西藏一江两河地区人口分布与地形要素关系分析

地形条件是影响区域人口分布的最基本的因素之一,本文基于1 km×1 km人口空间分布公里网格数据定量分析一江两河地区人口分布基本特征及其与高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度等地形要素之间的关系,有助于揭示西藏高原人口分布现状的本质、理解人口空间分布结构特征,对于今后宜居地选址、改善农牧民人居环境、制定区域经济发展政策,促进区域内人口、资源与环境可持续发展具有重要意义。研究结果表明：① 一江两河地区90%的区域人口密度不足10人/km²,80%的人口分布在不足5%的土地上,人口分布比较集中。当前一江两河地区有2个主要的人口集中区,分别是拉萨市城关区和日喀则地区日喀则市,拉萨市城关区尤其显著。② 一江两河地区人口沿河分布,80.46%的人口居住在距离河流10 km以内区域,人口总数、人口密度与距河流距离呈明显的指数关系,距离河流2 km以内的区域人口密度高于50人/km²;③ 近99%的人口分布在海拔4500 m以下,当高程超过3800 m时,人口密度随海拔升高呈下降趋势;④ 近70%的人口分布在坡度小于15°的区域,而且随着坡度越大,人口密度越小,人口分布受坡向的影响不明显;⑤ 地形起伏度对人口分布的影响显著,近85%的人口分布在地形起伏度小于800 m的区域,人口密度与地形起伏度之间为倒指数关系。     

Evaluating the suitability of different terrains for sustaining human settlements according to the local elevation range in China using the ASTER GDEM

The topographical suitability assessment of human settlements(SAHS) creates a solid foundation for regional population distribution and socio-economic development. Local elevation range(LER) is an important factor that can be used to assess the suitability of different terrains for sustaining human settlements. However, current digital elevation model(DEM)-based LER products suffer from some challenges typically because of their subjectively selected neighborhood scales and coarser spatial resolution. In this study, we initially determined the optimal statistical window and then calculated the appropriate LER with the finer resolution data of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global DEM(ASTER GDEM) products for China. Then, the appropriate LER was used to evaluate the topographical SAHS and its correlations with the national gridded population distribution(1 km × 1 km) in 2010. The results show that the optimal statistical window for calculating a 1 arc-second(about 30 m) resolution GDEM LER for China can be determined using a 51 × 51 grid unit(width × height) within a rectangular neighborhood, corresponding to an area of about 2.34 km~2. Secondly, the LER values in the southern and western China were greater than those of the north and east, showing a trend which consistently reflects the general spatial features of landforms. Finally, the relationship between GDEM LER and population density was highly correlated with the R~2 value of 0.81. It showed that 85.22% of the Chinese population was located in areas where the LER is lower than 500 m. The topographically suitable area within China decreased from the southeastern coastal zone towards the northwestern inland areas due to transition from plains and basins to plateaus and mountains. The total area of moderate to high suitable level was 423.84 × 10~4 km~2, or 44.15% of the total land area, with 88.17% of the national population. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of appropriate LER in evaluating the topographical SAHS as well as its significant impact on population distribution.     

GIS-based earthquake-triggered landslide hazard zoning using contributing weight model

Earthquake-triggered landslides have aroused widespread attention because of their tremendous ability to harm people's lives and properties.The best way to avoid and mitigate their damage is to develop landslide hazard maps and make them available to the public in advance of an earthquake.Future construction can then be built according to the level of hazard and existing structures can be retrofit as necessary.During recent years various approaches have been made to develop landslide hazard maps using statistical analysis or physical models.However,these methods have limitations.This study introduces a new GIS-based approach,using the contributing weight model,to evaluate the hazard of seismically-induced landslides.In this study,the city and surrounding area of Dujiangyan was selected as the research area because of its moderate-high seismic activity.The parameters incorporated into the model that related to the probability of landslide occurrence were:slope gradient,slope aspect,geomorphology,lithology,base level,surface roughness,earthquake intensity,fault proximity,drainage proximity,and road proximity.The parameters were converted into raster data format with a resolution of 25×25m2 pixels.Analysis of the GIS correlations shows that the highest earthquake-induced landslide hazard areas are mainly in the hills and in some of the moderately steep mountainous areas of central Dujiangyan.The highest hazard zone covers an area of 11.1% of the study area,and the density distribution of seismically-induced landslides was 3.025/km2 from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.The moderately hazardous areas are mainly distributed within the moderately steep mountainous regions of the northern and southeastern parts of the study area and the hills of the northeastern part;covering 32.0% of the study area and with a density distribution of 2.123/km2 resulting from the Wenchuan earthquake.The lowest hazard areas are mainly distributed in the topographically flat plain in the northeastern part and some of the relatively gently slopes in the moderately steep mountainous areas of the northern part of Dujiangyan and the surrounding area.The lowest hazard areas cover 56.9% of the study area and exhibited landslide densities of 0.941/km2 and less from the Wenchuan earthquake.The quality of the hazard map was validated using a comparison with the distribution of landslides that were cataloged as occurring from the Wenchuan earthquake.43.1% of the study area consists of high and moderate hazardous zones,and these regions include 83.5% of landslides caused by the Wenchuan earthquake.The successful analysis shows that the contributing weight model can be effective for earthquake-triggered landslide hazard appraisal.The model's results can provide the basis for risk management and regional planning is.     

SAR image coregistration using fringe definition detection

In order to overcome the limitation of cross correlation coregistration method for Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) interferometric pairs with low coherence,a new image coregistration algorithm based on Fringe Definition Detection(FDD) is presented in this paper.The Fourier transformation was utilized to obtain spectrum characteristics of interferometric fringes.The ratio between spectrum mean and peak was proposed as the evaluation index for identifying homologous pixels from interferometric images.The satellites ERS-1/2 C-band SAR acquisitions covering the Yangtze River plain delta,eastern China and ALOS/PALSAR L-band images over the Longmen Shan mountainous area,southwestern China were respectively employed in the experiment to validate the proposed coregistration method.The testing results suggested that the derived Digital Elevation Model(DEM) from FDD method had good agreement with that from the cross correlation method as well as the reference DEM at high coherence area.However,The FDD method achieved a totally improved topographic mapping accuracy by 24 percent in comparison to the cross correlation method.The FDD method also showed better robustness and achieved relatively higher performance for SAR image coregistration in mountainous areas with low coherence.     

加权人口密度连续分布模拟模型

人口分布是人文科学的重要研究对象。如何在数据不足的情况下获得较为符合实际的人口分布数据是业界的一大难题。为了解决这个问题,本文依照人口分布的规律,以人口统计数据、高程、海岸线、城市中心、河流和行政区划为影响因子,通过距离计算、重分类、加权计算等方法,建立了加权人口密度连续分布模拟模型,并进行了改进。基于2011年的福建省县级人口统计数据,本文在ArcGIS平台上模拟了该省的人口密度空间分布,模拟结果表明：各县人口总数误差与平均人口误差在40%以下的百分比分别为89%与84%,突出了福建省在城市中心、沿海、沿江,以及平原地区的人口聚集规律;各个县级行政区域内的数据集中,相对独立;县与县之间的区分边界数据又相互联系,变化连续,符合人口分布的实际情况。该模型相比于其他的人口模型易于理解,结构简单,可应用于各省的人口密度分布模拟,能有效地解决人口数据不足的问题。     

Cassini growth of population between two metropolitan cities—A case study of Beijing-Tianjin region, China

The existing models of population distribution often focus on the region with a single city or even multiple centers, and lack the detailed explorations of the common and special type of urbanization areas with two centers. Taking Beijing-Tianjin region of China, which is a distinct dual-nuclei metropolitan area in the world, as an example and choosing Landsat-5 TM image in 2005, population, etc. as the data, this paper devotes to comprehending and illustrating a model of Cassini growth of population between the two metropolitan cities through the research of spatial population distribution pattern, aided with RS and GIS techniques. Main technical processes include Kriging interpolation of the population data and character simulation of the Cassini ovals. According to the calculation of a/b, a key characteristic index of Cassini growth model, the spatial structures of population distribution were given. When a/b<1, it is a curve with two separated loops with a population density more than 3000 persons/km². When a/b=1, it is a lemniscate curve with a population density about 3000 persons/km². When 1<a/b√2, it is a dog-bone shaped concave curve with a population density between 500–3000 persons/km². When a/b=√2, it is an oblate curve with a population density about 500 persons/km². When a/b>√2, there is an oval-shaped convex curve with a population density less than 500 persons/km². The results show that owing to the combined action and influence of the regional dual-nuclei, the population distribution of Beijing-Tianjin region is in accord with Cassini model significantly. There-fore, there is Cassini growth of population between the two metropolitan cities in Beijing-Tianjin region. In addition, the process of Cassini growth has extraordinarily instructive significance for judging the development stages of the dual-nuclei metropolitan areas. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2007AA12Z235), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40471058)     

基于DEM数字河网提取时集水面积阈值与河源密度关系的研究

以研究区3030个流域水文数据为基础,利用数字高程模型（DEM）并运用非线性拟合法分析中小流域集水面积阈值与河源密度的相关关系,分析集水面积阈值与河源密度的幂函数关系可得,幂指数a近似为-1,拟合公式常系数k具有区域分布特征,反映了不同地区的河网发育程度,k值越大,河源密度越大,河网越密集,河网发育程度越高。对河源密度随集水面积阈值的变化趋势进行分析,发现2个具有统计意义的阈值临界点,分别为河源从坡面到沟道及从沟道到河道的集水面积分界点,在研究区内选择不同k值区间的贡曲流域、辰清河流域和藤条江流域作为样本流域,利用样本流域数字正射影像（DOM）手工提取其沟谷河网及主河道河网的图形信息和水文信息,并与分界点处阈值提取的河网作对比,将分析得出的河网密度相对误差率作为检验标准,对临界点的物理意义进行检验。     

Geometrical feature analysis and disaster assessment of the Xinmo landslide based on remote sensing data

At 5:39 am on June 24, 2017, a landslide occurred in the village of Xinmo in Maoxian County, Aba Tibet and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture(Sichuan Province, Southwest China). On June 25, aerial images were acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV), and a digital elevation model(DEM) was processed. Landslide geometrical features were then analyzed. These are the front and rear edge elevation, accumulation area and horizontal sliding distance. Then, the volume and the spatial distribution of the thickness of the deposit were calculated from the difference between the DEM available before the landslide, and the UAV-derived DEM collected after the landslide. Also, the disaster was assessed using high-resolution satellite images acquired before the landslide. These include Quick Bird, Pleiades-1 and GF-2 images with spatial resolutions of 0.65 m, 0.70 m, and 0.80 m, respectively, and the aerial images acquired from the UAV after the landslide with a spatial resolution of 0.1 m. According to the analysis, the area of the landslide was 1.62 km2, and the volume of the landslide was 7.70 ± 1.46 million m3. The average thickness of the landslide accumulation was approximately 8 m. The landslide destroyed a total of 103 buildings. The area of destroyed farmlands was 2.53 ha, and the orchard area was reduced by 28.67 ha. A 2-km section of Songpinggou River was blocked and a 2.1-km section of township road No. 104 was buried. Constrained by the terrain conditions, densely populated and more economically developed areas in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River basin are mainly located in the bottom of the valleys. This is a dangerous area regarding landslide, debris flow and flash flood events Therefore, in mountainous, high-risk disaster areas, it is important to carefully select residential sites to avoid a large number of casualties.     

Spatial-temporal Patterns and Driving Forces of Water Retention Service in China

Overwhelming water-deficiency conditions and an unbalanced water supply and demand have been major concerns of both the Chinese government and the general public during recent decades. Studying the spatial-temporal patterns and impact factors that influence water retention in China is important to enhance the management of water resources in China and other similar countries. We employed a revised Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST) model and regression analyses to investigate the water retention service in China. The results showed that the southeastern China generally performed much better than Northwest China in terms of the spatial distribution of water retention. In general, the efficacy of the water retention service in China increased from 2000 to 2014; although some areas still had a downward trend. Water retention service increased significantly(P < 0.05) in aggregate in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the Da Hinggan Mountains and Xiao Hinggan Mountains. However, the service in southwestern China showed a decreasing trend(P < 0.05), which would have significant negative impact on the downstream population. This study also showed that in China the changes in water retention service were primarily due to climate change(which could explain 83.49% of the total variance), with anthropogenic impact as a secondary influence(likewise the ecological programs and socioeconomic development could explain 9.47% and 1.06%, respectively). Moreover, the identification of water retention importance indicated that important areas conservation and selection based on downstream beneficiaries is vital for optimization protection of ecosystem services, and has practical significance for natural resources and ecosystem management.     

基于信息熵的中国自然疫源性疾病分布特征研究

中国目前发现有43种自然疫源性疾病,其中鼠疫、人禽流感、疟疾、登革热等14种被列为国家法定传染病,对中国人民生命健康造成了很大的威胁。为了探讨中国自然疫源性疾病发病数量均衡/不均衡的区域分布规律,本文运用Shannon信息熵理论和空间自相关方法,基于2004-2015年14种自然疫源性疾病的发病数,对中国自然疫源性疾病进行了分析。研究结果表明：① 中国自然疫源性疾病发病数量均衡/不均衡的区域在空间上具有明显的西北-东南分异特征,并具有显著的空间自相关关系,高值聚集区和低值聚集区主要分布在以河北-云南连线上山脉分界线的两侧;② 自然因素是影响自然疫源性疾病发病均衡程度的主要因素,在温暖潮湿（即温度适宜、水分充足）的地区更容易发生多种疾病,疾病发病数量相近;在特定牲畜为主或特定蚊虫流行地区更容易发生单种疾病,疾病发病数量不均衡;③ 我国发病总数高的区域往往是因为单种疾病极其严重导致,而信息熵高的地区往往存在多种疾病发生,这两类地区在自然疫源性疾病防治上,需要根据地区特点采取不同措施。     

黔桂喀斯特山地与山区类型划分技术与应用

科学界定山地和山区类型是认识山地、因地制宜促进山区可持续发展的基础,可为山区分类开发、分类施策提供依据。本文采用均值变点法确定滑动窗口尺寸,运用空间分析工具对SRTM进行处理以获取山地坡度、起伏度,并提取了黔桂喀斯特各类山地空间范围和规模,以此对县级层面黔桂喀斯特山区类型进行了划分。主要结论如下：①二次使用均值变点法确定移动窗口面积与平均地形起伏度拟合的对数曲线拐点,其表征的是黔桂喀斯特山区地形起伏度最佳统计单元—移动窗口面积为6.50 km²。②黔桂喀斯特山地占比大,山地与非山地面积之比约为89:11,且山地省际空间分异明显,贵州喀斯特山地以中山、中低山为主,占贵州部分的57%;而广西喀斯特山地以丘陵为主,占广西部分的59%。③黔桂喀斯特山地区均为山区县,其中,18个纯丘陵县、10个半山区县、15个准山区县、21个显山区县、32个整山区县。整山区县个数多,多分布于乌蒙山区和黔桂峰丛洼地山区,多数为国家扶贫开发工作重点县。     

Integrating multisource RS data and GIS techniques to assist the evaluation of resource-environment carrying capacity in karst mountainous area

The karst mountainous area is an ecologically fragile region with prominent humanland contradictions. The resource-environment carrying capacity(RECC) of this region needs to be further clarified. The development of remote sensing(RS) and geographic information system(GIS) provides data sources and processing platform for RECC monitoring. This study analyzed and established the evaluation index system of RECC by considering particularity in the karst mountainous area of Southwest China; processed multisource RS data(Sentinel-2, Aster-DEM and Landsat-8) to extract the spatial distributions of nine key indexes by GIS techniques(information classification, overlay analysis and raster calculation); proposed the methods of index integration and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the RECC by GIS; and took a typical area, Guangnan County in Yunnan Province of China, as an experimental area to explore the effectiveness of the indexes and methods. The results showed that:(1) The important indexes affecting the RECC of karst mountainous area are water resources, tourism resources, position resources, geographical environment and soil erosion environment.(2) Data on cultivated land, construction land, minerals, transportation, water conservancy, ecosystem services, topography, soil erosion and rocky desertification can be obtained from RS data. GIS techniques integrate the information into the RECC results. The data extraction and processing methods are feasible on evaluating RECC.(3) The RECC of Guangnan County was in the mid-carrying level in 2018. The midcarrying and low-carrying levels were the main types, accounting for more than 80.00% of the total study area. The areas with high carrying capacity were mainly distributed in the northern regions of the northwest-southeast line of the county, and other areas have a low carrying capacity comparatively. The coordination between regional resource-environment status and socioeconomic development is the key to improve RECC. This study explores the evaluation index system of RECC in karst mountainous area and the application of multisource RS data and GIS techniques in the comprehensive evaluation. The methods can be applied in related fields to provide suggestions for data/information extraction and integration, and sustainable development.     

基于SEVI的复杂地形山区植被FPAR遥感反演与地形效应评估

植物吸收性光合有效辐射分量（FPAR）的遥感反演是生态环境领域的核心研究内容之一,但在复杂地形山区,其估算精度严重受到地形效应的影响（包括本影与落影）。本文利用能够消除地形阴影影响的阴影消除植被指数（SEVI）对山区遥感影像进行FPAR反演,并分别与基于不同影像预处理程度计算的归一化植被指数（NDVI）、比值型植被指数（RVI）反演的FPAR做对比分析,以评估复杂山区反演FPAR存在的地形效应。结果表明：在不做地形校正的情况下,基于NDVI与RVI反演FPAR会使得本影及落影区域的值远小于非阴影区域的值,它们的相对误差均大于70%;基于C校正后的NDVI与RVI反演FPAR可以较好地校正本影区域,相对误差降至约6.974%,但落影处的校正效果不明显,相对误差约为48.133 %;而基于SEVI反演FPAR无需DEM数据的支持,可以达到经FLAASH+C组合校正后NDVI与RVI反演FPAR相似的结果,且能改善落影区域的地形校正效果,相对误差降至约2.730%。     

基于多源数据的中国海岸带地区人口空间化模拟

海岸带人口聚集、经济增长迅速、生态环境脆弱,容易受到自然灾害的影响,细致的人口空间分布信息对解决海岸带地区资源配置、灾害风险管理等有重要意义。本文以中国沿海城市为研究区,基于NPP-VIIRS和NDVI数据构建人居指数HSI,并加入居住地面积比例系数反映人口内部差异,利用样本动态分区及建模方法,得到2015年中国海岸带1000 m格网人口分布数据（POP）,并将其与已公布的相同年份的中国公里格网人口数据（TPOP）和100 m全球人口数据（WorldPOP）进行对比分析。研究表明,3种数据均能反映中国海岸带地区人口的宏观分布特征,但是对于人口分布城乡差异特征以及城市内部人口分布细节特征的刻画,则是以POP数据最为理想。由县域统计值和POP数据可知,主要受沿海地貌、国家及区域经济发展战略等的影响,中国海岸带地区人口分布具有明显的空间差异,具体来说：① 地形差异,山地和滩涂区域的人口密度普遍较低（小于5 人/hm ²）,而平原和河口三角洲区域的人口密度则普遍较高（大于10 人/hm ²）;② 宏观区域差异,环渤海、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲是人口分布最密集的区域（大于25 人/hm ²）;长江以北地区人口分布多层级重心离散分布的特征较为显著,尤其以山东和江苏最为明显,长江以南地区人口分布相对比较集中,主要集中在沿海低地和平原,如浙江—福建—广东一带;③ 城乡差异,由各级城镇向乡村区域递减的趋势非常明显,城市等级越高,人口分布的梯度特征越显著,中心城区、城市近郊、城市远郊之间相比人口密度差异巨大。     

地理国情监测水面数据时空一致性优化方法

地理国情监测利用遥感、地理信息等技术,动态获取地表覆盖等多样化的地理要素,经统计、分析、评价和应用,服务于政治、经济、文化、资源、环境等多个领域,为政府提供全面、准确、基础的地理信息情报。针对地理国情监测在全国范围基于多时相遥感影像采集水面信息存在时空不一致性的现状,提出一种基于精细DEM的水面数据时空一致性优化方法。利用栅格图形区域生长算法,采用8邻域算子,对水面种子点进行迭代生长计算,得出基于精细DEM的区域生长结果;通过与地理国情监测水面数据对比分析,实现空间化结果的修正,从而达到时空一致性优化的目的。分析了典型研究区水面数据特征,利用该方法进行了优化处理,结果显示：研究区水面数据空间范围相对于时点监测修正了7.99%,满足了地理国情监测时点一致性需求。研究表明：该方法的应用,能够使得在全国尺度上统计的水面数据反映同一季节或可接受时段内的状况,避免或缩小了由于影像数据源的差异造成的时间和空间上的不一致性带来的误差,满足了地理国情监测时点一致性需求,能够在地理国情监测等地表覆盖水面信息提取、优化中推广应用,为政府有效决策提供客观、准确和基础的水面信息。     

典型贫困山区旅游景点可达性评价方法研究

旅游景点的可达性水平不仅可以反映游客到达的方便程度,也用来衡量区域旅游业发展的潜力,而对于贫困山区旅游景点的可达性研究还可为旅游扶贫的开展工作提供理论参考。本文聚焦典型贫困山区,探究交通成本及复杂地形特征对旅游景点可达性的影响。首先,文章通过连接度指数和通达度指数的相关分析,了解研究区旅游网络的整体连通状况;然后,运用累积耗费距离法,分别基于不同等级交通因素和坡度、海拔等地形因素,对研究区旅游景点可达性和县级行政单元整体可达性进行对比分析,并提出了一种综合考虑交通因素和地形因素的可达性评价方法。研究表明：交通因素分析法弱化了水域对于可达性的阻隔作用;地形因素分析法忽视了交通条件对于可达性的影响;而综合考虑不同等级交通因素和复杂地形因素的可达性评价方法,既可有效识别水域对于贫困山区旅游景点可达性的阻隔作用,也体现了交通条件的改善对于自然环境下可达性水平的提升作用。     

基于随机森林模型的环渤海地区人口空间化模拟

人口空间化数据能够将人口分布更精细地反映在地理空间中,可以为科学研究和政策制定提供更加精细的数据源。本文选取多源遥感数据和兴趣点作为影响环渤海地区人口分布的自变量因子,利用随机森林模型对环渤海地区进行分区密度制图,生成该地区2010年和2020年30 m人口空间化数据,并将结果与WorldPop数据集以及其他地区30 m研究成果进行对比。结果表明：① 本文模拟结果精度整体高于WorldPop数据集10%以上;② 相较于WorldPop数据集,本文人口数据能细致地描述环渤海人口分布的空间异质性;③ 与其他地区30 m研究成果相比,模拟精度也有所提升;④ 遥感建成区数据和兴趣点是环渤海地区人口分布的最重要指示性指标;⑤ 在环渤海地区人口估计方面,社会因素与人口分布有更高的相关性,映射人口分布的主要因素因地区而异。     

城市建筑迎风面积密度矢量/栅格计算模型对比研究

城市建筑迎风面积密度（Frontal Area Density,FAD）作为重要的城市形态学参数之一,对其定量分析与制图,对城市微气候研究有着重要意义。为了找出高效可靠的方法分析城市建筑FAD的分布情况,本文以福建省晋江市为例,选取了矢量计算模型和栅格计算模型对FAD进行模拟,从计算效率、不同尺度和不同土地利用类型上,对结果进行对比分析。研究表明:计算效率上,矢量模型比栅格模型高。在城市尺度上,栅格模型与矢量模型模拟结果与宏观建筑分布特征一致,二者皆适用;在街区尺度上,栅格模型模拟结果比矢量模型更符合建筑分布规律。栅格模型的计算结果较矢量模型稳定,受分辨率影响小。在不同土地利用类型上,对于建筑分布稀疏区域2种模型皆适用;而对于建筑密集区,如商业区、城市住宅区等,栅格模型计算结果更优。     

Spatiotemporal evolution of land transportation networks and accessibility in inland mountainous areas 1917-2017: A case study of Southwest China

Located in the western hinterland,Southwest China is a typical mountainous area covered by plateaus, mountains and hills. Its ruggedness hinders regional internal and external connections, and its poor transportation infrastructure has long constrained the socioeconomic development of Southwest China. Based on the GIS transportation database, this paper explored the spatiotemporal evolution and characteristics of the land transportation networks and the accessibility of Southwest China from 1917 to 2017. Regional accessibility in Southwest China has significantly improved, and transportation infrastructure has gradually integrated the transportation circles of the52 central cities. The transportation network has followed an evolutionary process from a "hub-spoke pattern" to a "network pattern", while the construction of a high-speed railway(HSR) has brought about significant spatial polarization. We argue that innovation in transportation technology is one of the most effective factors for promoting a significant change in regional accessibility. In addition, the spatial distribution and evolution of accessibility in Southwest China presents a verticalcharacteristic that distinguishes it from the plains, as the spillover effects of new transportation infrastructure on accessibility improvement are partly offset by the mountainous terrain. Additionally, in Southwest China, there is significant "path dependence" in the evolution of the transportation network, since a large portion of the population is concentrated along transportation corridors in mountainous areas.     

基于夜间灯光与土地利用数据的山东省乡镇级人口数据空间化

格网化人口数据能够刻画实际人口空间分布状况,是实现人口数据更好地与自然、社会、经济等要素融合分析的有效途径。本文面向精细尺度格网人口数据的需求,以中国东部人口稠密的山东省为例,基于乡镇级人口统计数据,研究了结合夜间灯光和土地利用数据的空间化方法。其中以EVI修正DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据来增加城镇用地内部人口分布的差异性,以城乡二级分区方法避免夜间灯光数据在农村低辐射亮度区模拟人口的缺点,提高了建模精度。利用其余地区的人口统计值检验建模精度,结果有78%的行政单元的相对误差绝对值小于20%。最终在2000年首次公布的乡镇级人口统计数据的基础上,生成了山东省100 m格网人口分布数据SDpop2000。通过与精度较高的全球WorldPop人口数据产品对比可见,SDpop2000和WorldPop在10 km网格尺度上的相关性系数高达0.93;SDpop2000在鲁中部、泰安西南部、济宁南部、临沂南部、枣庄北部和鲁北沿海等地的人口分布明显比WorldPop更准确;且SDpop2000较好地刻画了山东省在鲁西、鲁北平原区的人口较鲁中南山地丘陵区、鲁北沿海和山东半岛丘陵区的人口更为稠密的人口分布趋势。本文构建的基于DMSP/OLS与土地利用的乡镇级人口数据空间化方法明显提高了空间化精度,适用于乡镇尺度的人口精细模拟。