黄河流域农业绿色发展水平区域差异及影响因素

推进农业绿色发展,是推进农业高质量发展、农业农村现代化和实施乡村振兴战略的重大举措。从资源节约、环境友好、质量高效、乡村发展等4个方面构建评价体系,采用熵值法客观评价了2011—2019年黄河流域的农业绿色发展水平及各省区之间的差异,并运用地理探测器对影响黄河流域农业绿色发展水平空间分异的因素进行探测。结果表明：（1）2011年以来黄河流域九省区农业绿色发展取得了较好的成效,但仍存较大提升空间。资源节约指标得分远高于环境友好、质量高效和乡村发展指标。（2）从时间上看,2011—2019年黄河流域九省区的农业绿色发展水平都得到了较大提升。其中,青海省、甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区的年均增长率较高。从空间上看,2011—2019年,高值省区由1个增长到7个,低值省区由5个降至0个。（3）从流域整体差异来看,黄河流域农业绿色发展水平差异在不断缩小;从区域内部差异来看,下游和中游的内部差异较小,上游的内部差异较大但呈缩小趋势;（4）影响黄河流域农业绿色发展的主要因素有耕地复种指数、单位农业产值耗水量、节水灌溉面积占比、单位播种面积农业总产值、化肥施用强度、农村卫生厕所普及率、单位农业产值机械能耗、水土流失治理水平。     

基于MODIS数据的2001—2018年中国耕地复种指数反演研究

耕地复种指数的持续稳定关乎国家粮食安全战略,实时高效地获取复种指数时空演变的详细过程信息具有重要意义。论文基于2001—2018年500 m分辨率的MODIS09A1影像数据,利用小波谱顶点的快速自动检测方法获取了全国复种指数的时空分布图,并采用Mann-Kendall检验、启发式分割算法等方法开展了全国复种指数变化形式的时空演变规律及驱动机制研究。结果表明：全国耕地复种指数稳中有升,复种指数均值从2001年的1.14上升至2018年的1.30。全国6%的耕地面积复种指数发生显著变化(约13.5万km²),相当于一个安徽省的面积。复种指数增加面积约占变化面积的2/3,复种指数下降面积约占变化面积的1/3。其中,复种指数增加的面积主要来源于黄土高原区、甘新区的休耕转为单季以及黄淮海区单季转双季,且集中在2004—2013年。2013年至今,全国复种指数仍呈增加趋势,黄淮海区单季转双季的面积保持持续增加是重要的影响因素。复种指数下降的面积主要来源于2009—2013年长江中下游平原区的双季转单季。保持黄土高原区、甘新区的耕地有效种植面积以及黄淮区耕地的双季种植面积,适当抑制长江中下游地区耕地复种指数的下降态势,对于稳定耕地复种指数、确保粮食安全具有重要意义。     

甘肃河西地区2000-2019年水土资源耦合协调特征

以甘肃河西地区为研究区,采用耦合协调度模型和农业水土资源匹配系数法分别对河西五市和河西走廊三大内陆河中游地区水土耦合协调情况进行量化研究,并以此为基础通过灰色关联度法分析水土资源耦合协调度影响因素.结果表明:(1)2000-2019年,河西五市水土资源耦合协调度整体提升了 64.65％,由濒临失调转换为初级协调,呈现不...     

Impacts of climate change and agricultural activities on water quality in the Lower Kaidu River Basin,China

In the context of climate change and over-exploitation of water resources, water shortage and water pollution in arid regions have become major constraints to local sustainable development. In this study, we established a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for simulating non-point source (NPS) pollution in the irrigation area of the lower reaches of the Kaidu River Basin, based on spatial and attribute data (2010–2014). Four climate change scenarios (2040–2044) and two agricultural management scenarios were input into the SWAT model to quantify the effects of climate change and agricultural management on solvents and solutes of pollutants in the study area. The simulation results show that compared to the reference period (2010–2014), with a decline in streamflow from the Kaidu River, the average annual irrigation water consumption is expected to decrease by 3.84x10⁸ m³ or 8.87% during the period of 2040–2044. Meanwhile, the average annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in agricultural drainage canals will also increase by 10.50% and 30.06%, respectively. Through the implementation of agricultural management measures, the TN and TP in farmland drainage can be reduced by 14.49% and 16.03%, respectively, reaching 661.56 t and 12.99 t, accordingly, and the increasing water efficiency can save irrigation water consumption by 4.41 x10⁸ m³ or 4.77%. The results indicate that although the water environment in the irrigation area in the lower reaches of the Kaidu River Basin is deteriorating, the situation can be improved by implementing appropriate agricultural production methods. The quantitative analysis results of NPS pollutants in the irrigation area under different scenarios provide a scientific basis for water environmental management in the Kaidu River Basin.

     

武威绿洲城镇化的生态效应情景分析

绿洲是人地关系地域系统研究的典型地区,城镇化是影响绿洲生态系统稳定性的重要人类活动之一,选择合理的城镇化模式对绿洲地区可持续发展至关重要。本文以石羊河流域武威绿洲为研究区,采用情景分析方法,对该地区常规城镇化和快速集约型城镇化两种情景的生态效应展开系统动力学模拟。结果表明：在快速集约型城镇化情景下,到2025年,武威绿洲年农业用水将控制在6×108 m3以内,相比目前水平可节约3×108～4×108 m3,生产和生活对生态用水的占用也将相应减少,年总用水量将控制在8×108 m3以内,水资源供需矛盾可得到缓解,下游民勤绿洲生态退化可得到有效控制;而在常规城镇化情景下,水供需矛盾将继续恶化,无法遏制石羊河下游生态退化趋势。因此,快速集约型城镇化模式是维持武威绿洲及石羊河流域生态系统稳定性的可取城镇化模式之一。     

近20年中国耕地复种指数的时空变化

多熟种植是中国重要的种植制度,对保障国家食物安全和促进农村经济发展有十分重要的意义。复种指数受自然条件和农村社会状况的影响处于不断变化之中,及时获取其变化信息是国家食物安全评估和农业发展科学决策的基础。近年来对食物安全的研究集中于耕地面积变化的影响,对复种指数变化及其影响的研究较少。作物种植面积和复种指数变化的估计一直以行政区划为单元的统计数据为基础,但获得这些数据费时费力,时效性和可靠性都比较差,更缺乏准确的空间和时间变化信息。卫星遥感是探测大尺度土地覆被格局实时变化的最有效手段,因此可以作为获取全国和区域尺度作物复种指数变化信息的重要途径。作者应用多时相NOAA/AVHRR遥感观测数据和峰值特征点检测法提取全国尺度的复种指数,并分析其从20世纪80年代初到90年代末的变化。结果表明全国复种指数整体增加,但在珠江三角洲、长江中下游、四川盆地丘陵山地以及山东丘陵等地区有所降低。复种指数下降的耕地占全国总面积15%左右。在四川盆地和黄淮海区,复种指数在平原地区有所增加或保持稳定,下降多发生在丘陵山地,但在长江中下游和华南精耕细作地区出现复种指数降低的趋势。     

Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas

The Koshi River Basin is in the middle of the Himalayas, a tributary of the Ganges River and a very important cross-border watershed. Across the basin there are large changes in altitude, habitat complexity, ecosystem integrity, land cover diversity and regional difference and this area is sensitive to global climate change. Based on Landsat TM images, vegetation mapping, field investigations and 3S technology, we compiled high-precision land cover data for the Koshi River Basin and analyzed current land cover characteristics. We found that from source to downstream, land cover in the Koshi River Basin in 2010 was composed of water body (glacier), bare land, sparse vegetation, grassland, wetland, shrubland, forest, cropland, water body (river or lake) and built-up areas. Among them, grassland, forest, bare land and cropland are the main types, accounting for 25.83%, 21.19%, 19.31% and 15.09% of the basin’s area respectively. The composition and structure of the Koshi River Basin land cover types are different between southern and northern slopes. The north slope is dominated by grassland, bare land and glacier; forest, bare land and glacier are mainly found on northern slopes. Northern slopes contain nearly seven times more grassland than southern slopes; while 97.13% of forest is located on southern slopes. Grassland area on northern slope is 6.67 times than on southern slope. The vertical distribution of major land cover types has obvious zonal characteristics. Land cover types from low to high altitudes are cropland, forest, Shrubland and mixed cropland, grassland, sparse vegetation, bare land and water bodies. These results provide a scientific basis for the study of land use and cover change in a critical region and will inform ecosystem protection, sustainability and management in this and other alpine transboundary basins.     

Mutual optimization of water utilization structure and industrial structure in arid inland river basins of Northwest China

Water is a key restricting factor of the economic development and eco-environmental protection in arid inland river basins of Northwest China. Although water supplies are short, the water utilization structure and the corresponding industrial structure are unbalanced. We constructed a System Dynamic Model for mutual optimization based on the mechanism of their interaction. This model is applied to the Heihe River Basin where the share of limited water resources among ecosystem, production and human living is optimized. Results show that, by mutual optimization, the water utilization structure and the industrial structures fit in with each other. And the relationships between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin can be harmonized. Mutual benefits of ecology, society and economy can be reached, and a sustainable ecology-production-living system can be obtained. This study gives a new insight and method for the sustainable utilization of water resources in arid inland river basins.     

内陆河流域用水结构与产业结构双向优化仿真模型

1 Introduction The great development of western China greatly increases the demand for water. However, in arid inland river basins of Northwest China, water resources are very limited. Shortage of water has been one of the key restricting factors of eco-e…     

灌溉与施氮对黑河中游新垦沙地春小麦生长特性、耗水量及产量的影响

在黑河中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地设计大田试验,研究了不同灌溉量(估算春小麦生育期需水量的0.6、0.8、1.0倍)与施氮量(0、140、221和300 kg/hm2)对春小麦生长特性、耗水量及产量的影响.结果表明,灌溉与施氮对春小麦植株高度产生一定的影响,但其效果不明显.高灌溉量加大作物的耗水量,春小麦全生育期,高灌溉处理的耗水量比中等灌溉处理与低灌溉处理分别增加16.68%与36.88%.当施氮量小于221 kg/hm2时,增加施氮量可以提高地上部干物质量、单位面积粒数、单穗粒重与产量,从而提高水分利用效率(WUE);当施氮量大于221 kg/hm2时,高施氮量使大量干物质滞留于营养器官,导致成熟前物质的转移不充分,同时在土壤水分亏缺的条件下,高施氮处理加重干旱胁迫,从而使221 kg/hm2处理的地上部干物质量(4 159 kg/hm2)、单位面积粒数(3 774)、单穗粒重(259.42 mg)、产量(2 132.83 kg/hm2)与WUE(3.85 kg·mm-1·hm-2)在各施氮处理中最高.地上部干物质量、籽粒产量及产量构成要素随灌溉量的增加而增加.低灌溉处理的WUE显著高于中等灌溉处理与高灌溉处理处理,中等灌溉处理与高灌溉处理之间的WUE差异不显著.结果表明,低灌溉处理(春小麦全生育期灌溉量378 mm)与221 kg/hm2施氮是黑河中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田可以获得相对较高的经济产量与高WUE的最佳组合.     

过去2000年中国农耕区拓展与垦殖率变化基本特征

通过梳理和集成近年研究成果,综述了过去2000年中国主要农耕区拓展的阶段性及其间全国耕地面积和其中近千年垦殖率变化的主要特征。主要结论有：① 中国主要农耕区第一次大规模拓展出现在西汉,从黄河中下游拓至整个长江以北地区;第二次在唐宋时期,主要是长江以南农耕区域从平原低地拓垦至丘陵山地;第三次在清中叶以后,主要是对东北、西北和西南等边疆地区的拓垦和山地的深度开发。② 过去2000年中国耕地面积呈波动增加趋势,公元初突破5亿亩（1亩≈ 667 m²）,8世纪前期突破6亿亩,11世纪后半叶达近8亿亩,16世纪后期突破10亿亩,19世纪前期突破12亿亩,1953年逾16亿亩,1980年逾20亿亩。③ 中国耕地空间分布的主体格局至11世纪前后就已基本奠定。1080年前后,黄淮海、关中平原等的垦殖率达30%以上,长江三角洲、鄱阳湖平原、两湖平原和四川盆地等达30%左右。1850年前后,华北平原、汾渭盆地和陇东地区、四川盆地、两湖平原、鄱阳湖平原及长三角地区等的垦殖率均超过30%。2000年前后,东北平原、黄淮海地区、汾渭盆地和陇东地区、四川盆地、长江中下游平原等农业区中有2/3以上垦殖率超过50%,辽西丘陵、坝上高原、黄土高原及南方各省的丘陵山地也多达15%以上;西北绿洲农业带及青藏高原河谷农业带的局部地区也达50%以上。     

黄淮海平原水资源开发的环境效应及其调控对策

本文简要介绍了黄淮海平原水资源开发与农业持续发展的关系，本区人均、公顷平均水资源量均仅及全国平均值的２９％；耕地灌溉率每增加１％，粮食单产增加９４．２８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，总产增加２０．５０×１０８ｋｇ。文中阐述了四大类型区水资源利用现状和水资源开发中的环境问题，诸如山前平原区的水污染与浅层地下水超采，海河低平原区饮水型氟中毒、地下水降落漏斗和地面沉降，黄淮平原区的渍害和滨海平原区的黄河断流和海水入侵等。针对上述水环境问题，本文提出了相应的调控对策，可供有关省（市）、地（市）决策部门参考。     

不同水平年塔里木河流域“四源一干”可承载灌溉面积研究

利用水量平衡原理,基于流域水资源量及水资源利用水平、灌溉定额等资料,计算探讨了塔里木河流域“四源一干”现状水平年（2010年）和规划水平年（2020年、2030年）可承载灌溉面积、不同来水频率下规划年灌溉面积超载和生态水保证情况。结果表明：（1）现状水平年,流域可承载灌溉面积为129.06×10⁴ hm²,除和田河流域外其它区域均超载,超载面积为41.7×10⁴ hm²。（2）2020年,25%来水频率下,除开都-孔雀河流域其他区域均不超载。在50%与75%来水频率下,流域规划灌溉面积超载较大,分别为10.21×10⁴ hm²与28.05×10⁴ hm²,管理部门应对规划方案进行科学论证。75%来水频率下,流域生态水保证率为76%,表明枯水期生态水供应存在压力。（3）2030年,25%来水频率下,除开都-孔雀河流域其他区域均不超载。在50%与75%来水频率下,流域规划灌溉面积超载较大,分别为7.06×10⁴ hm²与24.09×10⁴ hm²。75%来水频率下,流域生态水保证率为81%,表明枯水期生态水供应仍然存在压力。研究结果为流域水资源配置及区域可持续发展提供了重要数据支撑与理论依据。     

Changes in China’s Grain Production Pattern and the Effects of Urbanization and Dietary Structure

Grain production patterns are the basis of a nation’s food security. Since China’s reform and opening-up began in 1978, China’s urbanization process, driven by rapid social and economic development, has accelerated steadily. During this time, the dietary structure of urban and rural Chinese has also changed significantly. Accordingly, grain production patterns have undergone major changes. First, traditional grain production patterns in the north and the south have changed, and the food production center has shifted toward the north. In 1980, the grain yield of southern provinces accounted for 60% of China’s total, while that of northern provinces accounted for 40%. In 2015, the grain yield of southern provinces accounted for 56% of the total, while that of northern provinces accounted for 44%. Second, grain production by regions of the country is “shrinking in the east but expanding in the central regions,” meaning that grain production in eastern coastal provinces has decreased significantly, while that in the central region has expanded. The proportions of the nation’s total grain production from the eastern, central and western regions were 38%, 36% and 26%, respectively, in 1980. These had changed to 27%, 46%, and 27%, respectively, in 2015. Third, the spatial centralization of grain production has increased. The total grain yield of 13 major grain-producing provinces and regions in the country accounted for 69.27% of nation’s total in 1980, and it had reached 76.18% in 2015, showing that the impact of major grain-producing areas on national food security has increased. The influence of rapid urbanization on grain production areas shows remarkable regional differences. As the level of urbanization has increased, build-up land occupies a large number of high-quality farmland, especially in east coastal provinces and thus the grain planting area decreased obviously. The effect of dietary structure changes on grain production patterns was evident in two ways. On the one hand, as dietary diversity has increased, total grain consumption has decreased. The reduction in the proportion of planting area for grain crops to total crop planting area dropped from 82% in 1980 to 68% in 2015, making this change in total grain consumption evident. On the other hand, the ratio of grain for human consumption declined as the ratio of grain consumed by animals increased. The reduction in the proportion of rice and wheat grown and an increase in the proportion of feed grain production (mostly maize) from 20% in the 1980s to 36% in 2015 makes this change in grain production and consumption evident. In the future, with the establishment of national functional areas for grain production, the spatial pattern of grain production will return, while the demand for feed grains will continue to increase but with the space for expansion limited.     

黄河流域节水高效农业建设的紧迫性及途径探讨

黄河流域由于水资源短缺,供需矛盾日益尖锐。本文在分析黄河流域水资源开发利用现状与建设高效节水农业紧迫性的基础上,对黄河流域建设节水高效农业的潜力进行了评价,并根据黄河流域上、中、下游水资源特点和农业生产现状对其节水高效农业的建设途径进行了探讨。建设高效节水的现代灌溉农业和现代旱地农业是黄河流域农业用水战略的必然选择。研究结果和结论对该区域维持21世纪农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Spatio-temporal Analysis of Water Supply Services in the Li River Basin

The water supply services of the Li River are essential for the ecological environment and local social development. Based on the InVEST model, we quantitatively analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of water supply services in the Li River Basin from 2000 to 2018 at multiple scales, including the raster, sub-basin, and regional scales, clarified the differences in water yield among different land use types, and explored the different stages of changes in the characteristics of water services. The results revealed four key aspects of this system. (1) The water supply service of Li River Basin showed a spatial distribution pattern of high in the north and low in the south, and the water yield gradually decreased from north to south. (2) Among the various land use types in Li River Basin, the average water supply capacity decreased in the following order: artificial surface, unused land, grassland, forest, cropland and wetland. (3) The average amounts of water services in the 18 sub-basins varied widely, with four sub-basins belonging to the high-value area for water supply services, eight in the middle-value area, and six in the low-value area. (4) From 2000 to 2010, the regions with large fluctuations in water supply services include the midstream region, Lipu River region, and the northern region of Gongcheng River; while from 2010 to 2018, the areas with large fluctuations were in the midstream region and Gongcheng River region. The results of this research increase our understanding of the water supply services in the Li River Basin and provide a critical scientific basis for the reverse compensation of a regional ecological compensation mechanism.     

不同重现期下淮河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险评价

为探讨不同重现期情景下淮河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险变化,利用不同类型共20 种分布函数拟合得到最大日降水量结果,并将其作为致灾因子,结合其他11 种指标,定量化评价淮河流域不同重现期暴雨洪涝灾害风险。研究发现：① 淮河流域暴雨洪涝灾害高风险区为流域中上游干流蓄洪区及周边地势低洼地,流域中部、西南部以及东部部分地区为中高风险区,低风险区分布于流域北部与中南部。② 随重现期增加（10a 一遇至1000a 一遇）,最大日降水量空间分布变化为流域东部整体危险性逐渐减弱,西南部高值区域增幅较大;而最终淮河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划变化则表现为中高风险区保持相对稳定;高风险区与低风险区逐渐缩小,占流域总面积分别由8.3%、42.4%减小至3.2%与30.8%,风险高值保持稳定但区域集中程度越来越明显;中风险区则由28.3%增加至40.9%;整体呈现“流域东部大灾减少、小灾不断,西部高值区遇水成灾,北部中南部相对安全”的空间分布变化格局。     

The Analysis of Water Footprint of Production and Water Stress in China

Water footprint of production can be used to identify pressure on national or regional water resources generated by production activities. Water stress is defined as the ratio of water use (the difference between a regional water footprint of production and a green water footprint) to renewable water resources available in a country or region. Water stress can be used to identify pressure on national or regional water resources generated by production activities. This paper estimates the water footprint of production and the water stress in China during the years 1985-2009. The result shows that China’s water footprint of production increased from 781.58 × 10⁹ m³ in 1985 to 1109.76 × 10⁹ m³ in 2009. Mega-cities and regions with less agriculture production due to local climatic conditions (Tibet and Qinghai) had lower water footprint of production, while the provinces (Henan, Shandong) with higher agriculture production had higher footprint. Provinces with severe water stress increased from 6 in 1985 to 9 in 2009. High to severe water stress exists mainly in mega-cities and agricultural areas located in the downstream areas of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in North and Central China. The outlook for water resources pressure in China is not optimistic, with areas of stress expanding from northern to southern of China.     

A phenology based geo-informatics approach to map land use and land cover (2003–2013) by spatial segregation of large heterogenic river basins

Accurate information on land use and land cover (LULC) is critical for policy decisions especially for management of land and water resources’ activities in large river basins around the world. Phenology based LULC classification is the most promising approach particularly in the areas with diversified cropping patterns. Sometimes in large river basins, local climate and topography provides two different phenological information sets for the same crops in the same season. Based on accurate phenological information of the main crops in spatially segregated units, the remote sensing based classification was used to map the LULC changes for a period of 2003–2013 in the Kabul River Basin (KRB) of Afghanistan. We used remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) products of Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from Terra (MOD13Q1) and Aqua (MYD13Q1) with 250 m spatial resolution for this study. The overall accuracy (mean) of the LULC classification throughout the study period was around 68.15% ± 9.45while the producer and user accuracies (mean) were 75.9 ± 11.3% and 76.4 ± 11.2%, respectively. Results show that the cropping patterns vary significantly in the spatially disaggregated units. From 2003 till 2013, the ground coverage of wheat, barley and rice was increased by 31%, 7% and 32%, respectively. Overall, there has been only 2% increment in the agricultural area across the KRB between 2003 and 2013. This relatively increased trend of land cover change has taken place as a result of partial improvement in political stability as well as investment in irrigation infrastructure and agricultural development in the region. This study further provides insight to develop new agriculture strategies in order to maintain the ecosystem required to fulfil the rising food demands.     

近20年中国农业主产区耕地资源质量和产能变化研究

依据全国土地利用图与土地资源质量评价图,分析1980s末至2005年末中国农业主产区内耕地资源数量和空间格局的动态变化,并对由此带来的耕地质量和产能的变化做出宏观评估。主要结论如下:1)2005年农业主产区耕地面积①为9 321.96万hm2,较1980s末增加175.53万hm2。2)耕地在空间上呈现"北增南减"的变化格局。北方的内蒙古东部区、新疆区、松嫩平原区和三江平原区为耕地净增加区,共增加354.41万hm2,各区分别增长10.29%、19.10%、10.91%和14.14%;偏南部的黄淮海区、长江中下游及江淮地区、华南蔗果区和四川盆地区为耕地净减少区,各区分别减少2.17%、2.00%、3.15%和5.61%。3)根据土地资源图对耕地质量的划分结果,20年间农业主产区内耕地面积和空间格局的变化导致一等耕地减少3.24%,二、三等耕地和宜林宜牧地分别增加2.91%、7.81%和14.10%。4)考虑各区耕地复种指数和耕地质量的影响,结合耕地单产数据进行耕地产能的核算,结果显示,在耕地数量净增1.92%的情况下,耕地的总体产能依然下降0.84%。