青藏高原中东部云量变化与气温的不对称升高

利用ISCCP资料和地面观测资料,对1984 2009年青藏高原中东部云量和云状的气候特点进行了研究,并分析了日最高温度和日最低温度的变化特点及其与云量变化之间的关系。结果表明,青藏高原中东部地区中低云量呈明显的单峰型日变化,而高云云量日变化不显著;青藏高原地区日最低气温的上升速率与日最高气温不一致,即气温出现不对称升高。青藏高原中东部地区白天、夜间云的变化分别与日最高、最低气温的变化速率存在显著相关,并在云量变化与气温的不对称升高之间存在着正反馈机制。高原中东部地区不对称升温使得日出时的地气温差减小,并可能通过减弱对流作用使日出后的云量减少。云量的减少导致到达地面的太阳短波辐射增加,从而使得当日上午气温升高明显;中午,高云的增多与中低云的减少增加了地面接收的太阳短波辐射,导致了较高的日最高温度;而傍晚除卷云外,各类云的云量均出现增加,起到了减缓傍晚气温下降的作用,有利于出现较高的日最低温度。     

南宁市紫外线辐射变化特征及相关因子分析

文章分析了南宁市紫外线辐射的变化特征及其与太阳总辐射和云量的关系。指出南宁市紫外线辐射具有明显的季节变化，夏季最大，冬季最小。4月下旬开始紫外线逐渐增强，5～9月长达5个月时间紫外线强度维持在一个较高的水平，10月上旬开始紫外线迅速减弱。日最大值出现时间多数在12～14时。紫外线辐射量与太阳总辐射量相关系数达0．67，与部分月份云量也有较好的相关性，晴天的紫外线日变化曲线最为平滑，多云天气次之，少云天气下日变化曲线有较大波动。     

呼和浩特市紫外线辐射强度变化特征及相关因子分析

通过对2005年6月至2006年5月期间的紫外线辐射强度监测资料和同期太阳总辐射量、云量、相对湿度资料的统计分析,研究了紫外线辐射强度的变化特征及与相关气象因子的关系。指出紫外线辐射强度具有明显的季节变化,夏季最强,冬季最弱。紫外线辐射强度日变化有明显规律,日最大值出现时间多集中在12—14时。紫外线辐射强度与太阳总辐射量呈明显正相关,与云量、相对湿度呈明显负相关。     

紫外线及紫外线辐射强度预报方法初探

为提高紫外线辐射强度的预报水平，统计了太原市的太阳总辐射量与总云量、低云量的相关关系，在没有紫外线实测数据的条件下，用太阳总辐射的强度近似紫外线的辐射强度，得到紫外线辐射强度的近似值。     

内蒙古中东部太阳辐射变化及相关要素分析

利用二连、通辽、海拉尔3个站的太阳总辐射观测资料,分析了内蒙古中东部（1961-2007年）近47年来的总辐射变化规律。探讨了气温、降水、日照、云量等要素的变化及与太阳总辐射的相关关系。结果显示,我区东北部太阳总辐射呈波动减少的变化趋势,东南部和中部地区变化趋势虽不明显,但近20年的年际波动明显不同。相关要素分析显示,总辐射与日照时数和夏季气温有很显著的正相关关系,与总云量和降水量呈负相关关系。     

1961-2010年杭州太阳总辐射及日照时数气候变化

利用1961-2010年杭州站太阳总辐射、日照、降水、云量、水汽压和视程障碍日数资料,采用气候倾向率、突变检测和相关分析等方法,研究了近50 a太阳总辐射和日照时数的变化特征及其成因.结果表明,近50 a杭州年太阳总辐射和日照时数均呈减少趋势,以日照时数下降更明显,其突变年份分别发生在1975和1971年;年太阳总辐射下降主要出现在1961-1992年,1993-2010年呈波动变化,1993年以后未出现明显“变亮期”,而年日照时数在上述两个时段都表现为显著下降趋势,至21世纪00年代降到最低.夏、秋、冬3季太阳总辐射和日照时数趋势变化与年变化基本一致,春季两者在1961-1992年均呈下降趋势,1993年后存在较明显的“变亮期”.降水量、低云量和轻雾日的增加是造成杭州年及夏、秋、冬3季太阳总辐射和日照时数减少的主要原因,春季太阳总辐射的增加则主要与降水量、雨日、总云量和低云量减少关系密切,此外,霾日数变化对日照时数的影响也非常重要.     

近40年宁夏云量和气温年际变化的相关分析

利用宁夏24个气象站的地面气温、总云量和低云量观测资料,分析了它们的年际及年代际演变趋势及相关关系。结果表明:近40年宁夏年平均气温波动升高,尤其是1990年以后;中部干旱带气温的年际变化较大,固原半干旱区气温变化幅度明显低于其它区域;1951年以来宁夏年平均总云量呈逐渐减少趋势,低云量下降趋势较总云量更为明显,2000年以后宁夏总云量有所增加。相关分析表明:宁夏年平均气温与年均总云量及低云量呈明显的负相关,均通过了0.01显著性水平检验,且低云量的相关更为显著;总云量和低云量与降水量呈显著正相关;同时,不同区域和不同季节总云量和低云量与气温、降水量的相关系数有明显差异。     

西安市紫外线辐射强度与气象因素的关系

为提高紫外线辐射强度的预报水平，统计了1998-2001年西安市的太阳总辐射量与总云量、低云量等因素的相关关系，用太阳总辐射强度近似表示紫外线的辐射强度，得到紫外线辐射强度与气象因素的关系，探索制作紫外线辐射强度的预报方法。     

湛江市地面太阳紫外线辐射观测及分析

利用湛江市气象观测站2006年3月～2007年2月的紫外线辐射资料及地面气象资料,分析了湛江市紫外线指数日变化和季节变化特征。结果表明,紫外线指数与总云量、低云量、日照时数、地面水平能见度、相对湿度有较好的相关性。运用多元线性回归、逐步回归方法,分析了紫外线的影响因子,发现太阳高度角、总云量、地面水平能见度和日照时数,是影响湛江市紫外线辐射强度的关键因素,通过信度为0.05的F检验,发现拟合方程对紫外线的趋势变化具有一定的能力。     

锡林浩特市太阳辐射变化及相关气象要素分析

利用1990—2010年锡林浩特气象站太阳总辐射、日照时数、日照百分率、降水量、气温以及总云量的观测资料,运用5a滑动平均及最小二乘原理等方法,分析了锡林浩特市1990—2010年来的总辐射变化规律,并分析了气温、降水、日照、云量等的变化以及与太阳总辐射的相关关系。研究结果表明,锡林浩特市太阳总辐射呈现波动增加的趋势,但四季太阳辐射量在近21a的年际波动略有不同。相关要素分析表明,太阳总辐射与日照时数和夏季、秋季气温有很显著的正相关关系,与降水量和春季、夏季的总云量呈负相关关系。     

人工增雨效果的数值统计评估方法

利用1995～2001年河南省春季降水资料，采用数值预报与统计相结合的方法，对飞机人工增雨的效果进行检验。该方法的基本思路是根据降水的气候特征设定增雨效果的评估区，在同一评估区内应用数值模式MM5V3对历史降水过程的降水量进行数值预报，从而获得一组预报雨量，对非增雨过程的数值预报雨量与降水实况进行统计分析，建立预报雨量与实况雨量的数理统计关系。对增雨作业过程的降水同样采用相同的数值模式进行预测，并与增雨后的实况雨量比较，从而得到飞机人工增雨效果。评估结果表明：1995～2001年春季飞机人工增雨效果比较明显，豫北区(Ⅰ区)平均为16．7％，豫东区(Ⅱ区)平均为19．3％。     

Shortwave radiation�CSST relationship over the mid-latitude North Pacific during boreal summer in climate models

Over the mid-latitude North Pacific, there is a close relationship between interannual variations of the sea surface temperature (SST) and surface shortwave radiation during boreal summer. The present study evaluates this relationship in coupled model simulations, forced model simulations, and retrospective forecasts. It is found that the simulation of this relationship in climate models is closely related to the model biases in the meridional gradients of mean SST and surface shortwave radiation. A southward shift in the region of large mean meridional gradients leads to a similar southward shift in the region of large correlation between the SST and shortwave radiation variations. The relationship is enhanced (weakened) when the mean meridional gradients are stronger (weaker) compared to observations. The shortwave radiation?CSST correlation is weak in individual forced simulations because of the interference of internally generated shortwave radiation variations. The shortwave radiation?CSST correlation increases significantly in the ensemble mean due to reduction of internally generated variability. The long-lead Climate Forecast System (CFS) forecasts have a better simulation of the shortwave radiation?CSST correlation compared to the short-lead forecasts. Estimation based on the CFS ensemble forecasts indicates that the high-frequency atmospheric variations contribute importantly to the SST variability over the mid-latitude North Pacific during boreal summer.     

气候变化对河南南部冬小麦播种期的影响

以位于河南省南部地区的驻马店市为研究区域,利用1961～2003年驻马店市冬小麦播种期内气象观测资料,采用相关分析等数理统计方法对气候变化对冬小麦播种期的影响进行分析,结果表明：在河南南部地区,传统播种期内气温逐渐升高;气候适宜冬小麦播种期逐渐推迟;传统播种期内降水量有所减少。并利用1981～2003年驻马店市冬小麦作物观测资料进一步分析了按照传统观念播种小麦存在的弊端。从而得出结论：在河南南部地区,冬小麦的播种必须打破传统的种植观念,适当晚播,才有利于冬小麦产量的进一步提高。     

1956-2007年河南省降水和水资源变化及评估

利用河南省103个气象站的降水量和各省辖市的水资源资料,分析了河南省1956-2007年降水和水资源变化特点,对降水资源量和水资源量进行了丰枯评估;分别采用线性相关法和产水系数法以降水量估算水资源量,并对估算效果进行了对比分析。结果表明：1) 52年来河南省年降水资源量呈不明显的减少趋势,减少速率为2.32亿m3/10a;省内不同区域降水资源量的变化趋势不太一致,豫北、豫西和豫中为减少趋势,豫东、豫西南和豫南呈不同程度的增加趋势。2) 52年来全省水资源总量呈减少趋势,减少速率为10.85亿m3/10a,大于降水资源量的减少速率,省内各区域水资源量均呈弱减少趋势,减少速率为豫西最大,豫北次之,豫中最少;全省水资源总量的年代际变化特点与降水资源量基本一致。3) 水资源总量与降水量关系密切,用年降水量估算水资源总量,平均相对误差为10%～22%;将线性相关法和产水系数法两种估算模式分别用于不同丰枯程度年景的估算,可减小估算误差。     

Modelling of Indian monsoon rainfall series by univariate box—Jenkins type of models

The time domain approach, i.e. Autoregressive (AR) processes, of time series analysis is applied to the monsoon rainfall series of India and its two major regions, viz. North-West India and Central India. Since the original time series shows no modelable structure due to the presence of high interannual variability, a 3-point running filter is ap-plied before exploring and fitting appropriate stochastic models. Out of several parsimonious models fitted, AR(3) is found to be most suitable. The usefulness of this fitted model is validated on an independent datum of 18 years and some skill has been noted. These models therefore can be used for low skill higher lead time forecasts of monsoon. Further the forecasts produced through such models can be combined with other forecasts to increase the skill of monsoon forecasts.     

Sensitivity Analysis of the Super Heavy Rainfall Event in Henan on 20 July (2021) Using ECMWF Ensemble Forecasts

An unprecedented heavy rainfall event occurred in Henan Province, China, during the period of 1200 UTC 19 -1200 UTC 20 July 2021 with a record of 522 mm accumulated rainfall. Zhengzhou, the capital city of Henan, received 201.9 mm of rainfall in just one hour on the day. In the present study, the sensitivity of this event to atmospheric variables is investigated using the ECMWF ensemble forecasts. The sensitivity analysis first indicates that a local YellowHuai River low vortex (YHV) in the southern part of Henan played a crucial role in this extreme event. Meanwhile, the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) was stronger than the long-term average and to the west of its climatological position. Moreover, the existence of a tropical cyclone (TC) In-Fa pushed into the peripheral of the WPSH and brought an enhanced easterly flow between the TC and WPSH channeling abundant moisture to inland China and feeding into the YHV. Members of the ECMWF ensemble are selected and grouped into the GOOD and the POOR groups based on their predicted maximum rainfall accumulations during the event. Some good members of ECMWF ensemble Prediction System (ECMWF-EPS) are able to capture good spatial distribution of the heavy rainfall, but still underpredict its extremity. The better prediction ability of these members comes from the better prediction of the evolution characteristics (i.e., intensity and location) of the YHV and TC In-Fa. When the YHV was moving westward to the south of Henan, a relatively strong southerly wind in the southwestern part of Henan converged with the easterly flow from the channel wind between In-Fa and WPSH. The convergence and accompanying ascending motion induced heavy precipitation.     

河南省小麦青枯发生规律的EOF分析

通过对河南省30个台站1967~1996年30年的气象资料统计,得出全省小麦青枯发生日数,对其进行EOF分析,发现全省小麦青枯发生日数主要呈“中部多南北部少”空间分布型,另外还有其它几种空间分布型;小麦青枯发生日数随时间推移呈减少趋势;对各模态时间系数进行功率谱分析,发现小麦青枯发生日数具有较明显的准3年周期;第一、第二模态时间系数与全省小麦单产存在显著负相关关系,为防御和减轻小麦青枯灾害提供了理论依据。     

Advance and prospectus of seasonal prediction: assessment of the APCC/CliPAS 14-model ensemble retrospective seasonal prediction (1980–2004)

We assessed current status of multi-model ensemble (MME) deterministic and probabilistic seasonal prediction based on 25-year (1980–2004) retrospective forecasts performed by 14 climate model systems (7 one-tier and 7 two-tier systems) that participate in the Climate Prediction and its Application to Society (CliPAS) project sponsored by the Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center (APCC). We also evaluated seven DEMETER models’ MME for the period of 1981–2001 for comparison. Based on the assessment, future direction for improvement of seasonal prediction is discussed. We found that two measures of probabilistic forecast skill, the Brier Skill Score (BSS) and Area under the Relative Operating Characteristic curve (AROC), display similar spatial patterns as those represented by temporal correlation coefficient (TCC) score of deterministic MME forecast. A TCC score of 0.6 corresponds approximately to a BSS of 0.1 and an AROC of 0.7 and beyond these critical threshold values, they are almost linearly correlated. The MME method is demonstrated to be a valuable approach for reducing errors and quantifying forecast uncertainty due to model formulation. The MME prediction skill is substantially better than the averaged skill of all individual models. For instance, the TCC score of CliPAS one-tier MME forecast of Niño 3.4 index at a 6-month lead initiated from 1 May is 0.77, which is significantly higher than the corresponding averaged skill of seven individual coupled models (0.63). The MME made by using 14 coupled models from both DEMETER and CliPAS shows an even higher TCC score of 0.87. Effectiveness of MME depends on the averaged skill of individual models and their mutual independency. For probabilistic forecast the CliPAS MME gains considerable skill from increased forecast reliability as the number of model being used increases; the forecast resolution also increases for 2 m temperature but slightly decreases for precipitation. Equatorial Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies are primary sources of atmospheric climate variability worldwide. The MME 1-month lead hindcast can predict, with high fidelity, the spatial–temporal structures of the first two leading empirical orthogonal modes of the equatorial SST anomalies for both boreal summer (JJA) and winter (DJF), which account for about 80–90% of the total variance. The major bias is a westward shift of SST anomaly between the dateline and 120°E, which may potentially degrade global teleconnection associated with it. The TCC score for SST predictions over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean reaches about 0.68 with a 6-month lead forecast. However, the TCC score for Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) index drops below 0.40 at a 3-month lead for both the May and November initial conditions due to the prediction barriers across July, and January, respectively. The MME prediction skills are well correlated with the amplitude of Niño 3.4 SST variation. The forecasts for 2 m air temperature are better in El Niño years than in La Niña years. The precipitation and circulation are predicted better in ENSO-decaying JJA than in ENSO-developing JJA. There is virtually no skill in ENSO-neutral years. Continuing improvement of the one-tier climate model’s slow coupled dynamics in reproducing realistic amplitude, spatial patterns, and temporal evolution of ENSO cycle is a key for long-lead seasonal forecast. Forecast of monsoon precipitation remains a major challenge. The seasonal rainfall predictions over land and during local summer have little skill, especially over tropical Africa. The differences in forecast skills over land areas between the CliPAS and DEMETER MMEs indicate potentials for further improvement of prediction over land. There is an urgent need to assess impacts of land surface initialization on the skill of seasonal and monthly forecast using a multi-model framework.     

基于遥感和地理信息系统的河南省森林防火系统

河南森林火灾较多,给森林资源造成较大损失。由于在火灾预警、监测、救灾中,没有一套有效的现化化的手段,常常延误较多的扑救时间,造成不必要的经济和森林资源的损失。在多年森林火灾遥感监测的基础上,利用“3S”技术,从森林火灾预警—监测—扑救等过程入手,建立了自动化、流程化的河南省森林遥感防火系统。介绍了河南省森林遥感防火系统的主要技术思路及各部分主要功能。该系统的资料接收、处理、服务等都实现了软件支持,并利用“3S”技术,使火点监测图像、气象和森林火险预报与地理信息叠加。     

Verification and Assessment of Real-time Forecasts of Two Extreme Heavy Rain Events in Zhengzhou by Operational NWP Models

In the present study, the performances of the NWP models on two heavy rainfalls on 20 July and 22 August 2021 over Henan Province were investigated. The impacts of the water vapor transport to the extreme rainfall were further discussed. The results showed that the regional model system in the Guangzhou Meteorological Service generally showed high scores on the extreme rainfall over Henan. The maximum 24h accumulative rainfall by the 24h forecasts by the CMA-GD reached 556 mm over Henan Province. The 24-h and 48-h Threat Score (TS) of heavy rainfall reached 0.56 and 0.64. The comparisons of the Fraction Skill Score (FSS) verifications of the heavy rainfall by CMA-GD and CMA-TRAMS at the radium of 40km reached 0.96 and 0.87. The water vapor transport to the extreme rainfall showed that the vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT) of the whole layer before the occurrence of the heavy rainfall exhibited a double-eyes distribution in case 7 · 20. The north eye over Henan reached the same magnitude of IVT as the typhoon eye (Cempaka) over south China. The IVT over the lower troposphere (<500 hPa) showed an overwhelming magnitude than the upper level, especially in the planetary boundary layer (<700 hPa). More practical technical needs to be developed to improve its performances on the forecasting of extreme rainfall, as well as more experiments need to be conducted to examine the effects of the specific terrain and physical schemes on the extreme rainfall.