安徽滁河断裂带温泉的水化学和同位素特征及成因分析

笔者等以安徽滁河断裂带内的6个温泉为主要研究对象,分析了水样的水化学特征,利用氢氧同位素对温泉的补给方程进行估算,并提出温泉的成因模式。研究区温泉阳离子以Ca2+和Mg2+为主,根据SO2-4和HCO-3的相对含量的不同,可以将水样分为两组,A组水样（富HCO-3）的主要离子的质量浓度均低于B组（富SO2-4）水样,A组水样的水化学类型为HCO-3—Ca2+·Mg2+; B组水样的（除AH16 4为SO2-4—Ca2+外）水化学类型为SO2+4—Ca2+·Mg2+。A组水样的稀土元素含量高于B组,二者均在NASC标准化图解上表现出平坦型的配分模式,且都表现出轻稀土富集和Eu正异常的特征。水样的氢氧稳定同位素组成表明温泉的补给来源都是大气降水,补给区温度约为13~15 ℃。A组温泉的补给高程为120~160 m低于B组温泉的200~260 m,且A组温泉的热储温度为45~70℃,低于B组温泉的热储温度70~105 ℃。地下水经历深循环获得大地热流加热后沿断裂带上升出地表。     

安徽滁河断裂带温泉的水化学和同位素特征及成因分析

笔者等以安徽滁河断裂带内的6个温泉为主要研究对象,分析了水样的水化学特征,利用氢氧同位素对温泉的补给高程进行估算,并提出温泉的成因模式。研究区温泉阳离子以Ca2+和Mg2+为主,根据SO2-4和HCO-3的相对含量的不同,可以将水样分为两组,A组水样（富HCO-3）的主要离子的质量浓度均低于B组（富SO2-4）水样,A组水样的水化学类型为HCO-3—Ca2+·Mg2+; B组水样的（除AH14为SO2-4—Ca2+外）水化学类型为SO2-4—Ca2+·Mg2+。A组水样的稀土元素含量高于B组,二者均在NASC标准化图解上表现出平坦型的配分模式,且都表现出轻稀土富集和Eu正异常的特征。水样的氢氧稳定同位素组成表明温泉的补给来源都是大气降水,补给区温度约为13~15 ℃。A组温泉的补给高程为120~160 m低于B组温泉的200~260 m,且A组温泉的热储温度为45~70℃,低于B组温泉的热储温度70~105 ℃。地下水经历深循环获得大地热流加热后沿断裂带上升出地表。     

滇东富源古敢水族乡热水塘锶—氟—硅—氡型理疗热矿水的地球化学特征及成因

为支撑滇东富源县古敢水族乡热水塘温泉旅游的开发和可持续利用,通过采集区内水样进行水化学及环境同位素分析,对温泉的形成机理及其理疗价值进行了研究。结果表明：热水塘温泉温度为37. 8~42. 2 ℃,pH值为7. 24~7. 75,TDS（溶解固态物质总量）的质量浓度为1245~1840 mg/L,属于中低温弱碱性热矿水。温泉水中偏硅酸的质量浓度为48. 20~60. 57 mg/L,F为2. 86~2. 94mg/L,Sr为8. 60~14. 40mg/L,均达到了硅水、氟水、锶水的理疗水质标准,此外温泉水中222Rn浓度达到了129. 4 Bq/L,接近于氡水的理疗水质标准,具有较大的开发利用价值。热水塘温泉水中阳离子以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以SO2-4、HCO-3为主,水化学类型为SO2-4—Ca2+·Mg2+型。石膏和碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解是控制热水塘温泉水化学特征的主要因素,其中石膏的溶解占据了主导地位。参与水岩反应的CO2的δ13C CO2（V- PDB）值为-11. 64‰~-14. 24‰,具有明显的沉积有机质来源特征。14C测年结果表明热水塘温泉年龄为 3291a BP,氢氧同位素特征表明热水塘温泉由大气降水补给,补给高程为2101. 9~2138. 3 m,补给区温度为5. 9~6. 2 ℃。利用硅—焓方程法计算得出热水塘温泉的冷水混合比例为0. 84~0. 89,综合硅—焓方程计算的热储温度和校正后的SiO2地热温标计算的热储温度,得出热水塘温泉的热储温度为173. 1~220. 3 ℃,循环深度为2059. 7~2661. 1 m。     

碳酸盐倒退溶解模式的化学热力学基础——与H_2S有关的溶解介质及其与CO_2的对比

以化学热力学中的吉布斯自由能增量为基础,计算了与H2S(g)/ H2S(aq) /HS-/ H+/S2-系统有关反应在不同温度下的平衡常数,同时根据方解石和白云石在酸性条件下的溶解过程,获得了这两种碳酸盐矿物溶解过程中地层中流体pH值与PCO2、地层压力和埋藏深度的关系。在此基础上,对比了从地表到深埋藏的温度和压力条件下,与CO2和H2S有关的酸性介质对流体\[H+\]贡献的差异性,以及对于碳酸盐溶解作用的差异性。计算结果表明:1）无论以CO2还是以H2S作为溶解介质,温度增加和（或）PCO2增加,都会造成方解石和白云石溶解所需要的\[H+\]增加,在深埋藏相对高温和高压条件下,高PCO2条件会使得碳酸盐矿物的溶解更加困难,如果\[H+\]受到缓冲,CO2的增加不仅不能造成碳酸盐矿物的溶解,反而会造成碳酸盐矿物的沉淀;2）无论在何种酸性介质中,碳酸盐矿物的倒退溶解模式在化学上都是成立的,低温的成岩环境,深部地层中高温流体的向上运移、构造抬升所造成的温度降低（-ΔT）都会提高H2S和（或）CO2流体（也包括其它酸性介质）对碳酸盐矿物溶解能力;3）在地表和近地表条件下（几百米深度范围内）,在同时存在CO2和H2S的环境中,CO2对应酸的电离提供的\[H+\]略多于H2S对应酸的电离,与CO2有关的酸性流体对碳酸盐矿物溶解相对重要,而在深埋藏条件下、尤其是深度大于4 000 m的深埋藏地层中,H2S对应酸的电离提供的\[H+\]显著大于CO2,其对碳酸盐矿物的溶解更为重要,在存在硫酸盐还原作用的深埋藏地层中,碳酸盐的深部溶解作用会更为发育,这可能是川东北地区深埋藏条件下次生孔隙发育的重要原因之一。     

云南昌宁柯街断裂带温泉水化学特征

通过对柯街断裂带上2个温泉(梁园温泉和大地温泉)水样的阴阳离子分析,正确划分了温泉水的水化学类型;同位素数据表明,2个样品的δD和δ18 O值均在大气降水线附近,且未显示δ18 O值向右漂移现象,说明该区地下热水具有现代大气降水的氢氧同位素组成特征,推断温泉形成与火山、岩浆型热源没有直接关系。大气降水的同位素组成与海拔高程之间的耦合关系,证明了地下热水补给源区位于西部山区;通过采用SiO2温标计算得出了温泉的热储温度和热水循环深度。梁园温泉热储温度为100.1℃,热水循环深度是1 643.3m,大地温泉热储温度为79.8℃,热水循环深度是1 237.2m。柯街断裂带的构造特征及岩性特征与地下热水的水化学组成、深循环机制和冷热水的混合机制有着本质的联系。     

云南祥云县王家庄碱性温泉水化学特征与成因分析

位于云南省祥云县刘厂镇的王家庄温泉水样YMD10-1(王家热水井)与YMD10-2(聚龙温泉宾馆热水井)的矿化度为1.49~1.65 g/L,主要阳离子为Na^+,主要阴离子为HCO3^-,水化学类型均为HCO3-Na型。YMD10-1和YMD10-2的p H值野外测定数据分别为10.8和7,因YMD10-2暴露于空气使其pCO2较高导致其p H野外观测值偏低;实验室p H测定值分别为8和7.6,主要受到pCO2差异影响导致水中碳酸组分发生变化而改变了其p H值。水样的δ^2H-δ^18O数据显示温泉的补给来源为大气降水。利用Si O2温标估算了温泉的地下热储温度为89~92℃。利用226Ra-222Rn法估算出YMD10-1的热水年龄为446.84 a,YMD10-2的热水年龄为319.56 a。估算的地下热水的循环深度为3 808~3 898 m,利用δ^2H和δ^18O估算热水补给高程为2 845~2 865 m,补给区为周边的山区。地下水获得大气降水入渗补给后,经历深循环并获得深部热流加热,沿断裂带上升穿透浅部第四系出露地表。温泉显示碱性是由于长石与水和CO2发生反应,产生大量的HCO3^-,HCO3^-在溶液中有可能水解消耗H^+产生OH^-。王家庄温泉被当地人们用来晒制土碱,与热水Na^+和碳酸的含量高有关。     

地球化学温标估算长白山地热系统热储温度

长白山地区地热系统的研究目前还处于初级阶段,热储温度仍然是具有争议的问题。为进一步明确其高温地热成因机理,本文对该区域的4个温泉点与2口地热井进行了离子及气体组分测定与分析,并应用地球化学温标估算了热储温度。Na-K-Mg三角图和部分矿物I_S值指示长白山地区地热水与围岩未达到水岩平衡状态,稀释作用明显,仅石英、玉髓和部分含Ca²⁺矿物达到饱和并发生沉淀。根据本文及前人的研究,研究区同时存在高温喷气孔、高_ρ(Cl^-)水和高_ρ(SO_4^2-)水,这符合White汽-液分离模式提出的地热地表显示组合,因此推断长白山地区下部流体发生汽-液分离作用(沸腾)且地热系统为双相地热系统。由于双相地热系统的存在制约了水化学温标与部分气化学温标在研究区热储温度估算中的应用,因此本文结合研究区气组分特征,选取CO_2/H_2温标作为可靠温标,估算出热储温度在234.5～284.7℃之间。将长白山天池地区地质特征与地热流体特征结合,建立了长白山地区地热成因模式。     

贵州息烽温泉水文地球化学特征及地质成因研究

息烽温泉为贵州百年名泉,通过收集整理多年水质分析资料,系统阐述了温泉水文地球化学特征;采用同位素化学方法,分析了温泉补给来源、形成年龄及高程效应;利用Na-K-Mg三角图解判断温泉水属未成熟水,采用Si02地热温标法估算出温泉热储温度为101.92℃,热流体循环深度超过2 500m;在综合分析基础上,提出息烽温泉地热水循环于洋水背斜西翼深埋藏于地下的震旦系上统灯影组Zbdn、板溪群清水江组Ptbnbq地层中,热流体从南西向北东径流,在息烽温泉处受F1断裂阻隔而沿断层带上升,在"低势点"出露成泉的地质成因模式。     

贵州息烽温泉水文地球化学特征及地质成因研究

息烽温泉为贵州百年名泉,通过收集整理多年水质分析资料,系统阐述了温泉水文地球化学特征;采用同位素化学方法,分析了温泉补给来源、形成年龄及高程效应;利用Na-K-Mg三角图解判断温泉水属未成熟水,采用Si02地热温标法估算出温泉热储温度为101.92℃,热流体循环深度超过2 500m;在综合分析基础上,提出息烽温泉地热水循环于洋水背斜西翼深埋藏于地下的震旦系上统灯影组Zbdn、板溪群清水江组Ptbnbq地层中,热流体从南西向北东径流,在息烽温泉处受F1断裂阻隔而沿断层带上升,在"低势点"出露成泉的地质成因模式。     

四川康定市二道桥地区地下热水稳定同位素特征及热储温度计算

为研究四川省康定市二道桥地区地下热水稳定同位素特征和热储温度,对二道桥地区5个温泉(井)即二道桥温泉(SC107、SC107-2)、康巴人家温泉(SC107-3)、自流热水井(SC107-4)、自喷热水井(SC107-5)进行调查和分析。研究区温泉的分布及出露主要受雅拉沟断裂和雅拉河谷控制。温泉水温33.2~46 ℃,为中低温温泉,pH为6~6.5。水样的氢氧稳定同位素特征表明研究区地下热水的补给来源为大气降水。利用氢氧稳定同位素高程效应及温度效应估算区内地下热水补给区高程为3 000~4 500 m,补给区温度为-3.5~-0.3 ℃,表明地下热水有一部分补给源自附近山区的冰雪融水。Na-K-Mg三角图显示研究区热水均为未成熟水,不宜用阳离子地热温标计算热储温度。应用SiO₂地热温标、多矿物饱和指数法以及用固定铝方法对部分温泉多矿物平衡图进行修正,得出研究区地下热水的热储温度为65~75 ℃。研究区温泉在东部跑马山以及西部农戈山附近接受大气降水补给,降水沿着大雪山—农戈山断裂和跑马山断裂下渗,地下水经历深循环,在此过程中获得大地热流加热,最终在雅拉河谷雅拉沟断裂附近出露成泉。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of