数据同化的南海台风浪后报模式

将基于最优插值(OI)的同化并行模块植入第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCH III version3.14, 建立数据同化的台风海浪模式预报系统。该系统的强迫风场采用模型台风风场与台风来前海区背景风场混成的风场。以模式后报2010 年7 月严重影响南海北部的“康森”和“灿都”台风引起的海浪场为例, 首先对所构造的混合风场的台风海面风场结构进行定性检验, 并用高度计沿轨风速对混合风场精度进行定量验证。在此基础上, 海浪模式在混合风场强迫下边积分边同化。同化数据采用上述台风过境南海期间Jason-2 卫星高度计沿轨有效波高 (SWH)。值得指出的是, 同化时只取SWH 沿轨数据的一部分用于同化计算, 而另一部分沿轨数据则用于对同化分析结果进行检验。先后同化了4 条轨道上的SWH数据。将SWH 的同化分析与无同化的对照组结果分别与高度计测量SWH 比较, 发现同化较无同化可使均方根误差获得50%以上的明显改进。以同化分析场作为初始场, 同化影响预报(这里是后报)的时效性约在48 h 以内。本研究目的是通过同化高度计SWH 数据进一步提升台风海浪模式预报的准确度。     

南海北部海区波高与厄尔尼诺关系探究

以欧洲中期天气预报中心的23年再分析风场数据为基础,采用HIRHAM风场模式和SWAN海浪模型对南海北部海域的波浪场进行推算,并将南海北部海域的有效波高与厄尔尼诺指数作对比,探究两者的关系,分析结论如下：（1）南海海域波高具有较强的季节性变化特征,冬季波高大于夏季波高;（2）南海北部海域月平均波高与Niño3.4指数呈负相关,大部分海域呈中度相关,台湾和菲律宾之间的部分海域呈高度相关;（3）在强厄尔尼诺年,南海北部海域的有效波高明显偏小,且厄尔尼诺指数变化越大,波高越小;反之,在强拉尼娜年,南海北部海域的有效波高较大。     

中法海洋卫星（CFOSAT）同步观测台风引起的风场和海浪

利用中法海洋卫星（CFOSAT）最近观测的风场和海浪场，报道了超强台风玲玲（2019）过境中国近海水域期间台风浪的初步研究结果。结果显示，台风路径右侧风速超过14 m/s大风区的有效波高超过5 m，与理论估算一致。观测主波波长为150 - 180 m，风场为西南向，海浪向东传播。风向和浪向的偏移随台风中心距离增大，接近理论预测。     

SWAN模式中风输入方案对南海台风浪后报的影响分析

基于近岸海浪模式(SWAN, Simulating waves nearshore),分别用ERA (ECMWF re-analysis)5、ERA-Interim、CCMP(Cross calibrated multi-platform)及美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP, National centers for environmental prediction)数据中心的天气预报再分析系统(CFSR, Climate forecast system reanalysis)的海表面10 m处风场作为不同的驱动风场,模拟15次经过南海的热带气旋过程产生的极值波高情况下的海浪,比较了不同风场驱动的海浪后报模拟值与Jason卫星高度计实测值的误差;再应用模拟精度最高的驱动风场,模拟同样条件的海浪场,对拖曳系数的参数化方案进行敏感性分析和比较。结果表明：在模式输入参数为默认值的情况下,ERA5风场与WU方案的风输入组合能够获得更加准确的中国南海热带气旋发生海域的有效波高;最后基于以上结果构建30年的南海海域海浪要素数据集,并使用Pearson-Ⅲ分布推算出南海海域的多年一遇有效波高。研究结果...     

卫星高度计波高资料的同化试验分析

结合经验的台风风场模型和NCEP再分析资料构造了南海台风风场,并以此作为一个第三代海浪模式的输入模拟了1999年约克(York)台风经过南海时所产生的台风浪场.模拟结果显示,尽管文中构造的南海台风风场比较接近真实的风场,但模拟出的台风浪场相对于TOPEX/Poseidon高度计的观测波高仍有一定差异,因此进而采用了一种简单的最优插值同化方法,开展了波高资料的初步同化试验.试验结果显示,资料同化显著地改进了海浪模式的(后)预报精度,而这种改进在涌浪区更加显著,同化有效维持时间大约是43h.     

强台风“卡努”过境期间的风和海浪特征分析

南海北部海域夏季台风活动频繁,对海上生产活动和人民生命财产安全造成极大威胁,由于台风路径的不确定性,其中心附近区域的风浪观测资料十分稀少。中国气象局(China Meteorological Administration, CMA)热带气旋最佳路径数据显示2017年10月强台风“卡努”中心经过南海北部陆坡的SF301浮标,该浮标完整记录了台风过境的风浪数据。利用浮标观测资料,分析了强台风“卡努”过境期间的风和海浪特征。观测结果表明,“卡努”经过浮标时,中心气压为959.9 hPa,风速随时间呈双峰分布,前、后眼壁区的10 min平均风速分别为30.2 m/s和24.9 m/s, 1 s极大风速分别为44.2和38.6 m/s。海浪以风浪为主,观测有效波高和最大波高最大值分别为10.8和14.3 m,滞后最大风速30 min,波向和风向变化趋势一致。台风过境期间,有效波高与海面10 m风速接近线性关系,非台风期间二者呈二次多项式关系。海浪无因次波高和周期呈幂指数关系,无论是台风期间还是非台风期间二者关系十分接近Toba提出的3/2指数律。     

基于SWAN模型的南中国海“莫拉菲”台风浪研究

我国的水运工程建设频繁受到台风浪的侵袭。为了对台风浪的防灾减灾提供有益帮助,本文基于第三代海浪模式SWAN建立了南中国海台风浪数值模型,并以“0906”号台风“莫拉菲”为例对模拟结果进行了分析。结果表明,台风风场与波浪场相似,即大小均由中心向外围递减,方向均为逆时针旋转;台风风场呈圆对称分布,而波浪场由于受到海底地形与岸线影响,呈现椭圆对称分布。有效波高等值线亦从中心向外围递减,且形状受地形与岸线影响较大。对台风浪组成机制的探讨结果显示风浪和涌浪均可组成台风浪,且海底地形与岸线(例如岛屿效应)亦对台风浪特性有所影响。     

再分析风场驱动下的南海波浪模拟误差

本文采用国际上广泛应用的3种再分析风场驱动WAVEWATCH III模型得到了南海波浪后报数据,并基于全球卫星高度计波高数据和我国沿海浮标实测数据对不同的风场计算结果进行了对比分析,分析表明3种风场的误差特征相差明显,其中ERA-40风场偏小,CFSR风场非常适合模拟常见天气的波浪过程,NCDC风场适合模拟大浪过程。论文重点以NCDC风场后报波浪数据分析了波浪模型模拟误差特点,发现在台风频发的的南海北部海域,再分析风场易低估大值波高,而在季风影响明显的南海南部海域,再分析风场易高估波高。浮标周边2°范围海域内的卫星高度计波高模拟误差趋势与浮标波高模拟误差趋势相似,浮标波高数据的统计特征值与"2度法"提取的卫星高度计数据统计特征值具有较高一致性。     

基于台风风场模型的台风浪数值模拟

以CCMP风场资料为背景风场,结合藤田风场模型、Myers风场模型、Jelesnianski风场模型、Holland风场模型,分别构建全新的海面风场.基于非结构三角网格,采用第三代近岸海浪模式SWAN对2011年第5号强热带风暴“米雷”产生的台风浪进行数值模拟.比较SWAN模式模拟的结果和浮标实测数据,发现风场模型能够有效提高台风中心附近3至5倍台风最大风速半径范围内风场和台风浪有效波高的模拟精度.对比4种风场模型对应的台风浪模拟结果,发现Holland风场模型模拟的有效波高与浮标实测值最接近.     

合成风场作用下的近海重现期波要素分析

运用第三代海浪模式SWAN,分别将台风模型风场、美国NCEP风场、合成风场作为其驱动风场,与实测值比较发现:合成风场优于另外两种风场,在台风中心和远离台风中心地带模拟效果都较好。故选用合成风场作为驱动风场,对1982—2015年间影响东南沿海的210个台风过程进行数值模拟推算,进行P-Ⅲ曲线拟合分析,与测站实测资料符合良好。在此基础上,分方向绘制出东南沿海的百年一遇的波高分布图,可为近海工程环境评估和设计提供参考。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.