西藏冈底斯矿带南缘矽卡岩型铜矿床含矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

西藏冈底斯矿带发育大量斑岩铜钼矿床及铜铅锌多金属矿床,形成斑岩铜矿带及多金属矿带。过去的工作表明,冈底斯带南部矿床同位素年龄多小于30Ma,形成于碰撞期后伸展环境。本文测定了冈底斯矿带南缘克鲁-冲木达矽卡岩型铜(金、钼)矿集区桑布加拉矽卡岩型铜(金)矿化岩体锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄及锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值。矿化岩体锆石U-Pb年龄:92.1±0.6Ma,MSWD=1.0,锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值在90～562之间,平均值为287。锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值和玉龙矿带含矿岩体锆石的比值基本一致,显示矽卡岩矿化岩体岩浆氧逸度较高。印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞时间在65～45Ma之间,桑布加拉矽卡岩型铜矿化岩体锆石U-Pb年龄表明冈底斯带不但发育碰撞期后大规模成矿作用,也发育与洋壳俯冲构造岩浆事件有关的成矿作用。这为冈底斯矿带洋壳俯冲有关矿床的寻找提供了依据。     

西藏冈底斯成矿带南缘喜马拉雅早期成矿作用——来自冲木达铜金矿床的Re-Os同位素年龄证据

采集冈底斯成矿带南部克鲁-冲木达铜金成矿亚带冲木达矽卡岩型铜金矿床的辉钼矿样品进行了Re-Os法精确同位素定年。该矿区辉钼矿的模式年龄介于37.63～41.19Ma之间,6件辉钼矿样品得到187Re-187Os等时线年龄为(40.3±5.6)Ma。该成矿年龄明显早于冈底斯成矿带中带和北带的驱龙、厅宫等斑岩铜矿床和甲马、知不拉、帮浦等矽卡岩型铜铅锌矿床的成矿年龄,而与冈底斯成矿带中广泛发育的碰撞期花岗质岩浆活动的年龄基本一致。据此认为,冲木达铜金矿床形成于喜马拉雅早期,与欧亚-印度大陆碰撞阶段的花岗质岩浆活动密切相关。     

钦杭成矿带大瑶山地区晚白垩世斑岩型铜矿床: 锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素制约

钦杭成矿带是华南地区重要的斑岩铜成矿带.前人研究表明区内斑岩铜矿床主要形成于中-晚侏罗世(180~155 Ma), 含矿斑岩为壳-幔相互作用的产物.对区内新近发现的钦杭带西南段大瑶山地区的宝山斑岩铜矿床进行研究, 结果表明其成岩成矿时代集中在晚白垩世.其中, 隐伏含矿花岗斑岩体的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为91.1±0.6 Ma(1σ), 出露地表不含矿的两个花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为91.3±0.8 Ma(1σ)和90.1±1.0 Ma(1σ).含矿斑岩和不含矿斑岩的锆石Hf同位素组成相似, 初始ε_Hf(91 Ma)为-8.74~-5.13, 两阶段Hf模式年龄T_DM2集中在1 210~1 394 Ma.以上U-Pb-Hf同位素分析结果表明, 宝山铜矿床是一个晚白垩世早期(约91 Ma)形成的斑岩型铜矿床, 其含矿斑岩体的成因可能与中元古代地壳物质的部分熔融有关.结合前人的研究成果可知, 钦杭成矿带存在两期斑岩铜矿床成矿作用, 分别为中-晚侏罗世和晚白垩世, 其中晚白垩世成矿作用可能与华南板块边缘后碰撞伸展构造背景有关; 钦杭带西南侧大瑶山及邻区可能广泛发育有与燕山晚期岩浆活动(80~100 Ma)有关的钨-钼-铜(金)多金属矿床.      

西藏邦铺大型斑岩钼-铜矿床二长花岗斑岩锆石SHRIMP定年及其地质意义

利用锆石U-Pb SHRI MP定年技术,测定了西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带东段邦铺斑岩钼铜矿床中二长花岗斑岩的年龄,获得该含矿岩体真实侵位年龄为13.9±0.3 Ma(MSWD=3.05),属于喜马拉雅晚期。邦铺二长花岗斑岩的形成时代介于冈底斯成矿带后碰撞期伸展构造环境的斑岩体的形成时代(12~18 Ma),该年龄的厘定进一步丰富了冈底斯带岩浆活动,并为整个冈底斯成矿带岩浆岩演化历史提供年代学数据和新的启示:可以认为其与冈底斯斑岩铜矿带具有相同的动力学背景,同属于大规模的快速爆发成矿作用过程。     

西藏努日矽卡岩型铜钨钼矿辉钼矿 Re-Os定年及其地质意义

西藏努日层状矽卡岩型铜钨钼矿床是冈底斯东段南缘斑岩-矽卡岩铜多金属成矿带上规模最大的矿床。笔者对采自该矿床的9件不同产状、不同形态含钼矿石中的辉钼矿进行了Re-Os同位素组成分析,获得其模式年龄为23.46~24.77 Ma,等时线年龄为(23.36±0.49) Ma(MSWD=0.60),模式年龄与等时线年龄结果基本一致。由于辉钼矿与黄铜矿、白钨矿呈共生关系,并考虑到该矿区内黄铜矿的年龄〔(23.75±0.18) Ma〕(作者未发表数据),表明努日矽卡岩型铜钨钼矿床的成矿时代为23~24 Ma。结合前人研究资料可见,冈底斯南缘克鲁-冲木达斑岩-矽卡岩铜多金属成矿带从32 Ma至23 Ma发生了强烈的成矿作用。该成矿带的成矿时代明显有别于后碰撞期地壳伸展环境下形成的冈底斯斑岩铜矿带,显示出其为一套独立的成矿事件。该成矿事件可能主要受冈底斯南缘的晚碰撞走滑环境的控制。努日矿床成矿时代的确定及晚碰撞成矿事件的厘定,为今后研究和勘查该成矿带内同类型矿床提供了重要依据。     

西藏桑日县陈坝铜金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

冈底斯成矿带是西藏乃至中国的一条重要的铜多金属成矿带,区内已发现厅宫、驱龙、甲马等大型、特大型斑岩铜矿及克鲁、冲木达等中型以上铜矿;矿床类型有斑岩型、火山热液型、接触交代(夕卡岩)型等.陈坝铜金矿床处于克鲁-冲木达成矿远景区内.矿床成因为夕卡岩型,也有火山热液型.     

冈底斯东段南部第三纪夕卡岩型Cu-Au±Mo矿床地质特征、矿物组合及其深部找矿意义

在冈底斯Cu-Au成矿带东南部的山南地区分布有克鲁、劣布、冲木达和陈坝等中到大型Cu-Au±Mo矿床。与含铜夕卡岩有关的侵入岩形成于20~30Ma之间,为高钾钙碱性中酸性浅成岩,形成于印-亚大陆碰撞晚期构造背景。矿化赋存于岩体外接触带下白垩统比马组的碳酸盐岩和其他钙质岩石内。主要矿化类型为夕卡岩型、热液脉型和斑岩型,构成完整的斑岩-夕卡岩、热液脉状铜-金(钼)多金属成矿体系,矿化组合主要为Cu-Mo、Cu-Au和Cu。外接触带的蚀变以夕卡岩化、角岩化为主,而内接触带上主要为岩体的绢云母化、硅化、绿泥石化等,内夕卡岩不发育。夕卡岩化可分为早期夕卡岩和晚期含水硅酸盐阶段。早期夕卡岩主要为钙铁、钙铝石榴石夕卡岩,含少量透辉石、磁铁矿等,晚期的含水硅酸盐阶段主要是绿泥石-绿帘石、方解石、石英交代石榴石夕卡岩,并伴随含铜硫化物的沉淀,为本区夕卡岩型铜矿形成的主要阶段。含铜硫化物以富含斑铜矿为特征,Au、Ag主要赋存于斑铜矿、硫铋铜矿及黄铜矿等矿物中。山南地区的夕卡岩型铜-金矿床均为浅部夕卡岩,在某些夕卡岩型铜金矿床中显示了斑岩型矿化的存在,可能暗示该区的夕卡岩型矿化与北带相似,具有统一的斑岩型-夕卡岩型成矿系统。因此本区具有在深部寻找斑岩型金矿的可能性,而且找矿潜力较大。     

西藏吉如斑岩铜矿:与陆陆碰撞过程相关的斑岩成岩成矿时代约束

西藏吉如斑岩铜矿位于冈底斯斑岩铜矿带的中段.锆石SHRIMP U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年代学研究表明,与成矿相关的黑云母二长花岗岩成岩年龄为48.68±0.49Ma,成矿事件发生在48.30～50.8Ma.明显不同于冈底斯铜矿带形成于陆内后碰撞造山向伸展走滑转换的过渡环境的驱龙、冲江、朱诺等矿床(成岩成矿年龄集中在17～12Ma).该矿床形成于印度-亚洲大陆主碰撞阶段.碰撞晚期(52～42Ma)的间歇性应力松弛造就了吉如铜矿黑云母二长花岗岩的侵位和斑岩型矿化的发育.这一成果表明,在中国西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带同时存在碰撞环境和后碰撞伸展环境的斑岩型铜矿.     

西藏桑日县陈坝铜金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

冈底斯成矿带是西藏乃至中国的一条重要的铜多金属成矿带，区内已发现厅宫、驱龙、甲马等大型、特大型斑岩铜矿及克鲁、冲木达等中型以上铜矿；矿床类型有斑岩型、火山热液型、接触交代(夕卡岩)型等。陈坝铜金矿床处于克鲁-冲木达成矿远景区内。矿床成因为夕卡岩型，也有火山热液型。     

西藏工布江达县亚贵拉铅锌、钼多金属矿床石英斑岩锆石SHRIMP定年及其地质意义

采用SHRIMP锆石微区U-Pb测年技术,对冈底斯成矿带东段工布江达县亚贵拉铅锌、钼矿区的容矿石英斑岩岩体进行年代学研究,通过对3件含矿石英斑岩样品中单颗粒锆石56个样品点的分析,其206Pb/238U 年龄范围在（110.2±6.8～140.9±1.9）Ma之间,三件样品206Pb/238U 年龄加权平均值分别为128±1.0Ma (n = 20 ,MSWD = 1.3),129.3±1.3Ma (n = 14 ,MSWD = 1.12),127.8±1.1Ma (n = 22 ,MSWD = 1.4)。结合前人研究以及本次测年结果认为：(1)含矿石英斑岩岩体侵位年龄在126.7～130.6Ma之间,属于燕山晚期。(2)辉钼矿成矿年龄约为60Ma左右,钼矿矿化发生在岩体侵位之后。(3)亚贵拉铅锌、钼矿矿床属于斑岩型钼矿夕卡岩型-热液脉型铅锌铜银多金属矿床,而非晚石炭世-早二叠世的海底喷流沉积成因矿床。(4)亚贵拉-沙让矿集区矿床的形成得益于燕山晚期和喜山早期的岩体侵位,并与碰撞前（180～65Ma ）及主碰撞期（65Ma-41Ma）的岩浆活动关系密切,属于碰撞前和主碰撞期早期成矿。这一认识对冈底斯的区域找矿具有极其重要的意义。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.