吉林省长白高岭石矿床地质特征

长白高岭石矿床发现于1981年。为高岭石、地开石、明矾石、叶腊石共生的中低温热液蚀变型矿床,矿石质量较好,并具一定规模。一、地质概况矿区位于鸭绿江断陷北侧长白中生代火山岩盆地中。盆地南侧出露有古生代地层。盆地中主要为侏罗系中统长白组中性火山岩及上统四道沟组酸性火山岩。新生代第三纪的橄榄玄武岩以角度不整合覆盖于老地层之上。     

明矾石与火山构造

<正> 综观浙江省21个明矾石矿区和矿点,无不与火山构造有关。本文仅就该地区明矾石与火山构造的关系加以论述,以对明矾石矿的分布规律和成因机理提供一些佐证。一、明矾石矿床与火山构造的关系浙江省特别是浙东南地区,除分布少量变质岩和侵入岩体外,全省70%的大地被火山岩所覆盖。这样广布的火山岩,火山构造无疑是比较发育的。我们在研究明矾石地质资料过程中,根据火山活动产物的物质组成及形成顺序、岩相特征和原生构造等资料的综合分析,对     

碧田金矿——石英—冰长石型浅成低温热液贵金属矿床

以中，亲手代火山岩为容矿岩的浅成低温热液贵金属矿床，Ｐ．希尔德将其分为两个端员类型，即以明矾石为代表的酸性类型和以冰长石为代表的碱性类型，并且认为，这两类矿床形成于不同的地质地球化学环境中。我国已报道过首例紫金山式明矾石型低温热液铜金矿床，本文描述了与它处于同一地质环境，紧密毗邻的石英－－冰长石型碧田金矿床。     

热水沉积-热液改造成因铅锌矿床——河南熊耳群火山岩中一种新的矿床类型

骑马沟铅锌矿赋存于熊耳群条纹状硅质大理岩与火山凝灰岩之间.通过对矿床地质、岩石、矿物组合特征等方面的初步研究,认为该矿床为热水沉积-热液改造成因铅锌矿床,其成矿主要与熊耳期火山岩及火山气液作用有关.这是在河南熊耳群火山岩中首次发现的该类矿床类型.     

火山岩区浅成低温热液金矿床研究进展

浅成低温热液金矿床是火山岩区一种重要类型矿床。人们普遍接受将其划分为冰长石－绢云母型和明矾石－高岭石型。近些年研究表明该类矿床与地热系统和斑岩型金矿有着密切的时空及成因关系,建立了一系列成矿模式,并成为研究的焦点。     

庐枞盆地高硫化型浅成低温热液成矿系统:来自矾山明矾石矿床地质特征和硫同位素地球化学的证据

庐枞中生代火山盆地位于长江中下游断陷带内,地处扬子板块的北缘。庐枞盆地内火山岩和侵入岩分布广泛,包括龙门院、砖桥、双庙和浮山四组火山岩以及34个侵入岩体。盆地内产出一系列铁、铜、铅、锌、铀等金属矿床,同时还大量产出以明矾石和硬石膏为代表的非金属矿床。庐枞盆地北部砖桥组火山岩内中酸性硫酸盐蚀变广泛发育,指示盆地内存在高硫化型浅成低温热液系统。本文以盆地北部矾山明矾石矿床为研究对象,查明了矾山明矾石矿体主要赋存在火山碎屑岩内,矿体呈似层状,产状基本上与围岩一致,矿石类型以黄铁矿-石英-明矾石矿石为主,明矾石主要为钾明矾石,主要蚀变类型包括明矾石化、硅化、高岭土化和绢云母化。明矾石的δ34S值范围为20.29‰~23.18‰,平均值为21.86‰,黄铁矿δ34S值范围为-7.06‰~-8.36‰,平均值为-7.49‰,明矾石和黄铁矿δ34S平均值计算Δ34SAlun-Py为29.35‰,指示矾山明矾石为岩浆热液与火山岩地层水岩作用的产物,硫同位素温度计计算得出明矾石形成温度为264℃。通过相关对比研究,本文认为庐枞盆地内存在高硫化型低温热液系统,系统中广泛发育的酸性蚀变很可能是玢岩铁矿成矿系统的组成部分,是玢岩铁矿系统成矿气液不断作用并演化到了最晚阶段的产物。     

华北陆块北缘西段中元古代与裂谷作用有关的铁、稀土、多金属矿床特征及成因

华北陆块北缘西段狼山—白云鄂博裂谷系中元古代形成的大型多金属矿床 ,是我国重要的铁、稀土、铜、铅、锌矿产地。矿床为产于沉积岩中热水沉积型多金属矿床。其形成受地层、构造控制 ,与裂谷作用有着密切的关系。裂谷系内外分支的地质环境及矿床矿种不同 ,导致矿床特征及成因具有一定差异。白云鄂博铁、稀土矿床为钾、钠、磷等含量较高的热水沉积型 ,霍各乞铜、铅、锌多金属矿床为与中基性火山岩有关的过渡热水沉积型 ,东升庙和甲生盘等铅、锌多金属矿床为热水沉积型。文中将对上述矿床分别进行论述。     

华北陆块北缘西段中元古代与裂谷作用有关的铁、稀土、多金属矿床特征及成因

华北陆块北缘西段狼山—白云鄂博裂谷系中元古代形成的大型多金属矿床,是我国重要的铁、稀土、铜、铅、锌矿产地.矿床为产于沉积岩中热水沉积型多金属矿床.其形成受地层、构造控制,与裂谷作用有着密切的关系.裂谷系内外分支的地质环境及矿床矿种不同,导致矿床特征及成因具有一定差异.白云鄂博铁、稀土矿床为钾、钠、磷等含量较高的热水沉积型,霍各乞铜、铅、锌多金属矿床为与中基性火山岩有关的过渡热水沉积型,东升庙和甲生盘等铅、锌多金属矿床为热水沉积型.文中将对上述矿床分别进行论述.     

华北陆块北缘西段中元古代与裂谷作用有关的铁、稀土、多金属矿床特征及成因

华北陆块北缘西段狼山—白云鄂博裂谷系中元古代形成的大型多金属矿床,是我国重要的铁、稀土、铜、铅、锌矿产地.矿床为产于沉积岩中热水沉积型多金属矿床.其形成受地层、构造控制,与裂谷作用有着密切的关系.裂谷系内外分支的地质环境及矿床矿种不同,导致矿床特征及成因具有一定差异.白云鄂博铁、稀土矿床为钾、钠、磷等含量较高的热水沉积型,霍各乞铜、铅、锌多金属矿床为与中基性火山岩有关的过渡热水沉积型,东升庙和甲生盘等铅、锌多金属矿床为热水沉积型.文中将对上述矿床分别进行论述.     

华北陆块北缘西段中元古代与裂谷作用有关的铁、稀土、多金属矿床特征及成因

华北陆块北缘西段狼山－白云鄂博裂谷系中元古代形成的大型多金属矿床，是我国重要的铁、稀土、铜、铅、锌矿产地。矿床为产于沉积岩中热水沉积型多金属矿床。其形成受地层、构造控制，与裂谷作用有着密切的关系。裂谷系内外分支的地质环境及矿床矿种不同，导致矿床特征及成因具有一定差异。白云鄂博铁、稀土矿床为钾、钠、磷等含量较高的热水沉积型，霍各乞铜、铅、锌多金属矿床为与中基性火山岩有关的过渡热水沉积型，东升庙和甲生盘等铅、锌多金属矿床为热水沉积型。文中将对上述矿床分别进行论述。     

渗流热卤水成矿作用的意义与矿床成因标志

本文在综合整理研究各种天然水化学成分资料的基础上指出,一些重要的现代含矿溶液(如红海、索尔顿海、密西西比中部、切列肯等处)与岩浆水在成分上明显不同,其SO_4~(2-)Cl~-与HCO_3~-Cl~-值均<0.01,可称为高纯氯化物卤水。据产于火山口或火山锥上的一些火山热泉资料分析判断,其中不存在高纯氯化物水。在我们所知的一些火山射气分析资料中亦不存在持续的高纯氯质射气。雷德尔汇集的火成岩中气液包裹体成分资料也是如此。因而可以     

广西水晶矿床分布规律及其矿床成因的研究

广西水晶矿产丰富,分布广泛。除找到了常见的矿床类型外,还发现了世界罕见的若干重要的矿床类型。本文研究的范围除广西外,还包括滇东、黔南部分矿床。工作中曾得到涂光炽教授的指导和卢焕章、蔡秀成、章振根、张理刚、施立达等热情的帮助,在此一并表示感谢。由于研究工作尚不够深入,笔者水平有限,文中错误之处,请批评指正。     

辽宁张家沟硫铁矿床流体包裹体与稳定同位素地球化学研究

张家沟矿区存在两种不同类型的矿体，其地质特征不尽相同。通过对矿床流体包裹体和稳定同位素地球化学特征的研究表明，矿床的形成温度为１４０～３００℃，成矿硫逸度ｌｇｆＳ２变化在－１０．３９～－１５．７０，ｌｇｆＯ２变化在－３４．１４～－４５．１６，ｐＨ值变化在４．６４～６．１５。早期成矿流体为一种低盐度高密度的热流体，随矿化作用的进行，成矿流体向弱酸性弱还原性方向演化。成矿作用以深部硫源的海底火山喷气热水沉积为主，后期以变质改造热液叠加为特征。层状矿体和脉状矿体为两次热事件形成不同矿化的产物。     

浙东火山岩型银矿成矿条件及勘查方法

本区火山岩型银矿赋存于上侏罗—下白垩统陆相火山岩中;由于中生代太平洋板块向西俯冲.大陆边缘火山岩浆活动强烈.嵊县—黄岩地区由于断裂为造、火山岩发育而形成南北向的矿化集中区.成矿与火山岩浆活动晚期的潜火山岩、脉岩有关.属于浅成中低温热液矿床.根据矿床围岩蚀变、矿化类型及成晕元素的分带规律,可指导找矿及预测隐伏矿床.并初步建立了勘查模式.总结了成矿预测、综合找矿、详细评价三个层次的勘查方法.     

中国南方红盆区铀矿床成矿模式探讨

在分析我国华南地区铀矿床成矿背景的基础上,根据前人提出的铀成矿模式,对该地区花岗岩型和火山岩型铀矿床的铀源、成矿时间以及铀矿床与白垩纪―第三纪红盆在时间和空间上的关系进行了综合研究,认为:华南地区花岗岩型和火山岩型铀矿床的铀源主要来自于地壳表层,在白垩纪―第三纪干热、强氧化的环境下,富铀地质体遭受风化剥蚀,铀元素受到氧化作用价态升高,并在地表水的作用下发生迁移,含铀流体沿白垩纪-第三纪地壳伸展背景下形成的断裂下渗,在有利于铀还原沉淀的部位成矿。华南地区已知的热液型铀矿床大部分分布在红盆的周边,白垩纪―第三纪红盆基底中分布的隐伏花岗岩、火山岩具有与红盆周边已知铀矿床相同的成矿地质条件,具有找到大型铀矿的潜力。     

Evidence of Microbial Activity in the Formation of Manganese Wads at the Asahidake Hot Spring in Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract. Mt. Asahidake is an active volcano, with more than 90 active wells, in the Daisetsu volcanic group located in central Hokkaido, Japan. Wells along the Yukomanbetsu-sawa River showed high manganese concentrations and associated manganese deposits. These deposits consist of manganese oxides, and the concentration of iron is very low except for one sample collected from the upper reach of the river. Most of the wet samples showed basal diffraction characteristic of todorokite (9.6 Å). Cultivation tests showed that microorganisms were responsible for the oxidation of dissolved Mn²⁺ in the Asahidake hot spring. The dissolved Mn²⁺ concentration in the sterilized hot spring water was unchanged after four days, whereas the Mn²⁺ concentration in the sterilized hot spring water with a small amount of fresh manganese wad was decreased to zero after three days, and manganese oxide formed. This result implies that the activity of microorganism oxidizes dissolved Mn²⁺ and forms manganese oxide at the Asahidake manganese deposits. In addition to Komanoyu hot spring and Yunotaki Falls, this is the third report of microbial activity forming considerable deposits of manganese oxides in hot spring waters.     

构造-流体耦合关系对水上亚系统金矿成矿环境的影响

流体温度-密度-盐度关系化学模式显示,水下亚系统是一种火山作用形成的富含NaCI向海底释放的流体系统,该系统形成块状硫化物矿床;水上亚系统是陆相火山岩地区的地下低盐度低温流体系统,形成了浅层低温热液型和热泉型矿床.由流体的质量方程、能量方程和运动方程的特点可以看出,在成矿作用过程中的流体运动,受到构造-流体-成矿系统的关系中多种因素的影响,如介质的孔隙度、流体密度、渗透率、流体的黏度和流体内压力等.以世界一些陆相火山地区的金矿为例进行讨论,充分证明了陆相火山地区的金矿流体的运动方式具有两种类型:一类是成矿流体沿岩石的孔隙流动,如伊尔曼得金矿等;另一类是成矿流体沿裂隙流动,如阿希金矿等.虽然这些金矿形成于同一火山岩地区,但是,流体在围岩的孔隙和断裂中以不同的方式运动,流体的内压力、流体的密度将发生不同的变化,同时引起流体的氧逸度、pH值、盐度产生不同的改变.由此表明流体运动的方式和扩散影响了成矿环境.     

Epithermal gold-siver deposits in the western United States: time-space products of evolving plutonic, volcanic and tectonic environments

The western United States has been the locus of considerable subaerial volcanic and plutonic igneous activity since the mid-Mesozoic. After the destruction of the Jurassic-Cretaceous magmatic arc-trench system, subduction was re-established in the Late Mesozoic with low-angle underthrusting of the oceanic plate beneath western North America. This resulted in crustal shortening during the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary and removal of the mantle lithosphere west of the Rocky Mountains. Commencing in the Eocene, flat subduction ceased, the volcanic arc began to re-establish itself along the continental margin, and the hingeline along the steepening subducting plate migrated from east to west. The crust east of the migrating hingeline was exposed to hot asthenosphere, and widespread tectonics and volcanic activity resulted. Hydrothermal activity accompanied the volcanism resulting in numerous epithermal gold-silver deposits. The temporal and spatial distributions of epithermal deposits in the region are therefore systematic and can be subdivided into discrete time intervals which are related to widespread changes in magmatic activity. Time intervals selected for discussion are Pre-Cenozoic, 66-55 Ma, 54-43 Ma, 42-34 Ma, 33-24 Ma, 23-17 Ma, and <17 Ma. Many of these intervals contain both sedimentary-rock and two varieties of volcanic-rock hosted deposits (adularia-sericite and alunite-kaolinite ± pyrophyllite). Continental rifting is important to the formation of deposits, and, within any given region, it is at the initiation of deep rifting that alunite-kaolinite ± pyrophyllite type epithermal deposits are formed. Adularia-sericite type deposits are most common, being related to all compositions and styles of volcanic activity. Therefore, the volcano-tectonic context of the western United States provides a unified framework in which to understand and explore for epithermal type deposits.     

新疆昆仑式火山岩型块状硫化物铜矿床及成矿地质环境

新疆西昆仑奥依塔克-恰尔隆拗陷带内阿克塔什-萨落依成矿带发现多处火山岩型块状硫化物铜矿床。这些矿床产在石炭系双峰式火山岩系之内，沿着下石炭统基性火山岩和上石炭统酸性火山岩两个层位产出，分别以玄武岩和流纹岩为容矿主岩，可以明显地分成基性火山岩型和酸性火山岩型两种类型。矿石主成矿元素均以铜为主，含少量的锌，几乎不含铅，矿床类型属于铜型。这些基性火山岩型和酸性火山岩型矿床被统称为昆仑式火山岩型块状硫化物铜矿床。根据矿床产出地质环境、双峰式火山岩系、沉积建造以及火山岩地球化学特征，推断昆仑式火山岩型块状硫化物铜矿床最可能形成于泥盆纪-石炭纪弧后拉张构造环境。     

Weathering regime associated with subsurface circulation on volcanic islands

Volcanic islands, being characterized by highly porous basaltic/andesitic lava flows and pyroclastic deposits, are subject to important chemical weathering by subsurface waters. Moreover, such subsurface weathering is impacted by hydrothermal springs in both active and non-active volcanic areas, thus increasing dissolved load concentrations. Here, we focus on the subsurface water chemistry in the volcanic islands of the Lesser Antilles and Réunion and on the origin of these subsurface flows. We are able, through the use of various isotopic tools (C, Sr, U–Th), to identify hydrothermal influences in river water. For example, Li concentrations show a positive correlation with temperature of hot and cold springs and also a relationship with δ¹³C; from this, we can show that several sources of hydrothermal activity influence the rivers of the Lesser Antilles and that some rivers also reveal an important organic influence. As much as 20% of the subsurface hydrothermal springs go to feed the rivers. The increasing temperatures result in more dissolved elements being mobilized and an increase in chemical weathering rates. In addition, using the (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) isochron for the well and river dissolved loads in Martinique, Guadeloupe and Réunion, we can evaluate residence times in the river water, i.e. the average residence time in the water along the circulation path to the sampling point. Alteration takes longer when the water circulates through thick soil, for example, 400–5,000 years when circulating under an ash profile and 1,200–15,000 years when circulating through a collapse zone. It would appear that waters circulation is globally three times longer for subsurface water than for surficial water. The weathering regime in tropical volcanic environments seems to be controlled mainly by such subsurface circulation with high chemical concentration from hydrothermal inputs. The origin of these compositions is varied and not controlled by a single hydrothermal spring. Consequently, it is subsurface circulation that determines the weathering regime in tropical volcanic islands with the main controlling parameters being temperature and residence time.