永登5.8级地震前后波谱参数和Q值变化特征

利用中国数字地震台网（ＣＤＳＮ）兰州台短周期数字地震仪的记录资料,研究了１９９５年甘肃永登ＭＳ５．８地震前后,发生在永登地区小地震的Ｓ波波谱参数,获得以下结果：（１）在永登地震前２年左右,该地区小地震的ＳＣ波波谱拐角频率ｆＣ逐渐下降,由原来的２．４Ｈｚ下降到１．８Ｈｚ．（２）直达波Ｓｇ和地壳内中间层反射波ＳＣ的波谱高频衰减斜率比值γ则先逐渐上升,在临震前１６个月逐渐下降,在下降过程中发生了永登地震,以后又逐渐恢复．（３）用直达横波Ｓｇ的谱参数求出的介质品质因数ＱＳｇ在永登地震前后有较明显的异常变化     

地震体波面波和地震活动性的某些谱分析结果及其在地震预报中的初步应用

应用Ｓｏｍｐｉ谱分析方法，对１９８９年１月至１９９０年７月发生在唐山地区的２０个地震和１９８８年７月至１９８９年１０月发生在大同周围地区１０个地震波（体波和面波）资料，及华北地区和西南地区自１９５９年以来ＭＬ≥２．０地震目录资料的频谱进行了分析，从而对几次大地震前地震波和地震活动性波频谱异常变化特征进行了研究。所得结果表明：较大地震前，地震波（体波和面波）及地震活动性的ｆｄ，均可能呈现出较明显的下降异常变化；地震波及地震活动性的ｆｄ变化可能成为地震预报的有用指标；Ｓｏｍｐｉ谱方法在处理地震波及地震活动性资料的应用是可行的     

四川地区Sn波偏振

本文分析了１９９４年、１９９５年成都遥测地震台网实时处理系统记录的５０多个ＭＬ３．０～４．０级地震的Ｓｎ波偏振，研究这一地区地壳介质的各向异性．结果表明，在短周期三分向地震图上，对来自不同传播方向的，有可靠到时的Ｓｎ波偏振是一致的，其优势取向与其它方法观测的这一地区最大水平主压应力方向相同。这意味着，这一地区地壳介质存在地震波各向异性。     

青藏高原地震波三维速度结构的研究

根据青藏高原及其邻区的模拟地震台站和宽频带数字地震记录资料,采用区域体波层析成你和瑞利面波层析成像,反演得到了青藏高原地区的三维地震波速度结构。两种层析成像方法得到的地壳上地幔P波和S波速度结构的结果非常相似,它们显示,青藏高原南部的拉萨块体的上地壳存在明显的低速区,青藏高原北部的羌塘地区的下地壳和上地幔顶部相对速度较低。这些结果与青藏高原南、北部处于碰撞过程中的不同阶段有关。     

体波震级综合起算函数的研究

为了改进中国地震台网体波震级的测定工作,本文利用中国地区地震P波和S波走时表及其相应的地壳地幔速度模型和地球的吸收带Q值模型(简称ABM-Q值模型),讨论了地震波的几何扩散效应和地球介质的吸收效应;通过数值计算,制定了中国地震台网体波震级的综合起算函数。经初步使用检验表明,新的震级起算函数,由于引进了与周期相对应的补偿,使得所测不同周期的体波震级基本趋向一致,改善了Gutenberg和Richter(1956)的起算函数在短周期上低估震级的倾向;而且,ABM-Q值模型较之SL8-Q值模型更加符合体波的衰减特性。      

青藏高原中部Quasi-Love波的识别及其转换点揭示的东西向方位各向异性变化

目前人们利用4种基本的地震波现象研究地震各向异性,如横波双折射、面波散射、与传播方向有关的走时异常和PS转换波震相.本文利用面波散射产生的Quasi-Love（QL）波研究青藏高原上地幔顶部的各向异性结构特征.首先利用中国地震台网昌都（CAD）台记录的地震波形资料识别出产生QL波的路径,并利用合成地震记录和垂直偏振极性分析证实所观测到的为QL波,而不是高阶振型的Rayleigh波或其他体波震相;然后由Rayleigh波、Love波和QL波的群速度估算了各向异性结构横向变化的转换点;不同周期时,转换点的位置不同,这种频率依赖性还需要进一步的模拟研究.Love波向Rayleigh波耦合（产生QL波）的转换点位置揭示了青藏高原面波方位各向异性变化特征,并以南北向构造带的东西分段性、上地幔流引起的地球内力诱导岩石形变解释了青藏高原各向异性的东西向差异性.     

用于深度域地震剖面衰减与频散补偿的反Q滤波方法

根据地震波在非弹性介质中的传播规律，本文提出了一种在深度域地震剖面进行反Q滤波的新方法. 在深度域的Q滤波算子符合地震波在衰减介质中的传播规律，不仅考虑了介质吸收对地震波振幅的影响，而且还保证了所造成的波形畸变满足因果规律，即地震体波具有某种频散性质. 利用该方法处理了2条总长度约60km的某浅海地区叠后深度偏移地震剖面. 合成记录剖面的正演和反演计算结果表明，在对地震剖面进行深度域反Q滤波之后 ，不仅达到了压缩中、深部目的层子波宽度提高分辨率和信噪比的目的，而且保持了原始地震剖面的整体形态和能量分布.     

青藏高原北缘地震波特征量动态变化与强震活动关系的研究

本文利用甘肃河西地震台网观测到的肃南南部地区１９８７年１月至１９９２年１０月间的地震记录资料，分析研究了青藏高原北缘地震波特征量动态变化与该区及邻近地区强震活动的关系。所研究的地震波特征量有Ｐ、Ｓ波速度Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ及其比值Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ；振幅比Ａｐ／Ａｓ；Ｐ波初始部分波形时间线性度ｒ和空间线性度α１、α２以及平均半周期Ｔｈ。所得结果表明，包括河西走廊中部及祁连山中段在内的青藏高原北缘地区的地震波特征量的动态变化可反映出震中距约在３００公里。内的７级强震及震中距约在２００公里以内的５～６级中强震前，由构造应力场变化引起的大面积介质性质的变化，因而可把它们视为强震和中强震的近源区或远场区地震波前兆异常。     

用海底地震仪在大洋中脊地区记录远震

尽管由海底地震仪（ＯＢＳ）记录的现存远震资料并不多，但是用这些资料分析在各种背景噪声条件下地震检测的阈值却已足够了，对于震级５．７～６＾＋，震中距大于１００°的地震，其长周期Ｐ波，Ｓ波及面波已由海底地震台站系统地记录到，记录到甚大地震的勒夫波和瑞利波，在１５～７０ｓ的周期内这些波具有高相干性，１５～３５ｓ范围内的高相干性是５．５～６＾＋级地震的典型情况，另一方面，短周期体波（１Ｈｚ）仅在北大西洋气     

海城7．3级地震前地震波动力学特征量的异常变化

本文给出对海城７．３级地震前地震波动力学特征量变化的一些最新研究结果。所研究的地震波包括体波（Ｐ，Ｓ波）、尾波和短周期地脉动三类。特征量有：体波与地脉动的波形时间线性度和空间线性度，平均半周期，频谱的峰值频率、拐角频率、相对频带宽度、相对频谱峰值、高频段的谱线斜率绝对值；尾波的时间熵、振幅比、持续时间、观测与计算持续时间差及其二阶差分、Ｑ＿ｃ值、反映介质混浊度与震源特性的系数ａ＿ｃ等。所得结果表明，三类地震波的上述动力学特征量大都在震前一至半年左右出现、有的在６－１０天乃至一天以内出现过不同形态的阶段性异常变化，因而可看作海城地震的中短期和临震的地震波前兆异常指标。     

西藏高原当雄-亚东地带地壳与上地幔结构和速度分布的爆炸地震研究

本文概述了在西藏高原长达450公里左右的南北向测线上取得九次湖中水下爆炸地震记录的处理结果。通过数字处理、拟合和反演等计算,得出了该地区地壳与上地幔的成层结构和速度分布。 结果表明,该区整个沉积岩层厚约3-5公里,雅鲁藏布江以北到当雄地带,地壳巨厚达70-73公里;江南地区为68-45公里,并逐渐向南翘起。在成层地壳介质中发现下地壳中存在低速层,厚约10公里,速度为5.64公里/秒。分析认为,高原地形与巨厚地壳的形成是印度洋板块与欧亚板块碰撞以及长期挤压和内部物质运移的结果。     

RESEARCH ON TIME-DISTANCE INTERPRETATION OF MULTIPLES AND GHOSTS BASED ON MARINE SEISMIC DATA

Currently, the study on the active fault in the land areas is relatively mature, while there is still lack of detection and research on active faults in the sea areas. Marine exploration, which is different from land areas, has a prominent problem due to the existence of strong reflecting interfaces such as water surface and seafloor in the sea, thus the recording is often accompanied by interference of multiples on seafloor reflections. In addition, because of the characteristics of marine seismic exploration, the source exciting in the water and the geophone receiving in the water, ghost wave usually can be recorded simultaneously during the reflected wave propagation. This phenomenon makes it difficult to distinguish the effective waves and the noise, and has always plagued the data and seriously affects the quality of records. In the offshore and other regions of complex structures, such as inclined interfaces, it is difficult to eliminate the interference of multiples accurately by traditional multiples suppression methods, which are based on the horizontal interface assumption. This paper combines the sea area seismic data and its acquisition method, uses simplified model to simulate the multiples based on the time-distance analysis of multiples and their ghost wave in inclined interface. The time-distance characteristics of the multiples and their ghost waves from different interfaces(including the inclined interface)are obtained, and they are consistent with the actual records. The multiples time-distance simulation can help to distinguish the causes of reflected waves, summarize the multiple-wave time-distance characteristics from different interfaces(including inclined interfaces), and analyze the relationship between the characteristics of multiple waves and primary waves. In particular, this simulation has a significant effect on characterizing the internal multiples that are difficult to identify due to inconspicuous periodicity and the multiples of the inclined interface which present the phenomenon that the vertex of the time-distance curve is shifted. On this basis, relying on the time-distance analysis of ghost wave, we analyze the travel time difference characteristics between reflected waves and their accompanying ghost waves. The differences of the travel time characteristics of different orders ghost wave and reflected wave are summarized and the symmetry of the travel time difference between inclined interface and horizontal interface of ghost waves and reflected waves is analyzed. We simulate the distraction of the ghost wave event with the event of the reflected wave and analyze the influence of the ghost wave on the sea area seismic records. These results can improve the practical interpretation of seismic data. At last, the time-distance information is used to synthesize sea area seismic records, which can help us carry out the effective data processing and understand the characteristics of the time-distance and velocity of multiples in different interfaces and the layer artifact caused by multiples. This study combines the time-distance simulation of multiples and their ghost wave with conventional seismic data processing to analyze the pre-stack and post-stack features of multiple waves and their ghost waves in the seismic records of the sea area. The results of this study are conducive to the effective identification of multiples in seismic records in the sea, provide a theoretical basis for multi-wave suppression and prediction, and may facilitate the future study of sea-area seismic activity detection.     

Scattered Surface Wave Energy in the Seismic Coda

One of the many important contributions that Aki has made to seismology pertains to the origin of coda waves (Aki, 1969; Aki and Chouet, 1975). In this paper, I revisit Aki's original idea of the role of scattered surface waves in the seismic coda. Based on the radiative transfer theory, I developed a new set of scattered wave energy equations by including scattered surface waves and body wave to surface wave scattering conversions. The work is an extended study of Zeng et al. (1991), Zeng (1993) and Sato (1994a) on multiple isotropic-scattering, and may shed new insight into the seismic coda wave interpretation. The scattering equations are solved numerically by first discretizing the model at regular grids and then solving the linear integral equations iteratively. The results show that scattered wave energy can be well approximated by body-wave to body wave scattering at earlier arrival times and short distances. At long distances from the source, scattered surface waves dominate scattered body waves at surface stations. Since surface waves are 2-D propagating waves, their scattered energies should in theory follow a common decay curve. The observed common decay trends on seismic coda of local earthquake recordings particular at long lapse times suggest that perhaps later seismic codas are dominated by scattered surface waves. When efficient body wave to surface wave conversion mechanisms are present in the shallow crustal layers, such as soft sediment layers, the scattered surface waves dominate the seismic coda at even early arrival times for shallow sources and at later arrival times for deeper events.     

乌兰浩特地震台典型地震事件震相特征分析

选取乌兰浩特地震台记录到的典型天然地震事件及爆破事件,根据断裂带分布及波形记录特征,分析地震及爆破事件的震相特征。结果表明,研究区域近震波形Pn、Pg、Sn、Sg震相及Sm面波较清晰,Pg、Sg波走时差一般不大于23 s,与中国地震台网中心发布的M_S震级间的偏差一般小于0.6级;远震P、S、pP、sP震相可较清晰识别,Pm、L面波记录较明显,P、S波走时差一般不小于25 s,震级偏差一般小于0.4级,且通过震相特征及实地考察发现,爆破多为霍林郭勒区域爆破事件。     

Crust and upper mantle structure of the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and adjacent regions

Using arrival data of the body waves recorded by seismic stations, we reconstructed the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and the northwestern continental margin of the South China Sea through a travel time tomography technique. The result revealed the apparent tectonic variation along the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and its adjacent regions. High velocities are observed in the upper and middle crust beneath the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and they reflect the character of the fast uplifting and cooling of the metamorphic belt after the ductile shearing of the fault zone, while low velocities in the lower crust and near the Moho imply a relatively active crust-mantle boundary beneath the fault zone. On the west of the fault zone, the large-scale low velocities in the uppermost mantle beneath western Yunnan prove the influence of the mantle heat flow on volcano, hot spring and magma activities, however, the upper mantle on the eas     

基于地震探测的盐源盆地构造特征及动力学意义

基于覆盖盐源盆地的短周期天然地震台阵和布设的一条人工地震测线所获得的地震数据,从中提取地震能量属性,并通过地震层析成像获得该地区的浅部地震速度结构,继而对短周期地震台阵一个月的噪声数据进行互相关得到经验格林函数,再通过时频分析获得相速度频散曲线,反演获得不同深度的S波速度分布。研究结果显示,盐源盆地地震特征主要分为三层:浅部为低速新生代沉积地层,P波速度为1.0—2.1 km/s,反射轴明显、连续性好,反射能量强,S波速度为中高南低,南部低速体与盐源断裂走向一致,新生代盆地整体呈南深北浅,沉积发育和构造形态受盐源断裂控制;中部为中低速三叠系地层,P波速度为3.5—4.5 km/s,反射轴不连续,反射能量较弱,S波速度逐渐变大,整体变化变小;深部为高速古生代地层,地震反射较为杂乱,反射能量弱;上地壳存在滑脱面,该界面为沉积盖层与结晶基底的分界面,且向浅部发育一系列断层,其中金河—箐河断裂为盐源盆地与康滇地块的分界线,这些断裂带也是盐源盆地地震频发的部位。      

深井中地震波观测结果的某些物理解释

随着深井观测地震台网的进一步发展,在深井中获得的地震资料反映出了不少有意义的信息。本文对纵向不同深度上记录的地震波特征进行了分析和研究,探讨了纵向不同深度上各点之间记录的地震波走时差异和振幅差异的物理成因,指出了台基介质特性及空间状态(全空间或半空间)对地震波传播特征和记录特征的影响,并用软盖层效应加以统一解释。结果表明,在地下纵向不同深度上,自下而上直至地面,地震波的位移幅度逐渐放大、走时加长、周期变大;平原地区的松散沉积覆盖层对地震波产生放大、延时和滤波作用;在井下可以观测到向下传播的地面反射波,因而使得波列变复杂。     

乌兰浩特地震台典型地震事件震相特征分析

选取乌兰浩特地震台记录到的典型天然地震事件及爆破事件,根据断裂带分布及波形记录特征,分析地震及爆破事件的震相特征.结果表明,研究区域近震波形Pn、Pg、Sn、Sg震相及Sm面波较清晰,Pg、Sg波走时差一般不大于23 s,与中国地震台网中心发布的MS震级间的偏差一般小于0.6级;远震P、S、pP、sP震相可较清晰识别,Pm、L面波记录较明显,P、S波走时差一般不小于25 s,震级偏差一般小于0.4级,且通过震相特征及实地考察发现,爆破多为霍林郭勒区域爆破事件.