塔里木河下游植被生态需水量(英文)

We have appraised the relationships between soil moisture,groundwater depth, and plant species diversity in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in western China,by analyzing field data from 25 monitoring wells across eight study sites and 25 permanent vegetation survey plots.It is noted that groundwater depth,soil moisture and plant species diversity are closely related.It has been proven that the critical phreatic water depth is five meters in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.We acquired the mean phreatic evaporation of different groundwater levels every month by averaging the two results of phreatic evaporation using the Qunk and Averyanov formulas.Based on different vegetation types and acreage with different groundwater depth,the total ecological water demand(EWD)of natural vegetation in 2005 was 2.4×108m 3in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.Analyzing the monthly EWD,we found that the EWD in the growth season(from April to September)is 81%of the year's total EWD.The EWD in May,June and July was 47%of the year's total EWD,which indicates the best time for dispensing artificial water.This research aims at realizing the sustainable development of water resources and provides a scientific basis for water resource management and sound collocation of the Tarim River Basin.     

八宝河流域土壤温度波动的时空分异（英文）

The Babao River Basin is the "water tower" of the Heihe River Basin. The combination of vulnerable ecosystems and inhospitable natural environments substantially restricts the existence of humans and the sustainable development of society and environment in the Heihe River Basin. Soil temperature(ST) is a critical soil variable that could affect a series of physical, chemical and biological soil processes, which is the guarantee of water conservation and vegetation growth in this region. To measure the temporal variation and spatial pattern of ST fluctuation in the Babao River Basin, fluctuation of ST at various depths were analyzed with ST data at depths of 4, 10 and 20 cm using classical statistical methods and permutation entropy. The study results show the following: 1) There are variations of ST at different depths, although ST followed an obvious seasonal law. ST at shallower depths is higher than at deeper depths in summer, and vice versa in winter. The difference of ST between different depths is close to zero when ST is near 5℃ in March or –5℃ in September. 2) In spring, ST at the shallower depths becomes higher than at deeper depths as soon as ST is above –5℃; this is reversed in autumn when ST is below 5℃. ST at a soil depth of 4 cm is the first to change, followed by ST at 10 and 20 cm, and the time that ST reaches the same level is delayed for 10–15 days. In chilling and warming seasons, September and February are, respectively, the months when ST at various depths are similar. 3) The average PE values of ST for 17 sites at 4 cm are 0.765 in spring 0.764 in summer 0.735 in autumn 0.723 in winter, which implies the complicated degree of fluctuations of ST. 4) For the variation of ST at different depths, it appears that Max, Ranges, Average and the Standard Deviation of ST decrease by depth increments in soil. Surface soil is more complicated because ST fluctuation at shallower depths is more pronounced and random. The average PE value of ST for 17sites are 0.863 at a depth of 4 cm 0.818 at 10 cm 0.744 at 20 cm. 5) For the variation of ST at different elevations, it appears that Max, Ranges, Average, Standard Deviation and ST fluctuation decrease with increasing elevation at the same soil depth. And with the increase of elevation, the decrease rates of Max, Range, Average, Standard Deviation at 4 cm are –0.89℃/100 m, –0.94℃/100 m, –0.43℃/100 m, and –0.25℃/100 m, respectively. In addition, this correlation decreased with the increase of soil depth. 6) Significant correlation between PE values of ST at depths of 4, 10 and 20 cm can easily be found. This finding implies that temperature can easily be transmitted within soil at depths between 4 and 20 cm. 7) For the variation of ST on shady slope and sunny slope sides, it appears that the PE values of ST at 4, 10 and 20 cm for 8 sites located on shady slope side are 0.868, 0.824 and 0.776, respectively, whereas they are 0.858, 0.810 and 0.716 for 9 sites located on sunny slope side.     

Geostatistical analysis of variations in soil salinity in a typical irrigation area in Xinjiang, northwest China

Characterizing spatial and temporal variability of soil salinity is tremendously important for a variety of agronomic and environmental concerns in arid irrigation areas. This paper reviews the characteristics and spatial and temporal variations of soil salinization in the Ili River Irrigation Area by applying a geostatistical approach. Results showed that:(1) the soil salinity varied widely, with maximum value of 28.10 g/kg and minimum value of 0.10 g/kg, and was distributed mainly at the surface soil layer. Anions were mainly SO_4~(2-) and Cl~-, while cations were mainly Na~+ and Ca~(2+);(2) the abundance of salinity of the root zone soil layer for different land use types was in the following order: grassland cropland forestland. The abundance of salinity of root zone soil layers for different periods was in the following order: March June September;(3) the spherical model was the most suitable variogram model to describe the salinity of the 0–3 cm and 3–20 cm soil layers in March and June, and the 3–20 cm soil layer in September, while the exponential model was the most suitable variogram model to describe the salinity of the 0–3 cm soil layer in September. Relatively strong spatial and temporal structure existed for soil salinity due to lower nugget effects; and(4) the maps of kriged soil salinity showed that higher soil salinity was distributed in the central parts of the study area and lower soil salinity was distributed in the marginal parts. Soil salinity tended to increase from the marginal parts to the central parts across the study area. Applying the kriging method is very helpful in detecting the problematic areas and is a good tool for soil resources management. Managing efforts on the appropriate use of soil and water resources in such areas is very important for sustainable agriculture, and more attention should be paid to these areas to prevent future problems.     

The cooling effect of crushed rock structures on permafrost under an embankment

Based on the analysis and comparison of soil temperature, thermal regime and permafrost table under the experimental embankment of crushed rock structures in Beiluhe, results show that crushed rock structures provide an extensive cooling effect, which produces a rising permafrost table and decreasing soil temperatures. The rise of the permafrost table under the embankment ranges from an increase of 1.08 m to 1.67 m, with an average of 1.27 m from 2004 to 2007. Mean annual soil temperatures under the crushed rock layer embankment decreased significantly from 2005 to 2007, with average decreases of ?1.03 °C at the depth of 0.5 m, ?1.14 °C at the depth of 1.5 m, and ?0.5 °C at the depth of 5 m. During this period, mean annual soil temperatures under the crushed rock cover embankment showed a slight decrease at shallow depths, with an average decrease of ?0.2 °C at the depth of 0.5 m and 1.5 m, but a slight rise at the depth of 5 m. After the crushed rock structures were closed or crammed with sand, the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer embankment was greatly reduced and that of the crushed rock cover embankment was just slightly reduced.     

Three-dimensional modelling of soil organic carbon density and carbon sequestration potential estimation in a dryland farming region of China

Soil organic carbon density(SOCD) and soil organic carbon sequestration potential(SOCP) play an important role in carbon cycle and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the majority of studies focused on a two-dimensional scale, especially lacking of field measured data. We employed the interpolation method with gradient plane nodal function(GPNF) and Shepard(SPD) across a range of parameters to simulate SOCD with a 40 cm soil layer depth in a dryland farming region(DFR) of China. The SOCP was estimated using a carbon saturation model. Results demonstrated the GPNF method was proved to be more effective in simulating the spatial distribution of SOCD at the vertical magnification multiple and search point values of 3.0×10~6 and 25, respectively. The soil organic carbon storage(SOCS) of 40 cm and 20 cm soil layers were estimated as 22.28×10~(11) kg and 13.12×10~(11) kg simulated by GPNF method in DFR. The SOCP was estimated as 0.95×10~(11) kg considered as a carbon sink at the 20–40 cm soil layer. Furthermore, the SOCP was estimated as –2.49×10~(11) kg considered as a carbon source at the 0–20 cm soil layer. This research has important values for the scientific use of soil resources and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.     

Numerical simulation of vibrational response characteristics of railway subgrades with insulation boards

This study presents a numerical method based on the surface temperature data and the ground temperature increase in Daqing for predicting temperature field distribution in the Binzhou Railway subgrade and analyzing the temporal and spatial distribution of freeze?thaw status of railway subgrade.The calibrated numerical method is applied to simulate the temperature field distribution and roadbed vibrational response of the railway subgrade with a thermal insulation layer at different seasons.The results show the following:(1)The thermal insulation layer can remarkably increase the soil temperature below it and maximum frost depth in the subgrade.(2)Thermal insulation can effectively reduce the subgrade vibration and protect it from frost damage.(3)Given that the strength requirements are met,the insulation layer should be buried as shallow as possible to effectively reduce the subgrade vibration response.The research findings provide theoretical support for the frost damage prevention of railway subgrades in seasonally frozen regions.     

中国亚热带地区造林对土壤碳周转的影响

Afforestation in China’s subtropics plays an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere and in storage of soil carbon (C). Compared with natural forests,plantation forests have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content and great potential to store more C. To better evaluate the effects of afforestation on soil C turnover,we investigated SOC and its stable C isotope (δ13C) composition in three planted forests at Qianyanzhou Ecological Experimental Station in southern China. Litter and soil samples were collected and analyzed for total organic C,δ13C and total nitrogen. Similarly to the vertical distribution of SOC in natural forests,SOC concentrations decrease exponentially with depth. The land cover type (grassland) before plantation had a significant influence on the vertical distribution of SOC. The SOC ?13C composition of the upper soil layer of two plantation forests has been mainly affected by the grass biomass 13C composition. Soil profiles with a change in photosynthetic pathway had a more complex 13C isotope composition distribution. During the 20 years after plantation establishment,the soil organic matter sources influenced both the δ13C distribution with depth,and C replacement. The upper soil layer SOC turnover in masson pine (a mean 34% of replacement in the 10 cm after 20 years) was more than twice as fast as that of slash pine (16% of replacement) under subtropical conditions. The results demonstrate that masson pine and slash pine plantations cannot rapidly sequester SOC into long-term storage pools in subtropical China.     

STUDIES ON THE BHQ ICE CORE FROM THE LAW DOME, ANTARCTICA

The structure of the ice core varies with depth, Its surface layer is firn, followed by an ice layer with random fabric pattern (beginning at 28m depth), then transformed to a small circle girdle pattern (beginning at 147 m depth) through a transition layer, finally to a single-maximum pattern (beginning at 191 m depth). The stratigraphic profile of the ice core is similar to those of other cores on the Law Dome, For BHQ located in the middle of a flow line from the summit to the coast, the initial depth of every specific layer is less than that in the upstream and larger than that in the downstream. The ice was analyzed for trace elememts using instrumental neutron activation technique. No tendency towards a systematic increase or decrease in the element concentrations in the past 4000 years has been found. The mean concentrations of Na and Al over the past 4000 years are higher than those in the Vostok ice core by factors of 9 and 4, respectively.     

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PELAGIC POLYCHAETES FROM THE SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS,BISCOE ISLANDS AND THEIR VICINITIES

The structure of the ice core varies with depth, Its surface layer is firn, followed by an ice layer with random fabric pattern (beginning at 28m depth), then transformed to a small circle girdle pattern (beginning at 147 m depth) through a transition layer, finally to a single-maximum pattern (beginning at 191 m depth). The stratigraphic profile of the ice core is similar to those of other cores on the Law Dome, For BHQ located in the middle of a flow line from the summit to the coast, the initial depth of every specific layer is less than that in the upstream and larger than that in the downstream. The ice was analyzed for trace elememts using instrumental neutron activation technique. No tendency towards a systematic increase or decrease in the element concentrations in the past 4000 years has been found. The mean concentrations of Na and Al over the past 4000 years are higher than those in the Vostok ice core by factors of 9 and 4, respectively.     

Land use effects on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and salinity in saline-alkaline wetland

Land-use and soil management affects soil organic carbon （SOC） pools, nitrogen, salinity and the depth distribution. The objective of this study was to estimate land-use effects on the distribution of SOC, labile fractions C, nitrogen （N） and salinity in saline-alkaline wetlands in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Three land-use types were selected： intact saline-alkaline meadow wetland, artificial shrubbery （planting Tamarix） and farmland （cultivated for 18 years） of soils previously under meadow wetland. SOC, easily oxidized carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total N, NO3--N and salinity concentrations were measured. The results show that SOC and labile fraction carbon contents decreased significantly with increasing soil depth in the three land-use wetlands. The labile fraction carbon contents in the topsoil （0-20cm） in cultivated soils were significantly higher than that in intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil. The aboveground biomass and soil permeability were the primary influencing factors on the contents of SOC and the labile carbon in the intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil, however, the farming practice was a factor in cultivated soil. Agricultural measures can effectively reduce the salinity contents; however, it caused a significant increase of NO 3--N concentrations which posed a threat to groundwater quality in the study area.     

The variation in soil moisture and the appropriate groundwater table for desert riparian forest along the Lower Tarim River

Based on data collected over five years of monitoring the Lower Tarim River, we analyzed the variability of soil moisture content (SMC) and the relationship between SMC, groundwater table depth (GWD) and vegetation by using the methods of coefficient of variation (Cv), Pearson correlation and regression. The results of the variability of SMC indicate that it rose with increase in depth of soil layer – SMC in the soil layer of 0–60 cm was relatively small compared to SMC in the soil layer of 100–260 cm which showed a significant increase in variability. SMC and GWD before and after ecological water diversions exhibited significant differences at the site of the Yingsu transect and its vicinity of the watercourse, especially SMC in the soil layer of 100–260 cm increased significantly with a significant rise of GWD and reached maximum values at a GWD of about 4 m. Plant coverage and species diversity significantly improved with increases in SMC in the soil layer of 100–260 cm, both of them approached the maximum values and 92.3% of major plant species were able to grow when SMC was > 10%. To restore the ecosystem of desert riparian forest along the Lower Tarim River, the GWD must be maintained at < 4 m in the vicinity of the watercourse and at about 4 m for the rest of this arid region.     

新疆铁干里克绿洲水文过程对土壤盐渍化的影响

在对塔里木河下游绿洲地表灌溉水和地下水水质特征及土壤盐分实测分析的基础上,探讨了地表水、地下水过程及其对土壤盐渍化的影响。结果显示：塔里木河下游绿洲灌区地表水矿化度与土壤表层0～50cm盐分含量呈显著正相关,与50～100cm土层含盐量相关性不显著;地下水埋深与土壤盐分含量密切相关,0～50cm表层土壤盐分含量随地下水埋深的增加而下降,其中0～20cm下降幅度最大。当地下水埋深较浅时,绿洲内土壤含盐量高,呈T型分布,盐分表聚性强,土壤盐分含量随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势;当地下水埋深较深时,绿洲内土壤盐份呈菱形分布,中层土壤盐分高,且地下水矿化度和土壤盐分分布转折点均为6.0m。据此推断,6m是地下水盐分积聚和表层土壤盐分积累停止的临界地下水埋深。     

塔里木河下游典型荒漠河岸植物水分来源

通过对塔里木河下游典型荒漠植物河岸胡杨（Populus euphratica,成年和幼龄）、柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）、骆驼刺（Alhagi sparfolia）木质部水及不同潜在水源的稳定性氧同位素值的测定,并利用多源线性混合模型（IsoSource）和相似性比例指数（PS指数）分别分析了各潜在水源对不同植物的贡献率以及各月份不同植物间的水分利用关系。结果表明：（1）在塔里木河下游,成年胡杨、幼龄胡杨、柽柳几乎都不利用0~50 cm的表层土壤水,而主要利用200 cm以下的深层土壤水和地下水,而甘草、骆驼刺主要吸收50~200 cm的土壤水。（2）在生长季的不同月份里,除个别月份外,胡杨（成年和幼龄）、柽柳之间存在激烈水分竞争;甘草、骆驼刺在生长旺季和末期对各水源都存在较强的竞争关系,而成年或幼龄胡杨、柽柳和甘草、骆驼刺之间水分竞争关系较弱。（3）在塔里木河下游,为了适应极端干旱,无论是乔木胡杨、还是灌木柽柳,水分来源主要是较稳定的深层水源,且对各水源的利用比例在不同月份波动不大。     

塔里木河下游生态输水后衰败胡杨林更新能力与条件分析

对塔里木河下游3个样区生态输水后不同样地0—100 cm深土层中胡杨水平根系分布、繁殖更新能力、地下水位变化及成片胡杨林更新所具备的条件调查分析,结果表明：长期断流后,在低地下水位胁迫下胡杨0—100 cm的浅层水平根系发育严重受阻或萎缩消失,萌蘖能力微弱或消失。在距河道边50 m区域内,土层50—100 cm以下有较多的水平根系分布,生态输水后浅层根系具备萌蘖能力;距河道边50～150 m的范围胡杨浅层根系数量减少,分布深度下移,活力降低,实施萌蘖更新有一定的风险,而且随着与断流源区（大西海子水库）距离的增加,风险增大;距河道边250 m以上的区域胡杨水平根系很少,现阶段已基本上失去萌蘖更新的基础条件。胡杨集中分布区地表微地形复杂,大面积地表引流灌溉难度大,使得依靠种子和断根萌蘖实现更新十分困难。     

绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型防护林体系环境效益及其生态功能

 在塔里木河下游绿洲-荒漠过渡带,选取乔灌草结构（胡杨-柽柳-花花柴群落）、乔灌结构（胡杨-柽柳群落）和单一乔木结构（胡杨群落）三种典型防护林为研究对象,采用野外监测和室内分析相结合的方法,探讨了不同类型防护林对空气温湿度、土壤理化特性及防护效应等的作用,并分析了产生差异的原因及生态功能。结果表明：(1）干旱区绿洲-荒漠过渡带不同结构组成的防护林均可提高群落内温湿度的稳定性,改善土壤理化性质,其中乔灌草结构防护林较其它群落更有利于增加0~50 cm土壤有机质、[WTBX]全N、全P[WTBZ]和20~100 cm土壤全[WTBX]K[WTBZ]的积累;能更有效地增加0~30 cm土壤水分、抑制0~100 cm土壤盐分、稳定0~50 cm土壤温度;(2）单一胡杨林群落的有效防护高度为2~3 m,横向有效防护距离为40 m;胡杨-柽柳群落的有效防护高度为2～4 m,横向有效防护距离为60 m;胡杨-柽柳-花花柴群落的有效防护高度分别为小于1 m和2~4 m,高度超过1 m以上的横向有效防护距离为60 m,在1 m以下其横向有效防护距离可达100 m;(3)群落结构、植物密度和覆盖度是影响防护林环境特征和生态功能的主要原因。     

极端干旱环境下的胡杨细根分布与土壤特征

以塔里木河下游的中龄胡杨为研究对象,采用开挖剖面分层取样法,对胡杨细根(D≤2 mm)的空间分布以及与土壤特征因子之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:①在长期干旱胁迫下,胡杨细根(D≤2 mm)根长密度(RLD)、根表面积密度(SAD)从表层到地下100 cm土层内,呈逐渐增加趋势,100~140 cm土层内表现为减少的波动分布趋势;细根RLD、SAD集中分布在60~120 cm土层内,约占0~140 cm土层总细根RLD和SAD的74%以上;在水平方向上,距树干0.75～2.5 m范围内,呈逐渐减少趋势,而在3.5～5.5 m范围内呈波动的增加趋势。②胡杨细根(D≤2 mm)RLD和SAD与土壤总盐、土壤有效养分含量之间呈显著负相关关系,适合乘幂模型,与土壤含水率之间呈一定程度的正相关关系,适合三次曲线模型。     

塔里木河源流区绿洲土壤含盐量空间变异和格局分析——以岳普湖绿洲为例

基于区域变量理论,在GPS和GIS技术支持下,通过地统计学的半变异函数和Kriging空间插值,以岳普湖绿洲为例,定量分析塔里木河源流区绿洲不同层次土壤盐分的空间异质性。结果表明:0~30cm、30~60cm和60~100cm土壤盐分半方差函数的理论分布模型属于指数模型,100~200cm属于球状模型。不同土层之间的空间自相关范围具有明显的差异,由表层至深层,土壤盐分的自相关范围逐渐增大。土壤盐分的空间格局分析表明,在水平方向上,研究区各层土壤盐分的高值区主要集中分布在人类活动强烈、靠近河渠水源和地势较为低洼区域;在垂直方向上,土壤表层盐分含量最高,向深层逐渐减少。     

塔里木河下游间歇性输水对土壤水化学的影响

根据塔里木河下游2000-2006 年11 次间歇性输水影响下沿输水河道两侧地下水埋深、地下水化学组分变化的资料, 结合有关输水的基本资料和土壤盐分含量变化的适时监测数据, 分析了地下水化学特征的变化及影响其变化的各相关因子,结果表明：地下水化学特征的变化呈现明显的阶段性规律, 地下水化学组分的变化与距离输水河道的远近、地下水埋深、河道径流量以及土壤盐分含量之间具有较高的相关性; 地下水埋深在5 m 及5 m 以下时, 地下水化学组分含量较低, 水质较好。而埋深在5 m 时的水位条件能够满足该区域建群种植物的生存, 为输水条件下的理想水位;地下水化学特征变化的阶段性特点和土壤剖面盐分含量的分布规律及其相互关系说明,在当前输水模式下配合面上输水将能更好地促进生态恢复。     

Ecological water demand of natural vegetation in the lower Tarim River

We have appraised the relationships between soil moisture, groundwater depth, and plant species diversity in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in western China, by analyzing field data from 25 monitoring wells across eight study sites and 25 permanent vegetation survey plots. It is noted that groundwater depth, soil moisture and plant species diversity are closely related. It has been proven that the critical phreatic water depth is five meters in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. We acquired the mean phreatic evaporation of different groundwater levels every month by averaging the two results of phreatic evaporation using the Qunk and Averyanov formulas. Based on different vegetation types and acreage with different groundwater depth, the total ecological water demand (EWD) of natural vegetation in 2005 was 2.4×108 m3 in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Analyzing the monthly EWD, we found that the EWD in the growth season (from April to September) is 81% of the year’s total EWD. The EWD in May, June and July was 47% of the year’s total EWD, which indicates the best time for dispensing artificial water. This research aims at realizing the sustainable development of water resources and provides a scientific basis for water resource management and sound collocation of the Tarim River Basin.     

荒漠土壤微生物碳垂直分布规律对有机碳库的表征作用

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原始盐漠为研究对象,测定不同深度的土壤有机碳和土壤微生物碳含量,以分析它们之间的响应关系。结果表明:(1)在土壤垂直剖面上,土壤微生物碳（SMC）含量与有机碳（SOC）含量呈现极显著正线性相关（R2=0.63,p=0.0003）。（2）SMC出现了2个明显的改变界面（20 cm,80 cm）,0~20、20~80、80~500 cm值分别为:2.24~3.06、0.19~0.72、0.0017~0.0097 mg·kg-1;0~20 cm和20~80 cm的SMC差异极显著（p<0.0001）,20~80 cm和80~500 cm的SMC差异显著（p<0.05）。（3）对应于SMC的土壤层划分,SOC在0~20 cm、20~80 cm和80~500 cm同样具有一定的分层性。（4）我们把具有不同微生物活性的有机碳层分别定义为活性、惰性、稳定性有机碳库,土壤垂直剖面上微生物碳的分布很好地表征了土壤中活性、惰性、稳定性有机碳库的分布;通过对这3种碳库所在土层进行合理划分,可以定量分析土壤中3种有机碳库的储量。