双斑东方鲀人工繁殖及育苗技术

本文报道了福建省水产研究所 2 0 0 1年双斑东方人工繁殖及育苗过程与结果 .在春季当海水水温达到 1 6℃以上时 ,用DOM、LRH A3或HCG进行催产 ,混和或单一使用 ,剂量视亲鱼性腺成熟度而定 .受精卵在水温 1 8.0～ 2 2 .4℃、盐度 2 2 .1～2 8.6条件下 ,经 1 1 7～ 1 56h孵化 .用 2 0 5万尾开口仔鱼培育出平均全长为 3 7mm ,平均体重为 1 .3 g的鱼苗 52 .3 5万尾 ,成活率 2 5.5%.此外 ,对亲鱼的暂养、催产、受精卵的孵化、仔鱼的前期培育和后期培育等关键环节进行了探讨 .     

双斑东方Tun人工繁殖及育苗技术

本文报道了福建省水产研究所2001年双斑东方Tun人工繁殖及育苗过程与结果。在春季当海水水温达到16℃以上时，用DOM、LRH－A3或HCG进行催产，混和或单一使用，剂量视亲鱼性腺成熟度而定。受精卵在水温18．0－22．4℃、盐度22．2－28．6条件下，经117－156h孵化。用250万尾开口仔鱼培育出平均全长为37mm，平均体重为1．3g的鱼苗52．35万尾，成活率25．5％。此外，对亲鱼的暂养、催产、受精卵的孵化、仔鱼的前期培育和后期培育等关键环节进行了探讨。     

花鲈人工育苗技术的研究

利用人工培育的亲鱼所获得的受精卵 ,孵化出仔鱼 30 0万尾 ,在水温 18～ 2 0℃、微充气的培育条件下 ,使用海水小球藻、轮虫、卤虫无节幼体和不同规格的微颗粒配合饲料进行饲喂 ,经 58d培育出平均全长 2 .3cm的苗种 132万尾 ,育苗成活率高达 64.1% ,单位水体最高出苗量达 1.33万尾 / m3;另外 ,还有 1.3～ 1.9cm的苗种 68万尾     

双棘黄姑鱼人工育苗技术的研究

对双棘黄姑鱼【Nibeadiacanthus(Lacepede)】催产孵化和育苗技术进行了试验研究,并从形态学方面对其近似种和易混种进行了比较。结果显示,双棘黄姑鱼性腺发育至Ⅳ期经人工催产都能产卵受精．效应时间为20～40h。胚胎发育适宜水温为22～26℃．适宜盐度为30～35,孵化率为80％～90％。在育苗水温27～29℃,盐度28～30,150万初孵仔鱼经20d培育,共育出全长1．4～2．3cm的稚鱼95．3万尾,育成率62．3％;其中32．2万稚鱼分池继续培育至36天,育出全长3．1～5．2cm的幼鱼18．4万尾。本试验说明对双棘黄姑鱼进行人工催产孵化育苗,能够培育出达到商品规格的鱼种。     

美洲鲥的人工繁殖及胚胎发育的研究

2007～2009年,利用深井水及设有钢架保温大棚的土池成功进行了美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)的亲鱼培育与人工繁殖的研究,同时观察了美洲鲥的胚胎发育过程.结果表明:2龄美洲鲥在池塘中经专池培育并采用激素+不饱和脂肪酸+维生素E投喂、水流刺激等培育措施使雌雄鱼的性腺成熟率达60％～80％.性腺成熟的亲鱼经生态调控促使产卵或人工催产繁殖,生态调控促使产卵中水温保持在16～23℃,池水始终保持流动状态,50对美洲鲥亲鱼自4月中下旬至5月底陆续产卵,共收集鱼卵9.0万粒,平均受精率10％,孵化率70％～80％;人工催产试验中,采用LHRH-A2+鱼类催产助剂、LHRH-A2+HCG+DOM+鱼类催产助剂和LHRH-A2+HCG+鱼类催产助剂3种催产剂配伍,背鳍基部两针注射法,催产率20％～100％,获卵10.57万粒,受精率0～21.5％,孵化率0～70％.美洲鲥受精卵呈卵圆形,卵膜径为(4.03±0.25)mm,根据胚胎的外形与内部主要特征,胚胎发育分为7个生理阶段30个具体发育时期,在水温(20±1)℃下,历时约71 h40 min完成整个胚胎发育过程.     

大弹涂鱼土池育苗技术研究

在总面积为3 340 m2的4口土池(835 m2/口)进行大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pecti-nirostris(Linnaeus))育苗试验研究。共放养1龄和2龄亲鱼11 000尾,2004年5月16日~5月21日和5月31日~6月4日先后孵出两批仔鱼,每批次的孵化时间持续5~6 d,共孵出仔鱼330×104尾。采用泼洒泥浆、接种轮虫、施肥、调节池水盐度和遮阳控制水温等方法进行仔稚鱼培育,土池育苗取得了突破性进展。初孵仔鱼经过34~53 d的培育,共培育出幼鱼34.76×104尾,幼鱼平均全长23.1 mm,平均体质量100.0 mg,平均成活率10.5%。试验结果表明,大弹涂鱼亲鱼未经性激素注射能在土池洞穴内自然产卵孵化,采取合理的技术措施在土池中进行大弹涂鱼批量育苗是可行的。     

大泷六线鱼全人工繁育技术研究

2012年~2014年,作者在山东省海洋生物研究院鳌山卫中试基地进行了大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)全人工繁育研究,通过人工促熟、激素诱导,培育F1代全人工亲鱼558尾(雄鱼231尾,雌鱼327尾),获得受精卵33.0万粒,孵化F2代仔鱼30.0万尾,受精率98%,孵化率91%。在水温16~17℃、盐度31、p H 7.8~8.1、溶解氧6 mg/L条件下,历时110 d,培育平均全长6.2 cm F2代苗种11.7万尾,苗种成活率39%。作者在国内外首次开展了大泷六线鱼全人工繁育技术研究,丰富了大泷六线鱼养殖基础资料,为大泷六线鱼产业的发展奠定基础。     

四指马鲅胚胎发育观察

利用人工培育的2龄四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tetradactylum)亲鱼自然产卵受精而获得的受精卵在实验室中孵化和培育,对受精卵胚胎发育到仔鱼孵出的全过程进行详细的观察记录.结果表明:四指马鲅受精卵呈圆球形,卵膜光滑,单油球.平均卵径675.78μm,油球平均直径258.46μm.在水温为31~33℃,盐度为27.50~28.00,p H值为8.2条件下,胚胎发育用时13 h 52 min,可分为卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、胚体形成、器官分化和孵化6个阶段,初孵仔鱼全长1.46±0.25 mm,3DAH仔鱼全长2.42±0.18 mm,口和肛门张开,仔鱼开口摄食.     

台湾海峡野生牙鲆人工繁殖和育苗技术研究

2003年12月至2004年5月对台湾海峡的野生牙鲆进行了亲鱼的驯养、促熟产卵及人工育苗技术研究.结果表明,活的鲻鱼苗可用于牙鲆亲鱼的诱食;当水温达到16.2~19.5℃时,牙鲆可自然产卵,产卵盛期为3月中旬至4月上旬.4月份受精率高达86%.在驯养过程中亲鱼未发生死亡.本实验共用受精卵约153万粒,孵出仔鱼140.8万尾,孵化率达92%.经63d培育,育出全长3.8~5.5cm幼鱼53.4万尾,成活率37.9%.育苗水温为20~24℃,海水盐度为26~31.     

点带石斑鱼亲鱼培育、产卵和孵化的试验研究

采用经埋植外源激光法诱导所得的点带石斑鱼功能性雄鱼和人工养殖的雌鱼进行亲鱼培育、产卵和孵化的试验研究，在1999-2000年的两年中，繁殖仔鱼7103万尾，结果表明，雌鱼的绝对生死力为535.01万粒卵，相对生殖力为810.21粒/g体重，水泥池中培育的点带石斑鱼能自然产卵与水温相关，水温高于24℃时，产卵呈一定的周期性，即连续产卵5-7天，停产数天后再开始下一个产卵周期；水温低于24℃时，产卵受到抑制，水温对胚胎发育有明显的影响，水温25.5-28.5℃胚胎发育时间为21h53min，仔鱼活力好，盐度为30-33时，胚胎发育正常盐度降低造成孵化率下降。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.