem, reduce poverty, and to promote the construction of local ecological civilization. This study introduces the Qianyanzhou mode and summarizes its characteristics in different phases. We hope that the information in this study supports improvements to and promotion of the Qianyanzhou mode. We believe the Qianyanzhou mode can play an important role in efforts to modify the agriculture industrial structure, alleviate poverty, and construct ecological civilization.     

Soil and Water Conservation Technology in the Zhifanggou Watershed

Soil and water conservation technology plays an important role in soil and water loss control and the construction of the ecological civilization in vulnerable areas. Here, soil and water conservation technology use over 70 years for the Zhifanggou watershed is summarized and ecological, economic and social backgrounds are determined through consultation with experts and reference to published literature. We found that soil and water conservation technology use includes soil and water conservation engineering technology, soil and water conservation cultivation technology and soil and water conservation biotechnology. Soil and water conservation technology utilization varied with people’s demands and core problems at different developmental stages of the agricultural eco-economic system. The coupling process of the agricultural eco-economic system at Zhifanggou went through three stages. In stages I and II, soil and water conservation cultivation technology was applied to meet farmers’ basic life demands. In stage III, all three technologies were applied comprehensively to solve eco-environmental problems and adjust industrial structure. To facilitate regional ecological civilization construction and sustainable development of the ecological economy and society, more emphasis should be given to research and development, implementation of soil and water conservation technology, stand structure improvement, forest grass quality enhancement, biodiversity, ecosystem functional improvement, development of soil and water conservation ecological resources, the coupling of soil and water conservation, and agricultural industry-resource optimization.     

Changes of landuse form and their ecological effect on desert-steppe area in Ningxia

Central Ningxia is a desert-steppe area with a sparse population and fragile ecosystem. Having an annual average rainfall of 180-350mm, the area is dominated by animal husbandry and dry land farming. As the population grows, livestock increased and farmland expanded, which leads to damages of primitive grasslands vegetation and serious degeneration of steppe ecosystem due to over-grazing. Southern Ningxia is a populous loessic hilly area subject to serious soil erosion. Since 1975, the local …     

鄂尔多斯市生态系统服务权衡与协同分析

鄂尔多斯市是中国北方农牧交错带的中心,经济快速发展的同时带来生态环境巨大的压力,该区域生态系统服务及其相互关联的变化对半干旱地区的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于2000、2010年鄂尔多斯市的食物供给、碳储存、产水量以及土壤保持4种关键生态系统服务供给核算,采用相关分析探究栅格尺度上4种服务之间的权衡与协同关系,并引入玫瑰图对比不同土地利用类型的生态系统服务关联特征差异。研究结果表明：①2000-2010年鄂尔多斯市生态系统服务整体增强,平均食物供给量由99.5 kg·hm^-2增至224.2 kg·hm^-2,碳储存量由8.32 t·hm^-2增至8.41 t·hm^-2,平均产水量由153.64 mm增至291.90 mm,土壤保持量平均值由47.79 kg·hm^-2增至59.04 t·hm^-2;②产水与土壤保持之间存在协同关系(相关系数分别为0.972和0.771),食物供给与土壤保持之间存在协同关系(相关系数分别为0.505、0.736),食物供给和碳储存之间存在权衡关系(相关系数分别为-0.584、-0.512);③多重生态系统服务供给的热点区主要分布在鄂尔多斯市东部;④产水量和土壤保持、碳储存在耕地和林地中呈现此消彼长的变化方式,而在草地中4种生态系统服务同时增加。     

The Spatio-temporal Pattern of Regional Land Use Change and Eco-environmental Responses in Jiangsu,China

Land use change and its eco-environmental responses are foci in geographical research. As a region with uneven economic development, land use change and eco-environmental responses across Jiangsu Province are relevant to China’s overall development pattern. The external function of regional land use changes during different stages of economic development. In this study, we proposed a novel classification system based on the dominant function of land use according to “production-ecology-life”, and then analyzed land use change and regional eco-environmental responses from a functional perspective of regional development. The results showed that from 1985 to 2008, land use change features in Jiangsu were that productive land area decreased and ecological and living land areas increased. Land use changes in southern Jiangsu were the most dramatic. In southern and central parts of Jiangsu the agricultural production function weakened and urban life service function strengthened; in northern Jiangsu, the mining production function’s comparative advantage highlighted that the rural life service function was weakening. Ecological environmental quality decreased slightly in Jiangsu and its three regions. The maximum contribution rate to ecological environmental change occurred in southern Jiangsu and the minimum rate was located in the north. Eco-environmental quality deteriorated in southern and central Jiangsu, related to expanding construction land in urban and rural areas. Ecological environmental quality deterioration in northern Jiangsu is probably due to land development and consolidation. The main reason for improvements in regional ecological environments is that agricultural production land was converted to water ecological land across Jiangsu.     

基于树木年轮信息的江西千烟洲人工林碳蓄积分析

作者设计和实现了基于树木年轮信息动态估算树木材积生长量模型TGTRing.利用该模型动态估算了中国红壤丘陵典型区千烟洲三种人工林乔木层的生物量和碳蓄积量.结果表明:马尾松的年生物量和碳蓄积量的增长曲线分别在林分年龄17年和18年左右开始出现拐点,湿地松、杉木的年生物量和碳蓄积量则均在林分年龄15年左右开始出现拐点;20年的单位面积生物量和碳蓄积量杉木林最高,分别为171.697 t/hm2和92.29 tc/hm2,其次为湿地松林,分别为147.639 t/hm2(未割脂)和135.743 t/hm2(割脂)、80.18 tc/hm2(未割脂)和73.72tc/hm2(割脂),马尾松林最低,为133.84 t/hm2和73.92 tc/hm2;平均年生物量和碳蓄积量杉木林最高,分别为8.58 t/hm2/yr和4.61 tc/hm2/yr;湿地松林次之,未割脂和割脂湿地松林生物量分别为7.38和6.76 t/hm2/yr、碳蓄积分别为4.01和3.69 tc/hm2/yr;马尾松林最低,分别为6.69 t/hm2/yr和3.70 tc/hm2/yr;到2006年为止,千烟洲马尾松林乔木层总生物量和碳蓄积量分别为3324.43 t、14156.64 tc,杉木林分别1326.97 t、713.27 tc:湿地松林按未割脂算分别为14156.64 t和7688.21 tc,按割脂算分别为13015.97 t和7068.78 tc;千烟洲湿地松人工林因为割脂原因,乔木层总生物量损失1140.67 t,总碳蓄积量损失619.43 tc.     

贡嘎山高山生态系统观测试验和研究进展

贡嘎山高山生态系统观测试验站于1987年正式建站。近20 a来,开展了水、土、气、生等多方面的长期监测与试验,并以环境变化下的亚高山森林生态研究为主线,以生态过程和水文过程为核心,对贡嘎山及其邻近地区的现代自然生态环境特征、森林生态系统结构与功能、冰冻圈演化与动态和第四纪以来的环境演变等展开了多学科研究,为推动我国山地科学和森林生态研究发展做出了重要贡献。在对近20 a来贡嘎山站的研究成果进行总结的基础上,提出了今后应重点加强研究的领域。     

关中平原典型村落农业转型对生态系统服务的影响研究

全球化和城市化驱动农产品市场需求的日益增长正在推动农村和农业的转变与重构，深刻影响着农村经济、社会和生态发展之间的关系。以关中平原典型村落—余家营和马家村为例，研究城市化影响下农业转型对农业生态系统服务产生了何种影响，对探索城乡互动机制、乡村特色农业发展以及生态景观建设等具有重要意义。通过问卷调查，半结构式访谈、野外填图等对余家营村和马家村的土地利用变化及农业生态系统服务进行测评，分析了关中平原农业转型变化及其对农业生态系统服务的影响与机制。结果表明：(1) “粮—粮”和“粮—果”转型使农业景观、种植结构、农户行为等都发生较大变化，在由传统粮食生产向水果、蔬菜、苗木花卉等现代型农业转变过程中，作物品种由低产量、低品质转为高产量、高品质，并更趋多样化；出现少许耕地转变为草地和林地的现象；农户积极性提高，科技水平有所提升。(2) “粮—粮”和“粮—果”转型的生态系统服务均以正服务为主，其中“粮—果”经济生产功能增长较大，增长了523.9%，但“粮—果”转型造成的负向生态系统服务也较高，因此在农业转型中生产经济价值增长越大对生态系统服务的负向影响就越大。（3） 农业转型主要受到城市化、国家政策的驱动，并通过影响农田的农业景观、农业结构、农户行为进而影响农业生态系统服务功能，反之，农业生态系统服务变化也会影响到国家政策以及农户行为。     

山区土地利用/覆被变化对土壤侵蚀的影响

本文以福建省山区为例,在对福建省水土保持实验站、建瓯市牛坑龙水土保持试验站长期观测、实验资料深入分析对比的基础之上,探讨了土地利用/土地覆被变化对土壤侵蚀的影响规律。分析结果表明,土地利用/土地覆被变化对径流的产生和土壤侵蚀有重要影响,植被的覆盖度的变化直接影响着径流系数和土壤侵蚀模数;植被的覆盖度和径流系数呈负线性关系,随着覆盖度的增加径流系数逐渐减小;植被覆盖度和土壤侵蚀模数为负指数关系,随着植被覆盖度的增大,土壤侵蚀模数急剧下降。     

论固氮植物在山区农业持续发展中的应用

对固氮植物在山区的应用潜力及前景进行了讨论。固氮植物不仅可以用于改善土壤肥力和保持水土,还可以为山区提供大量的木本饲料在提高土壤肥力方面,详细阐明了应用多年生木本固氮植物提高土壤肥力的新原理和新思路论述了植物篱、生物梯田的水土保持作用、建立生物梯田的方法及其与传统人工梯田相比的优越性。认为发展多年生木本固氮植物在山区水土保持、坡耕地土壤肥力改善、荒坡荒山的治理、木本饲料和薪炭林的发展及在恢复山区退化生态系统方面都有着广阔的前景。     

中国山区农村土地利用转型解析

山区土地开发及其导致的资源环境问题是农业社会人地关系紧张的体现,工业化、城镇化进程中劳动力转移减轻了山区农村土地的人为扰动,由此驱动土地利用发生转型,引发一系列自然和社会经济效应。按照“土地利用转型—驱动力—效应—响应”的分析框架,剖析中国山区农村土地利用转型的特征和规律,提出山区农村土地整治的响应措施。研究表明：① 山区农村土地利用转型体现出土地利用形态在长期变化过程中的趋势性转折,显性形态转型即由农业社会的耕地扩张和林地收缩演变为城镇化进程中的耕地收缩和林地恢复性增长,隐性形态转型即伴随上述过程发生的土地边际化及生态功能恢复;② 社会经济因素主导山区农村土地利用转型过程,劳动力转移引发土地人为扰动减轻是直接驱动力,务农机会成本上升、恶劣的生存环境等引发劳动力转移的因素是更为根本的驱动力;③ 山区农村土地利用转型降低了土地生态系统脆弱性并提高了其生态安全屏障功能,其社会经济效应应聚焦山区农村发展与农户生计安全层面,并亟需实证研究的支撑;④ 当前山区农村土地利用转型是自然恢复和生态优化的良性过程,有着经济社会发展的必然规律,山区农村土地整治要顺应其土地利用转型规律,目标导向从耕地数量增加转向生态环境保护与社会经济福祉协同提升。     

多情景模拟下粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务评估与权衡研究

城镇化快速发展导致区域的生态系统服务衰减,威胁城市的生态安全;掌握城市群地区生态系统服务权衡/协同关系量化,对提升生态系统服务总体效益和维护区域生态安全至关重要。以粤港澳大湾区为研究区域,利用InVEST模型对粤港澳大湾区1995—2018年间产水服务、固碳服务、土壤保持服务、食物供给服务共4项生态系统服务进行评估,设定历史趋势情景、规划情景和生态保护情景,借助GeoSOS-FLUS模型进行2030年生态系统服务情景分析,探讨各种生态系统服务之间的权衡/协同关系。结果表明：① 1995—2018年间,粤港澳大湾区产水服务出现增加趋势,固碳服务、土壤保持服务和食物供给服务出现下降趋势。② 不同类型生态系统服务变化存在明显的区域异质性,产水服务高值区域其值增大,低值区域其值减小;固碳服务低值区域,其值下降更大;除香港外,土壤保持量减小的区域呈零星状分布;食物供给高值及减小的最大值位于东莞、佛山、中山和深圳等中部区域。③ 产水服务在规划情景下达到最佳,固碳服务和土壤保持服务在生态保护情景下最佳,历史趋势情景下食物供给服务最佳,生态系统服务综合效益在生态保护情景下达到最佳。④ 历史趋势情景下生态系统服务之间的权衡程度最大,生态保护情景下各项生态系统服务之间的协同程度较高。基于生态耦合模型进行粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务估算,揭示生态系统服务权衡或协同的变化关系及作用机理,可为区域生态系统服务管理和社会经济发展规划提供参考。     

Global warming,population growth,and natural resources for food production

Destruction of forests and the considerable burning of fossil fuels is directly causing the level of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases including methane, carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere to rise. Population growth in the US and the world indirectly contributes to this global warming. This has led the majority of scientists interested in weather and climate to predict that the planet's temperature will increase from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius by 2050. These forecasted climactic changes will most likely strongly affect crop production. Specifically these scientists expect the potential changes in temperature, moisture, carbon dioxide, and pests to decrease food production in North America. The degree of changes hinges on each crop and its environmental needs. If farmers begin using improved agricultural technology, the fall in crop yields can be somewhat counterbalanced. Even without global warming, however, agriculture in North America must embrace sensible ecological resource management practices such as conserving soil, water, energy, and biological resources. These sustainable agricultural practices would serve agriculture, farmers, the environment, and society. Agriculturalists, farmers, and society are already interested in sustainable agriculture. Still scientists must conduct more research on the multiple effects of potential global climate change on many different crops under various environmental conditions and on new technologies that farmers might use in agricultural production. We must cut down our consumption of fossil fuel, reduce deforestation, erase poverty, and protect our soil, water, and biological resources. The most important action we need to take, however, is to check population growth.     

江西红壤区农业产业政策改革的农户行为响应与水土保持效果分析--以江西省上饶县村庄及农户调查为例

：在江西红壤山丘典型区2001年三个样本村111个农户的抽样调查资料基础上,建立了区域农地水土保持效果分析的数量经济模型,分析了农业产业政策改革背景下农户行为对农地水土保持效果的影响。研究表明,当前上饶县农业产业结构调整过程中农地水土流失状况受到农户行为直接影响,农业劳动力的转移、农业生产资料价格、农户受教育水平以及农户土地规模经营的程度等是其影响的主要因素。作者认为,这种状况目前在江西红壤区具有普遍性,因此必须先调整农业政策,增加科技资金投入,保护农业土地利用;其次,优化农户土地长期投入所需要的外部环境,减少长期投资的风险性和不确定性;加大经济刺激力度,增加农户投资获利能力,促进其加大土地长期投入;调整用地结构,优化农业用地组合,发展规模农业,防止水土流失。     

长江上游退耕还林工程合理规模与模式

陡坡耕地的水土流失对生态环境和农业可持续发展构成双重压力。退耕还林是促进人与自然协调，推动农业可持续发展的有效途径，但应避免退耕还林工程规模的盲目扩大。退耕还林的规模应根据自然条件、生态功能定位并考虑粮食安全保障以确定。地广人稀的金沙江中上游、盆周山地是长江上游最重要的水源涵养、水土保持功能区，其退耕还林规模可适度扩大，但川中丘陵区、三峡库区人口稠密，退耕还林不应过分追求规模，退耕后的林草地不应突破土地面积的40％。而退耕还林工程的实施更应注重模式的选择，防止一刀切，川中丘陵区、三峡库区退耕还林宜采用“旱坡地粮经弹性结构种植”技术，建立坡地农林复合系统，逐步实施退耕还林。     

西昌市社会经济活动与生态建设的关联分析

利用灰色关联分析方法,从经济生产、社会生产和生态生产角度出发对西昌市社会经济活动与生态环境之间的关系进行了量化研究。研究表明:农业产业的活动是影响水土流失的主要因素,换句话说,调控农业产业经济活动是生态环境维护的有效途径。生态生产、经济生产和社会生产之间存在明显的作用关系,这种作用关系不外乎表现在正作用和负作用两个方面,生态与经济的协调很大程度上依赖于对以上三类要素的合理调节。事实上, 就是利用以上三类生产要素的可塑性,通过产业经济活动的调控,弱化或消除产业与生态的矛盾,积极发展生态产业,这对西昌如此,对其他地区仍具有普遍意义。     

淮河中上游浮游植物时空分布特征及关键环境影响因子识别

浮游植物是水生态系统的初级生产者,直接影响着水生态系统的结构、功能与稳定性。基于2012-2014年淮河流域沙颍河—淮干中游浮游植物和水质4次汛期和非汛期采集数据,利用物种优势度和多样性指数对浮游植物的时空分布进行表征,并利用冗余度分析、偏相关性分析等方法探索了淮河中上游流域的多种水环境因子对浮游植物时空分布的影响。结果表明,从时间变化上看,2012-2014年浮游植物密度呈现逐年递减趋势;从空间变化上看,物种丰度呈现从上游至下游逐渐减少趋势。从时空变化的影响因素上看,非汛期总磷和电导率影响最大,其解释度分别为：10.96%和8.36%;汛期总磷、总氮和氨氮影响最大,其解释度分别为9.47%、8.08%和6.96%。     

Trade-offs between carbon sequestration,soil retention and water yield in the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Region of China

Natural ecosystems provide human society with very important products and services. With the rapid increase in population and the over-exploitation of natural resources, humans are continually enhancing the production of some services at the expense of others. This paper estimates changes in ecosystem services, and the relationship between these services in the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Region of China. These ecosystem changes are of great significance to the sustainable development of this economic region. The concept of production possibility frontier (PPF) is applied to evaluate the trade-offs and synergy between carbon sequestration, water yield and soil retention. Three land use strategy scenarios–planning, exploitation and protection–are applied to evaluate potential changes in ecosystem services. This study reveals noticeable trade-offs between carbon sequestration, soil retention and water yield, with synergy between carbon sequestration and soil retention. There are synergies between carbon sequestration, water yield and soil retention in the three scenarios. The protection scenario is the most favourable land use strategy for regulating ecosystem service capacity. This scenario results in the highest carbon sequestration, water yield and soil retention. The results could have implications for natural capital and ecosystem services planning, management and land use decision-making.     

焉耆盆地生态系统服务价值对土地利用/覆被变化的响应

运用土地利用/覆被类型动态度、土地利用/覆被程度模型和生态系统服务价值估算模型,分析了新疆焉耆盆地1990-2011年LUCC变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明：（1）在1990-2011年,焉耆盆地水域、湿地、沙地、耕地和建设用地均呈增加趋势,而盐碱地、草地和林地面积呈减少趋势,总体上研究区的土地利用程度为中下水平。（2）在1999-2011年,研究区的生态系统服务总价值总体上呈增加的趋势,其中水域和耕地对生态系统服务总价值贡献率较大,草地和林地对生态系统服务总价值有明显的负贡献。（3）在1990-2011年,研究区的各类生态系统的气候调节、水源涵养和废物处理功能的生态系统服务的总价值远远大于粮食生产和原材料供应功能的总价值。因而对区域的水土资源实行合理与有效的利用是实现焉耆盆地生态系统服务功能维持和可持续发展的关键。     

毛乌素沙地库伦生态经济圈结构、效益及农牧民行为

以户为单位的库伦生态经济圈作为毛乌素沙地牧区最基本的生产单位,与沙地生态系统稳定和区域经济发展密切相关。本文基于鄂托克前旗1986年和2020年户库伦土地利用数据及390户2020年生态经济问卷调查数据,阐明户库伦土地的生态系统服务价值分布规律及不同价值背景下经济圈结构模式、效益和农牧民生计行为的一般特征。结果表明：户库伦生态系统服务价值呈正态分布模式,为0～4.5亿元,其中中低（50万～300万元）及中高（300万～700万元）价值户库伦在全旗所占比例最高（59.04%、23.17%）;低（0～50万元）及高（700万元以上）价值户库伦数较少（12.43%、5.36%）;库伦生态经济圈均为以畜牧为主、农林为辅的农林草畜复合生态产业发展模式,经济效益随库伦土地的生态系统服务价值增加而增大;农牧户消费支出结构具有相似性,农牧业生产投入、礼节性支出和交通费用支出比例较高,占比分别为37.92%、22.71%、13.28%,且随着收入增加渐增;近35年区域生态环境显著改善,极大地提高了农牧户经济效益和生活水平。