温度和水流对八斑唇腕水母生长发育的影响

在不同温度和水流条件下,作者分别对八斑唇腕水母(Rathkea octopunctata)伞径、伞高、出芽率和存活时间等生长发育情况展开研究,以期为其人工饲养和科普展示奠定基础。近海9.5℃~14℃采集的八斑唇腕水母暂养1 d后,置于不同水流(静止的1 L烧杯和气泡带动水流的13 L水浴缸)和不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃和22℃)交叉条件下人工饲养。结果显示,77 cm/s的水流条件下,10℃组水母存活时间最长。伞径、伞高与饲养时间呈负相关。温度越高,水母存活时间越短。温度能促进生殖腺快速成熟,但是10℃水母能持续性出芽。水流能保持水母活力,延长存活时间。研究表明,八斑唇腕水母可以通过水螅体横裂生殖和性腺出芽生殖两种方式繁育水母体。因为其个体较小,科技馆可采用低温水浴缸进行培养和长期展示,并对其特殊的出芽生殖方式进行科普讲解。     

2004年北太平洋柔鱼钓产量分析及作业渔场与表温的关系

根据2004年5—11月我国鱿钓船在北太平洋生产数据,结合表温资料,按经纬度1°×1°的格式,利用Marineexplorer4.0软件作图进行分析。结果表明,5—7月在160°E以东海域作业,产量较低;8—10月在150°—160°E海域作业,为生产作业的产量高峰期,占总产量的62.5%;11月在150oE以西海域作业,产量也较低。在150°E以西海域CPUE最高,150°—160°E中部海域次之,160°E以东海域最低。作业渔场的适宜表温呈现出季节性变化。各月适宜表温分别为:5月12℃～14℃;6月15℃～16℃;7月14℃～16℃;8月18℃～19℃;9月16℃～17℃;10月15℃～16℃;11月12℃～13℃。K-S检验表明,上述表温可作为寻找中心渔场的指标。     

墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝对盐度的耐受力

用壳高15～21mm的墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)稚贝作为实验材料,控制水温在16和24℃条件下进行对盐度的耐受力实验.实验结果表明,当温度在24℃时,稚贝存活的盐度范围为18.5～44.4,低盐度对稚贝的存活影响明显.稚贝可生长的盐度范围是21.2～41.0(日增长率r>4.0),适宜的生长盐度为24.0～32.0(日增长率r>8.0),其中26.0～28.0的盐度为最佳生长盐度.在16℃条件下,最初8h内,其生存盐度范围为17.4～46.4,但是48h后稚贝的存活盐度范围与24℃温度条件时无明显差别,显示出低温条件会使稚贝对极限盐度的反应速率减缓.当盐度处于接近极限范围时,盐度变化幅度过大易导致稚贝死亡.墨西哥湾扇贝对盐度的适应能力与原生境盐度有关,稚贝预先在盐度为19.5和44.9中适应9d后,再过度到14.3和48.5中,48h后,存活率为78.3%和100%,而若是从盐度为32中直接移到3和48.5中,48h后存活率分别为0和27.3%.显然,通过中间驯化或适应过程,稚贝会提高耐盐能力.此结果表明,在高温多雨的南方海域,应避免在易受淡水中冲击的河口、海湾区域开展墨西哥湾扇贝养殖.     

Eco‐physiological repercussions of dietary arachidonic acid in cell membranes of active tissues of the Gray whale

The radiation of the mammalian land species that became the baleen whales happened about 27–34 Mya. Mammals require omega 6 fatty acids for reproduction. With this long exposure to the omega 3‐rich marine food chain, the Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) might be expected to have lost its requirement for omega 6 fatty acids. We report an unexpectedly high content of omega 6 arachidonic acid (ArA) in the Gray whale liver and muscle lipids. This whale migrates 10,000 km from the cold polar, omega 3 oil‐rich food chain to that of the breeding lagoons of the tropical waters. The food web of tropical waters is a source of omega 6 fatty acids, which are hardly present in the cold polar food web. We suggest the reason for this longest of migrations from cold to warm waters is to meet the requirement for omega 6 fatty acids for mammalian reproduction and brain growth. This extreme conservation of omega 6 fatty acids in Gray whale biology has critical implications for mammalian biology and especially for whale conservation.     

Aspects of the biology of the sandsmelt Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 (Teleostei: Atherinidae) at Oldbury-upon-Severn,Gloucestershire, England

The age structure, annual growth, length-weight relationship, reproduction and other aspects of the general biology in Boyer's sandsmelt, Atherina boyeri, from the Severn estuary, have been studied for the period 1974–1977. The results are compared with those found in previous investigations of A. boyeri from more southerly waters.     

八放珊瑚生物生态学现状、退化原因及对策建议

八放珊瑚广泛分布在近岸浅海到深海,以及热带、温带甚至寒带等高纬度海区,在维持海洋生态系统结构完整性和生物多样性方面发挥了重要作用。受气候变化和人类活动影响,八放珊瑚呈现不断衰退趋势,忽视海洋生态系统原生物种自然禀赋的现象明显,尤其是八放珊瑚可供头足类产卵附着的生态功能尚未引起足够重视。本文综合梳理了八放珊瑚的结构和分类、繁殖特性和生殖方式、影响生态因子和退化原因等研究现状和问题,提出针对性保护和修复八放珊瑚的对策与建议,以期为我国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程的实施提供基础资料。     

中国扇贝科的研究 Ⅱ. 日月贝亚科

扇贝科(Pectinidae)是经济价值较大的双壳类软体动物。大多数种类生长快、数量大,肉味美,是很好的食用贝类,以其闭壳肌制成的“干贝”更是名贵海味。另外,其中许多种类壳色鲜艳美丽,花纹雕刻精细,是珍贵的装饰品。 这一科的种类,一般中等大小,但也有100毫米以上的大个体以及10毫米以下的小个体。壳近圆形,略平或较凸,两壳不等或相等,有的壳两侧不等。壳背缘直,光滑或具锯齿。壳顶位于背缘中部,略凸出。两耳等或不等,呈三角形,有的种在右壳前耳下方具有足丝孔和栉齿。壳表光滑、具光泽,多数有放射线及各种样式的放射雕刻。一般两壳颜色不同,左壳色彩及花纹明显,右壳色浅或近白色。贝壳内面铰合部韧带分为两部分,沿背缘者呈细线形,壳顶下方者呈三角形。有些种具有明显的耳关节(auricular crura)和主关节(cardinal crura),有的又具有内肋。前闭壳肌退化,只有一个大而圆的后闭壳肌。外套薄,外套缘厚,多数种具有发达的触手及外套眼。足细小,呈棒状,具有足丝沟。一般足丝韧,较发达。 扇贝科的种类最早出现于中生代的三叠纪,化石种类多出现在第三纪的渐新世和始新世。这一科至今在世界上已发现约350种。它在寒、温、热带都有分布,但以热带和亚热带的种类为最丰富。从潮间带直到潮下带5000多米深的海底都有分布,但多数种栖息在潮下带百米以内的浅海。它们以足丝固着在水质清晰处的岩石或砂粒上生活,有的以壳营附着生活。它们还能在海水中自由游泳,利用肥大闭壳肌的伸缩,急遽地开闭双壳,开壳时海水进入外套腔中,闭壳时海水便很快从外套腔喷射出来,利用这喷射力推动动物前进。有些种类,像Pecten属的一些种,能作各种方式的游泳,主要是曲线式前进,“潜逃”时,还能从壳后缘喷出海水,推动动物向壳顶方向后退。有些种,尤其是较小的个体,游泳速度很快,游动时还伴有清脆的响声。 扇贝的繁殖季节随种而不同,多数种是在春、秋季节。雌、雄异体或同体,性成熟时雌性生殖腺呈橘红色,雄性呈乳白色。精与卵排出体外在海水中受精,受精后20天左右(因种而异),幼虫便停止游泳而开始附着生活。生长速度随种而异,一般与温度成正比,春、夏季生长较快,冬季较慢或停止。有的种2年左右壳长可达70-80毫米。它们的食料是以单胞藻及有机碎屑为主。肉食性的腹足类、钻孔多毛类及海星等是它们的主要敌害。豆蟹寄生在一些个体的外套腔中,对扇贝的生长也有一定的影响。 我国对扇贝的开发利用也有悠久的历史,解放以来对扇贝的种类、分布,对经济价值较高的栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri等的繁殖、生长以及幼虫培育和人工养殖试验也做了不少研究工作。最近,沿海各地都纷纷开展扇贝人工养殖试验。但迄今为止,对我国沿海的种类还缺乏较全面系统的报道。为了更好地开发利用扇贝资源,搞清我国沿海扇贝科的种类、生态习性、地理分布及其利用情况就十分必要。我们根据中国科学院海洋研究所自解放以来,在我国沿海搜集的材料进行了整理研究,将按亚科陆续发表。     

长江口近海春季鱼类群落结构的多样性研究

根据2007年5月、2008年5月和6月在长江口近海春季的底拖网调查资料,对该海域鱼类的种类组成、资源量变化、群落结构多样性及优势种类长度谱进行了分析.调查共捕获鱼类187种,带鱼在三次调查中占据绝对优势,其渔获量均占总渔获量的50%以上,其它优势种类,除小黄鱼、刺鲳、银鲳外,均为小型非经济种类.另外,冷温性的鳄齿鱼也...     

厦门海域营养盐含量和比率变化及其对浮游植物群落的影响

于2010年8月和10月对厦门海域营养盐和浮游植物等开展了两个航次的调查,目的在于研究该海域营养盐含量和比率变化及其对水采浮游植物群落的影响.各化学和生物要素的采集、保存和分析按照《海洋调查规范》或《海洋监测规范》的相关方法进行.研究结果表明,厦门海域浮游植物生长的营养盐限制性因子与1998年的研究结果比较,依然为PO4-P,而SiO3-Si含量和DIN含量相对充足.各项营养盐含量与盐度都有较明显的负相关性,其中保守性最明显的是DIN,而PO4-P与盐度的相关性相对最低.此外,8月份鉴定到的甲藻门种类和生物量明显高于10月份.本文认为,目前厦门海域营养盐比率变化的主要压力为N/P摩尔比率失衡.随着人为输入氮源的增加,在富氮的九龙江口及其邻近海域,极易发生中肋骨条藻赤潮,该藻的生物量与NO3-N和SiO3-Si含量的相关性十分明显.研究发现,厦门甲藻/硅藻生物量的比值与NO3-N和N/P摩尔比率有一定的正相关性,可能预示着该海域无机氮含量的增加及其引起的N/P摩尔比率增大会促进甲藻门种类的生长.并且浮游植物Shannon生物多样性指数可作为反映厦门海域富营养化较好的生物指标.     

营养限制对三种浮游动物的影响

Nutrient imbalance—a mismatch in nutrient ratios between the available food supply and the demands of consumers—has the potential to be transported up food chains,exposing zooplankton to nutrient limitations.In this study,the response of Calanus sinicus(copepod),Moina mongolica(cladocera),and Brachionus plicatilis(rotifer) to nutrient-limited(no-limited,P-limited,and N-limited) food were evaluated from the perspective of growth,reproduction,and stoichiometric homoeostasis.The results indicated that the growth of three species was suppressed under nutrient-limited(especially P-limited) conditions.However,the effect of nutrient limitations on their reproduction was species-specific.For C.sinicus,the dietary UFA(unsaturated fatty acid) as a major phospholipid component affected their egg production and total FA supporting energy promoted the hatchability of eggs.Furthermore,excess carbon in the diet promoted egg production but reduced hatching success.For M.mongolica,nutritional(P and UFA) and energy(total FA) support affected their fecundity.B.plicatilis fecundity exhibited the same pattern of growth(no-limitedN-limitedP-limited).In terms of stoichiometric homeostasis,B.plicatilis' s elemental compositions were less likely to be affected by nutrient limitations than M.mongolica.We suggest that the effects of nutrient imbalances could potentially become an evolutionary force affecting ecosystem structure and stability in eutrophic waters.     

海洋围隔生态系中浮游动物的研究

2002-05-20-26在东海进行小尺度船基浮游生物生态系围隔实验,研究浮游动物的群落结构、组成与环境之间的关系,探讨了优势种群的自然繁殖发育期。结果表明,浮游动物的种类组成较简单,优势种明显。浮游动物生物量、丰度及优势种群丰度三者的变化呈逐渐增加趋势。在实验期的1～5d,小拟哲水蚤的无节幼虫和早期幼体占绝对优势,该自然种群的丰度不断增加;随时间推移,无节幼虫逐渐发育为桡足幼体,而后又逐渐发育为成体。因此,本次实验期是实验海区优势种小拟哲水蚤种群的自然繁殖发育盛期。     

Changes in the population structure of Calanus sinicus during summer–autumn in the southern Yellow Sea

Calanus sinicus is a calanoid copepod widely distributed in coastal waters of China and Japan, and oversummering strategies may have major impacts on their population dynamics which in turn affect local marine food web structure. The abundance, stage composition, and sex composition of the planktonic copepod C. sinicus were studied from August to October 2002 in the southern Yellow Sea to understand how its population recovers from the over-summering state. Results showed that C. sinicus had low reproduction in August due to high temperature, except in waters near the Cheju Island with rich food and moderate bottom temperature, but the reproduction rates here decreased in September–October as food availability declined. When temperature dropped in September–October, C. sinicus actively propagated in coastal shallow waters. However, reproduction rates of C. sinicus individuals inhabiting the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) remained low during the three months of the study. The percentage of C. sinicus females was high during the reproductive period, which suggests that the sex composition of adult C. sinicus may reflect whether or not the population is in the reproductive mode.Numerous fifth copepodite stage(CV) C. sinicus aggregated in the YSCWM in a suspended developmental stage during the three months of this study, and they potentially served as the parental individuals for population development when conditions became optimal for reproduction later in the year.     

温度对杂色鲍不同群体生长率与存活率的影响

在16、20、24和28℃这4个设定的水温下,以杂色鲍（Haliotisdiversicolor）日本群体、台湾群体、越南群体和“东优1号”为材料,进行为期40d的养殖试验,对4个杂色鲍群体在不同温度下的壳长日增长率（LGR）和体重日增长率（WGR）进行比较．结果表明,“东优l号”杂色鲍群体在28℃时的LGR和WGR值分别达到162．23±15．79lxm／d和46．52±6．89mg／d,在4个温度下的LGR和WGR值都优于其他3个群体,台湾群体在较高温度（24和28℃）条件下的LGR和WGR值要高于日本群体,而日本群体在较低温度（16和20℃）时的值则高于台湾群体．双因素方差分析的结果进一步表明,温度对杂色鲍不同群体的生长率指标具有显著影响．     

Killer whales in South African waters—a review of their biology

The distribution, seasonality and schooling behaviour of killer whales Orcinus orca in South African waters have been investigated from 785 records compiled between 1963 and 2009, and their size, morphometrics, growth, reproduction, food and feeding behaviour described from the examination of 54 individuals, 36 of which were landed at the Durban whaling station between 1971 and 1975. Qualitatively, the species appears to be more frequently encountered offshore, where it forms small schools of generally less than six animals. Seasonality of occurrence is not marked, although circumstantial evidence indicates that some individuals migrate from higher latitudes. Males reach 8.81 m and females 7.9 m, with 16.2% of males exceeding the size of the largest female. Stomach content and observational data suggest that the species can be characterised locally as an opportunistic predator of megavertebrates, rather than as the fish-feeding ecotype previously described. A stranded adult male with extreme tooth wear that was 1.5–2 m shorter than other males of equivalent age may be representative of a separate ‘offshore’ ecotype. Apparent differences between features of the popu lation's life history and those of resident killer whales in the north-eastern Pacific might be attributed to either uncertainties in age determination using dentinal growth layer groups or sampling bias. The basis for the suggestion that killer whales in South African waters should be reclassified as Vulnerable (rather than Data Deficient) is challenged.     

山东半岛近岸海域蟹类群落结构特征的研究

根据2014年8月和10月、2015年2月和5月使用单船底拖网进行的4个航次调查数据,对山东半岛近岸海区的莱州湾及渤海南部、山东半岛北部和山东半岛南部等3个海域蟹类种类组成、时空分布、优势种、群落结构稳定性等群落结构特征进行了研究。结果显示,4次调查共捕获蟹类20种,隶属于10科17属,其中日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）和三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）是主要经济种类,其余均为小型饵料型蟹类;海区内主要的优势种为双斑蟳（Charybdis bimaculata）、日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）和三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）,3个海域优势种季节更替均十分明显;莱州湾及渤海南部和山东半岛南部2个海域生物量季节变化明显,春季较低,在夏季达到峰值,夏季到冬季呈降低趋势,山东半岛北部海域生物量季节变化不明显。3个海域蟹类群落物种多样性指数（H'）、丰富度指数（D）及均匀度指数（J'）均处于较低水平,并有一定的季节变化;水深、水温和盐度是影响蟹类群落结构的重要因子,渤莱沿岸流、黄海暖流和黄海冷水团通过影响海域内水温与盐度影响蟹类群落结构。研究表明山东半岛近岸海区蟹类以小型饵料型蟹类为主,蟹类多样性水平较低,优势种更替明显,群落季节更替指数较高,季节间迁移频繁,蟹类群落不稳定。     

Intra- and interspecies comparison of energy flow in North Atlantic flatfish species by means of dynamic energy budgets

The quantitative aspects of growth and reproduction in four flatfish species (plaice, flounder, dab, sole) in terms of energy flow are described on the basis of a dynamic energy budget (DEB theory). This theory consists of general assumptions about energy uptake, storage and utilisation and describes an individual by two state variables: structure and reserve, whereby body size exerts its influence through the ratio between surface area and volume. Comparison between model estimates and field data shows that the DEB model successfully describes the energetics of growth and reproduction in a number of flatfish species. Differences between species could be captured in the same model using different parameter values. Intraspecific differences in growth between males and females are mainly caused by differences in maximum surface area-specific ingestion rates. Differences between species are reflected in the surface area-specific maximum ingestion rate, the energy partitioning over growth and reproduction, and in egg volume. According to these parameters at 283 K (10°C), the species could be ranked as follows: surface area-specific maximum ingestion rate (W m⁻²) plaice: 56.6; flounder: 54.5; sole: 45.1 and dab: 36.1 W m⁻². Fraction of energy allocated to reproduction (–): flounder: 0.35; plaice: 0.15; dab: 0.15 and sole 0.10. As a consequence of these differences in surface area-specific maximum ingestion rate and in the fraction of utilised energy allocated to reproduction, the gonad masses (g) of females of 0.5 kg wet mass differ considerably: flounder: 149 g; plaice: 86 g; sole: 70 g; and dab: 69 g. However, due to differences in egg size between species, the potential annual egg production shows a completely different pattern: dab: 2200 10³; flounder: 1560 10³; sole: 343 10³ and plaice: 130 10³ eggs.     

Mesopelagic Micronekton and Macroplankton and the Conditions of Its Habitat in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean

Oceanology - The article analyzes differences in the vertical structure of waters and hydrochemical parameters at three oceanic stations in the northeastern Pacific. Data on the species composition...     

Population Parameters, Life Cycle, and Feeding of Mysidium columbiae (Zimmer) in the Waters Surrounding a Belizian Mangrove Cay

Abstract. The ecology of tropical Mysidacea is poorly known. Mysidium columbiae (Z immer ), because of its ubiquitous distribution in the tropical western Atlantic and the information available on its aggregative behavior, is an ideal subject of study to reconcile aspects of this problem. Information and data were obtained on abundance, population size, shoal/school structure, fecundity, development, and feeding of a M. columbiae population inhabiting waters surrounding Twin Cays, a mangrove archipelago in Belize. Although reproduction was continuous and proportions of life stages within shoals remained relatively constant throughout the year, population size decreased by an order of magnitude from summer to winter. Embryonic development averaged 4.7 days, with postlarvae being released near the surface before dawn. Aquarium experiments suggested that olfaction may be more sensitive than vision, although both senses were used to locate food. This species is a detritivore, but gut contents suggested that it may also be a predator.     

东海南部与台湾以东海域浮游介形类的群落结构

分析东海南部与台湾以东海域浮游介形类的物种和生态类群多样性,并阐述其季节差异与区域差异,同时指出本海区存在4种生态类群,但以高温高盐类群起支配作用.此外,夏、冬两季浮游介形类的丰度有显着的差别,7和12月的均值分别为0.63个/m3和1.22个/m3,而就丰度的水平分布而言,表现出东海南部大于台湾以东海域的分布格局,并在海区的东北部形成数量密集区.同时,还着重阐述本海区的群落结构,本区虽存在3种生态群落,但以外海群落占据绝大部分海域,尤其应指出的是,钓鱼岛邻近海域与台湾北部和东部水域同属于外海群落.最后,分析了由于海域环境因子的变化导致群落生境地理位置的季节性迁移.     

1972-2013年北欧海深层水增暖

The warming of deep waters in the Nordic seas is identified based on observations during Chinese 5th Arctic Expedition in 2012 and historical hydrographic data. The most obvious and earliest warming occurrs in the Greenland Basin(GB) and shows a coincident accelerated trend between depths 2 000 and 3 500 m. The observations at a depth of 3 000 m in the GB reveal that the potential temperature had increased from-1.30°C in the early 1970 s to-0.93°C in 2013, with an increase of about 0.37°C(the maximum spatial deviation is 0.06°C) in the past more than 40 years. This remarkable change results in that deep waters in the center of the Lofton Basin(LB) has been colder than that in the GB since the year 2007. As for the Norwegian Basin(NB), only a slight trend of warming have been shown at a depth around 2 000 m since the early 1980 s, and the warming amplitude at deeper waters is just slightly above the maximum spatial deviation, implying no obvious trend of warming near the bottom. The water exchange rate of the Greenland Basin is estimated to be 86% for the period from 1982 to 2013, meaning that the residence time of the Greenland Sea deep water(GSDW) is about 35 years. As the weakening of deep-reaching convection is going on, the abyssal Nordic seas are playing a role of heat reservoir in the subarctic region and this may cause a positive feedback on the deep-sea warming in both the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas.