古尔班通古特沙漠南部风沙土性状在沙垄尺度上的空间变异

在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南部纵向沙垄上,按5 m×5 m的网格采集浅层风沙土组合样品184件,调查植被样方100个,并测试了风沙土质地、pH、盐分、含水量、全N含量和有机质含量等理化性状。研究发现:受沙垄地貌和植被格局的影响,风沙土性状具有中等到强烈的空间相关性,空间依赖范围(变程)介于21.3~74.8m,大致对应着单一沙垄宽度或垄间地-沙垄-垄间地的地貌单元宽度。利用地统计分析求得不同取样尺度上的分维D。风沙土质地(粒径、平均粒径、分选系数)和盐分(电导率)及养分(有机质和全N含量)在0~40m的取样间隔下,D较大,空间变异程度基本处于中高水平;在90~150m的取样间隔下,D骤减,空间异质性大大增强。风沙土含水量的空间变异强度曲线为几段式形态,并且分维依次递减。     

古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土微量元素对植被格局的影响

横穿古尔班通古特沙漠,测度了沙漠植被盖度、物种多样性和丰富度等格局参数及微地形、土壤理化性质。在此基础上,借助ICP/MS仪测定了沙漠表层（0~10 cm）和次表层（10~30 cm）风沙土中Cu、Zn、Mo、Fe、Co、Ni、Mn、V、Se、B微量元素含量。利用t-检验和CCA排序的方法,分析了微量元素在风沙土中的空间分布特征和对植被格局的影响。结果显示,地势较高的东部Ni和Mn的含量高于其他地段。地势较低、土壤中水分、有机质、全盐含量较高的西部,Mo、Cu、Zn、Fe、Se含量较高。Fe的高含量值主要出现在分选差、有机质较多的风沙土中。另外,绝大多数微量元素在表层风沙土中的平均含量高于浅层。对比不同微量元素成分条件下的乔灌木和草本层片植物组成和结构特征,发现乔灌木层片基本格局所受影响不明显,草本层片则在沙漠生境下已形成的植物群丛内部发生分化,出现多个小的植物组合。     

黄山风景区旅游干扰对植物群落草本层的影响

采用平均高度、平均盖度,平均物种数等单项指标及物种丰富度指数,物种多样性指数和重要值等综合指标分析了不同干扰强度对草本层植物高度,盖度,物种多样性及物种组成的影响.结果表明:旅游干扰对草本层高度的影响明显,游径边缘干扰强度最大地段草本层植物高度明显降低;旅游干扰对草本层盖度影响不明显,虽然随干扰强度的降低,草本层盖度有所上升,但不同干扰强度下盖度差异并不显著;旅游干扰增加了物种的多样性,游径边缘干扰强度最大地段物种数最多;同时干扰也对草本层物种组成产生了一定影响,随干扰强度增加,耐践踏植物及伴人植物比例增加.旅游干扰对植物群落草本层植被影响的空间范围大约在距游径10 m以内.     

古尔班通古特沙漠南部风沙土粒度分布的空间异质性

系统采集古尔班通古特沙漠南部典型地段纵向沙垄和垄间地浅层风沙土(0～30 cm)样184件,运用常规粒度分析和地统计分析方法研究了古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙垄不同部位风沙土粒度组成、分布特征及空间变异。结果显示:风沙土机械组成的优势粒级是细沙和极细沙,不同地貌部位粒级组成差异明显。粘土和粉沙的含量为垄间地高于沙垄,背风坡高于迎风坡和垄顶。极细沙和细沙的含量是迎风坡最高,垄顶最低。中沙、粗沙和极粗沙的含量则是垄间地低于沙垄,垄顶最高。风沙土粗物质粒径φ1和平均粒径Mz从垄间地→背风坡→迎风坡→垄顶均由细变粗,分选系数σ则由差变好。同时,φ1、Mz和σ具有中等-强空间自相关性,其空间相关范围(变程)大小顺序为φ1<σ相似文献   

古尔班通古特沙漠88°E沿线风沙土理化性状的纵向分异

纵穿古尔班通古特沙漠中部对风沙土理化性状分析结果表明:沙漠腹地风沙土含水量低于边部。风沙土颗粒物主要由极细沙-细沙-中沙组成,并且北部较中部和南部粗。个体沙垄垄间地风沙土φ1值最高,垄顶的平均粒径最大。北部风沙土分选性差,绝大多数为极正偏分布,峰态很窄。中部、南部风沙土分选性中等和较好,呈窄峰态和近对称的分布形式。沙漠腹地风沙土全盐含量均较低,pH值适中,二者和沙垄固定程度成一定的正相关。风沙土中有机质、N、P、K等营养物质含量较低。相比之下北部风沙土全K和有机质含量高于中、南部,而植被茂盛的垄间地和垄坡有机质和全N含量一般高于固定、半固定垄顶。局地气象条件、微地形地貌以及植被状况的差异是引起沙漠风沙土上述理化性状空间分异的重要因素。     

河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带封育对土壤和植被的影响

在河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带,封育天然植被是植被群落恢复、防止绿洲沙漠化的有效措施。以流动沙丘作为对照(0年),对封育5年和15年的半固沙和固定沙丘植被群落以及土壤进行调查取样和分析。结果表明:随着封育年限增加,天然固沙植被群落生物多样性增加,灌木层和草本层植物密度、盖度和生物量都显著增加,灌木层盖度从10%增加到40%,草本层以一年生草本植物为主,物种从5种增加到8种,生物量从1 g·m^-2增加到13 g·m^-2。随着天然植被盖度增加,土壤表层沙土细粒化明显,沙土中黏粉粒含量显著增加,土壤质地由粗质沙粒向细质沙粒转变;随着沙土中黏粉粒成分的增加,沙土有机质、全氮、全磷含量也增加,灌丛下土壤养分含量高于灌丛间,“沃岛效应”明显。同时,在灌丛下表层土壤出现明显的盐分集聚现象,其中SO₄^2-、K⁺、Na⁺含量分别增加了6、3、17倍。在降水100 mm左右的荒漠绿洲过渡带,封育可以显著恢复固沙植被群落和提高沙土质地和养分。     

春夏季放牧对古尔班通古特沙漠南部土壤种子库和地上植被的影响

位于新疆北部准噶尔盆地腹地的古尔班通古特沙漠,是世界上温带荒漠生物多样性的精华和最为丰富的典型区域。历史上这里就是北疆羊和部分马匹重要的冬牧场,但近年来的放牧活动在春夏季也开始进入沙漠腹地,使地表性质与植被覆盖发生了明显改变。应用野外随机取样与室内萌发实验相结合的方法,对比研究了古尔班通古特沙漠南部春夏季放牧和冬季放牧沙垄土壤种子库差异及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明：冬季放牧沙垄种子库种数为24种,而春夏季放牧沙垄有20种,后者明显减少了植物种数。冬季放牧沙垄种子库密度为(353.2±87)粒·m-2,而春夏季放牧沙垄为(189.1±23)粒·m-2,比前者减少了88%。两类沙垄土壤种子库的生活型组成都以一年生植物为主,相似性系数为0.711。相同沙垄不同部位的物种相似性系数在0.429～0.600之间,异质性较大,尤其表现在除垄顶之外的其他部位。冬季放牧沙垄和春夏季放牧沙垄地上植被中分别有植物36种和26种,各生活型所有物种均为后者低于前者,其中短命、类短命物种数量减少幅度最大。春夏季放牧沙垄地上植被的物种多样性和均匀度降低,而优势度升高。回归分析显示,冬季放牧沙垄定植群落有21%的变异来源于土壤种子库,而春夏季放牧沙垄有51%的变异来源于土壤种子库,可见不同季节的放牧干扰显著影响土壤种子库及其与地上植被的相关关系。     

樟子松固沙林带间植被恢复及其对林草界面作用的响应

调查了海拉尔市巴音岱林场不同分布格局、不同带间距的人工樟子松林带内植被恢复过程及物种多样性的差异,分析了林草界面生态学效应,研究了林草界面对带间植被自然恢复的作用。结果表明,宽的带间距带内物种多样性和生物量变化曲线出现了两个高峰,而窄的带间距带内只有一个高峰,说明该地区林带之间距离不应小于12 m;当林带之间距离为16~28 m时草本物种多样性出现最大值。植被恢复效果表现为带间距12 m差于带间距24 m,虽然都差于天然植被,但边际效应大大地加速了群落演替的进程。研究区樟子松林草界面边缘效应影响域为20 m, 其小尺度范围内生境异质性也很明显。行带式造林带间距离不应大于40 m,超出边缘效应影响域不利于带间植被恢复。     

川西米亚罗林区云杉天然林与人工林的群落特征比较

云杉林是四川西部山区重要的群落类型,为了解云杉天然林和人工林在物种组成、物种多样性以及群落结构等方面的差异,促进该区域植被的恢复与重建,我们设置典型样地对两种林型进行了详细调查,通过比较分析表明:在川西米亚罗林区,林龄在30 a左右的云杉林,其天然林乔木层、灌木层的物种数以及其所属科、属数均明显比人工林多一些,而草本层物种数相差不大;但从物种多样性指数方面看,除天然林乔木层物种多样性要明显高于人工林外,二者在灌木层和草本层上无显著差异.天然林和人工林乔木层的生长状况无显著差异,天然林灌木层物种的平均密度和平均高度要显著大于人工林,平均盖度则没有显著差异;草本层各群落特征指标在两种林型之间没有显著差异.但是天然林乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种个体数在不同样地之间的变幅均要比人工林小.物种相似性指数的比较表明,天然林与人工林内物种组成较为一致,没有显著差异.     

腾格里沙漠植被特征

腾格里沙漠植被在维持沙漠生态系统稳定、促进生物多样保护及防风固沙等方面发挥着极其重要作用。在实地调查和查阅资料的基础上,划分了腾格里沙漠植被类型,分析了典型植物群落数量特征。结果表明:(1)腾格里沙漠植被类型较多,有6个植被型组、17个植被(亚)型、35个植被群系,具有典型的荒漠化草原植被特征。植被空间分布差异明显,南部流沙分布较广,植被类型单一,北部戈壁与沙漠交错分布,植被类型及物种组成相对丰富。(2)腾格里沙漠共有天然种子植物60科201属382种,多年生草本、一年生草本和灌木分别占总物种数的44.50%、25.92%和21.99%,乔木、寄生草本和水生草本数量较少。(3)腾格里沙漠典型灌木群落中,一年生草本占有较大比例,多年生草本次之,灌木所占比例相对较小,灌木常为群落优势种,属于群落稳定层片,而一年生草本数量随降雨变化较大,属于不稳定层片。(4)群落多样性南北差异较大,沙漠南部群落物种组成相对单一,物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shanon-wiener指数、种间相遇率相对较低,沙漠北部群落物种组成丰富,多样性指数高,生态优势度不明显。     

Impact of habitat heterogeneity on plant community pattern in Gurbantunggut Desert

1IntroductionStudy on the interrelationship between vegetation patterns and their habitat heterogeneity is important to recover and rehabilitate the desert vegetation, stabilize the desert ecosystem and prevent desert expansion. Domestic and foreign researchers have carried out many studies on this topic (Archer etal., 2002; Bolling etal., 2000; Chen etal., 2003; Dasti etal., 1994; Gu etal., 2002, Li etal., 2001; Li etal., 2001; Liang etal., 2003), which have used and refined statistic tech…     

Impact of habitat heterogeneity on plant community pattern in Gurbantunggut Desert

This paper reports a geomorphologic landscape investigation, vegetation survey and soil sampling at 14 sites across the Gurbantunggut Desert between 87o37'09'-88o24'04'E and 44o14'04'-45o41'52'N. The study encountered 8 species of low trees and shrubs, 5 of perennial herbs, 8 of annual plants and 48 of ephemeral and ephemeroid plants. These species of plants represent one-third of the species found in the Gurbantunggut Desert, and their communities make up a large proportion of desert vegetation with great landscape significance. In the investigation we found that the plant communities are accordingly succeeded with the spatial variation of macro-ecoenvironment. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correlation Analysis (CA) we found that the micro-ecoenvironment heterogeneity of aeolian sandy soil's physical and chemical properties such as soil nutrient, soil moisture, soil salt, pH etc. only impacted the diversity of herb synusia (PIEherb) of the desert, with a negative correlation. Meanwhile, the impact of microhabitat on the plant community pattern with an antagonistic interaction made vegetation's eco-distribution in a temporary equilibrium.     

古尔班通古特沙漠生境对植物群落格局的影响

This paper reports a geomorphologic landscape investigation, vegetation survey and soil sampling at 14 sites across the Gurbantunggut Desert between 87°37′09"-88°24′04"E and 44°14′04"-45°41′52′Nl. The study encountered 8 species of low trees and shrubs, 5 of perennial herbs, 8of annual plants and 48 of ephemeral and ephemeroid plants. These species of plants represent one-third of the species found in the Gurbantunggut Desert, and their communities make up a large proportion of desert vegetation with great landscape significance. In the investigation we found that the plant communities are accordingly succeeded with the spatial variation of macro-ecoenvironment.Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correlation Analysis (CA) we found that the micro-ecoenvironment heterogeneity of aeolian sandy soil′s physical and chemical properties such as soil nutrient, soil moisture, soil salt, pH etc. only impacted the diversity of herb synusia (PIEherb) of the desert, with a negative correlation. Meanwhile, the impact of microhabitat on the plant community pattern with an antagonistic interaction made vegetation′s eco-distribution in a temporary equilibrium.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘不同固定程度沙地土壤表层水分时空变化遥感分析

土壤表层水分是固沙植被生长的主要水分来源,其时空变化格局决定了固沙植被的稳定性和演替方向。整合被动微波和光学数据的时空分辨率优势建立模型、反演土壤表层水分,可为不同固定程度沙地固沙植被稳定性评价提供科学依据。以腾格里沙漠东南缘为研究区,选取2003-2011年生长季(5-9月)AMSR-E土壤水分产品与MODIS数据,利用归一化植被指数NDVI、地表温度T_s,采用多元回归的方法,将空间分辨率为0.25°的AMSR-E土壤水分数据降尺度为每月的1 km平均表层土壤水分的时间序列数据,结合沙丘类型数据,分析了不同沙丘类型下土壤水分的时空异质性。结果表明:流动沙地的土壤水分空间分布与整个区域的差异性高于半固定沙地和固定沙地,而在极端干旱年份,研究区的整体分异不大,但同一类型间,固定沙丘空间差异明显高于半固定沙丘和固定沙丘;3种沙地类型表层土壤平均含水量在不同月份具有相似的变化规律,即土壤含水量5-9月呈抛物线形状,先下降后上升,7月达到最低,从同一月份不同沙地类型看,研究区表层土壤水分含量依次是固定沙地>半固定沙地>流动沙地;年际土壤水分在流动沙地和半固定沙地随降雨的变化而变化,而固定沙地基本不变。     

Changes in soil and vegetation on moving sand dunes after exclosure in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

In the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land of northern China, land desertification is the main causation in vegetation degradation and formation of moving dunes. A study was conducted from 1996 to 2005 to monitor the changes of vegetation characteristics and soil properties after moving dunes were fenced. The changes were compared between moving sand dunes with exclosure and without exclosure to evaluate the effectiveness of vegetation and soil restoration after exclosure establishment. The results show that exlosure establishment facilitated the colonization and development of plant species by ameliorating stressful environmental conditions. Species diversity, average coverage, and plant density significantly increased after exclosure of moving sand dunes along sequence compared with sand dunes without exclosure. Vegetation recovery on moving sand dunes accelerated by exclosure resulted in significant changes in soil properties including increased silt and clay contents, organic C and total N and decreased sand content, especially at the 0-5 cm depth. The results implied that moving sand dunes can be rapidly fixed by construction of exclosure.     

Vegetation patterns and species–environment relationships in the Gurbantunggut Desert of China

The Gurbantunggut Desert is the largest stable and semi-stable sand desert in China, yet few data exist on vegetation pattern and species-environment relationships for these diverse desert landscapes. The sand dunes of the survey area are mainly of the longitudinal form from north to south, but checkerboard-shaped and honeycomb-shaped forms are also present, with the height of 10–50 m. We measured vegetation and soil data on north–south transects and compared them with vegetation and soil data on east–west transects. Analysis revealed that the varying trend and strength of the species diversity, dominance and cover of the plant communities in the longitudinal and transverse directions across the landscape are significantly different. The results of CCA ordination show that the microhabitats of soil organic matter (OM), soil salts (TS), sorting index (σ), topsoil water-content (SM) and pH relate to the differences in vegetation observed as differences in species assemblage from salt-intolerant ephemerals, micro-subshrubs and subshrubs to salt-tolerant shrubs and micro-arbors. The terrain (alt.) and soil texture (the contents of Mz and φ1) affect the spatial differentiation of many species. However, this spatial differentiation is not so marked on transects running longitudinally with the landscape, in the same direction as the dunes. The species of the desert vegetation have formed three assemblages under the action of habitat gradients, relating to three sections running transversely across the landscape, at right angles to the direction of the dune crests. In the mid-east section of the study area the topography is higher, with sand-lands or dune-slopes with coarse particles. Here the dominant vegetation comprises shrubs and subshrubs of Seriphidium santolium and Ephedra distachya, with large numbers of ephemeral and ephemeroid plants of Senecio subdentatus, and Carex physodes in spring and summer. On the soil of the dune-slopes in the mid-west of the study area, with coarse particles and abundant TK, the plant assemblage of Haloxylon persicum, Soranthus meyeri and Agriophyllum squarrosum is developed. The species composition in the east marginal belt of the study area has similar characteristics to the mid-west section. There is no corresponding section in the north–south transects (except for the north and south margins). This is because the habitats of most plants are located in the middle of the microhabitat gradients in the north–south direction in the desert.     

山丘型地区钉螺孳生数量与植被和土壤环境因子的关系

本文研究了四川仁寿山丘型地区钉螺孳生与植被和环境因素的关系。结果表明:(1)草本群落物种丰富度、草本盖度、草本高度影响钉螺的孳生数量,钉螺分布适宜的草本群落的物种丰富度为4～14,草本群落盖度为60%～100%,高度为20～50cm;(2)土壤水分含量、温度和盐分均影响钉螺的孳生数量,钉螺分布最适宜的土壤水分含量为20%～60%,温度为15～30℃,盐分为60～120ms/m;(3)各环境因子和钉螺密度曲线可以看出,物种丰富度、草本高度、草本盖度、土壤水分含量、土壤温度和盐分含量与钉螺密度间均呈现抛物线或抛物线状曲线;(4)在样地和样方水平,土壤水分含量和钉螺密度存在稳定的线性相关关系,表明土壤水分含量是影响钉螺孳生的主导因素。因此,钉螺对各环境因素存在适应范围,表明钉螺对潮湿环境具有严格的选择性和依赖性,这种生态特性和钉螺本身的生物学特征密切相连。     

腾格里沙漠不同类型沙丘土壤水分含量与地形-植被因子关系研究

土壤水分是沙区主要的生态限制因子,其分布受气候、地形和植被等众多因素的影响。以腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区3种类型的沙丘（固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和流动沙丘）为研究对象,利用方差分析和冗余分析（RDA）等方法对沙丘不同部位和不同深度土壤水分的分布特征及其与地形-植被因子之间的关系进行了综合分析。结果表明：（1） 不同类型沙丘上0~300 cm的土壤水分随着深度的增加而增加,表层土壤水分的波动程度大于中层和深层。（2） 固定沙丘不同部位及不同深度的土壤水分之间没有明显的差异,半固定沙丘和流动沙丘迎风坡与丘底的土壤水分高于背风坡和丘顶。（3） 固定沙丘上的土壤水分受地形-植被因子的影响较半固定沙丘和流动沙丘小,影响固定沙丘土壤水分的主要因子有坡向、高差和灌木多度。（4） 地形-植被因子与研究区绝大多数半固定沙丘和流动沙丘的土壤水分均有负相关关系。研究揭示了腾格里沙漠土壤水分的分布规律及其与地形-植被因子的关系,对制定相应的防风固沙措施以及建立科学合理的植物固沙模式有积极的指导作用。     

塔里木河下游植被生态需水量(英文)

We have appraised the relationships between soil moisture,groundwater depth, and plant species diversity in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in western China,by analyzing field data from 25 monitoring wells across eight study sites and 25 permanent vegetation survey plots.It is noted that groundwater depth,soil moisture and plant species diversity are closely related.It has been proven that the critical phreatic water depth is five meters in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.We acquired the mean phreatic evaporation of different groundwater levels every month by averaging the two results of phreatic evaporation using the Qunk and Averyanov formulas.Based on different vegetation types and acreage with different groundwater depth,the total ecological water demand(EWD)of natural vegetation in 2005 was 2.4×108m 3in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.Analyzing the monthly EWD,we found that the EWD in the growth season(from April to September)is 81%of the year's total EWD.The EWD in May,June and July was 47%of the year's total EWD,which indicates the best time for dispensing artificial water.This research aims at realizing the sustainable development of water resources and provides a scientific basis for water resource management and sound collocation of the Tarim River Basin.