黄土坡面片蚀过程稳定含沙量及其影响因素

黄土高原地区坡面土壤侵蚀具有明显的垂直分带性,溅蚀片蚀带是坡面侵蚀的最上方地带,研究片蚀过程含沙量变化有助于阐明坡面侵蚀规律。本文采用人工模拟降雨试验方法研究了黄土坡面片蚀稳定含沙量及其影响因素;试验处理包括2种质地的黄土(塿土和黑垆土),2个雨强(90和120 mm/h)和4个坡度(10°、15°、20°和25°)。结果表明：在不同质地黄土、降雨强度和坡度条件下,水流含沙量均呈现先减小后平稳的规律;稳定含沙量与土壤颗粒体积分形维数、降雨强度和坡度呈幂函数关系,稳定含沙量随土壤颗粒体积分形维数的增大而减小,随降雨强度和坡度的增大而增大,影响程度依次为土壤颗粒体积分形维数、降雨强度和坡度;所分析的水动力学指标中单位水流功率与稳定含沙量关系最密切,降雨强度对稳定含沙量的影响大于单位水流功率。     

坡面侵蚀水沙流时间变化特征的模拟实验

多坡段实验模型以黄土丘陵沟壑区垂向上梁峁坡面与沟谷坡面构成的坡沟系统为原型,采用人工降雨模拟实验方法,对坡沟系统土壤侵蚀链内降雨径流产沙随时间变化的规律进行了系统的研究。结果表明:雨强29 7mm/h时36′40″开始产流,60 5mm/h时3′43″产流,90 2mm/h时2′30″产流。雨强29 7mm/h时侵蚀过程以面蚀为主,产沙起伏20min出现一次。60 5mm/h时以面蚀与细沟蚀为主,35°陡坡伴有崩塌、滑塌等重力侵蚀,产沙波动平均12min出现一次。雨强90 2mm/h时坡面上细沟发育充分,有细沟合并及出现浅沟侵蚀现象,35°坡崩塌、滑塌剧烈,产沙过程波动频繁,每10min一次。雨强29 7mm/h时单位流量的产沙量为0 10kg/L;雨强60 5mm/h时为0 30kg/L;雨强90 2mm/h时为0 41kg/L。流量的大小影响了侵蚀方式和形态分异的程度,使产沙过程出现强弱相间的波动性特点。     

紫色土坡面降雨侵蚀试验研究

坡面水蚀的主要侵蚀动力来自降雨及其产生的地表径流,将坡面水蚀过程分为降雨侵蚀和径流侵蚀,可以从侵蚀动力、侵蚀特征差异与侵蚀规律等方面研究坡面水蚀过程与机理。应用人工模拟降雨及微小区测定技术,以大田紫色土为研究对象,模拟和测定不同雨强与不同坡度条件下降雨侵蚀过程和侵蚀量,揭示以降雨为主要动力的土壤降雨侵蚀特征和规律。研究结果表明：(1)小雨强(＜67．26 mm/h)下,紫色土坡面降雨侵蚀率具有稳定性,随着降雨历时的增加变化微小；大雨强(106．57 mm/h)下,降雨侵蚀率随降雨历时增加呈上下波动；(2)紫色土降雨侵蚀率与降雨强度呈线性相关,随降雨强度增加而直线增加；(3)降雨侵蚀率与坡度符合二次抛物线关系,随坡度的增加出现临界坡度,且临界坡度随雨强的变化而改变。在中小雨强(18．06～67．26 mm/h)条件下,临界坡度SK的变化范围在17°～19°。在大雨强条件下,临界坡度有逐渐增大的趋势；(4)当坡度与雨强共同影响产沙效应时,坡度对降雨侵蚀的影响较小,雨强能掩盖坡度对产沙的贡献。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面产流能力及影响因素研究

坡面是黄土高原土壤侵蚀的重要来源,本文以团山沟流域的7个径流场9年的降雨－径流事件,对不同坡面和降雨特征下径流系数随坡面的变化进行了研究。结果表明,研究区存在降雨强度大、持续时间短的A型雨、降雨强度小持续时间长的C型雨以及居于二者之间的B型雨。不同雨型下坡面产流能力大小为A型雨>B型雨>C型雨,而产流尺度效应则为C型雨>B型雨>A型雨。坡度一定,A型雨下随着坡面长度增加产流能力先增加后减小,径流系数峰值出现在坡长为40m的坡面上,B型和C型雨坡面产流能力随坡面长度的增加而增加;坡长一定,峁坡区坡面产流能力随着坡度的增加而增加;A型雨下沟坡产流能力最小,而在B型和C型雨下,坡面产流能力相对有所提高。     

紫色土坡面水流跌坑形态特征及其成因

跌坑的形成是坡面侵蚀过程中的重要一环,是细沟开始出现的临界形态,跌坑的贯穿标志着细沟的形成。本研究采用模拟降雨与微地形测量相结合的方法,调查了不同雨强下紫色土坡面跌坑的发育过程及其形态分布。试验结果表明,降雨初期紫色土坡面水流跌坑边界模糊,横断面上跌坑基本在相同水平线上,与紫色土颗粒组成较粗有关;1.83～2.33 mm/min的雨强下,顺坡跌坑平均间距变化于8.2～9.4 mm之间,跌坑深度顺坡分布呈现较大的波动性,平均深度介于1.4～1.8 cm,总体上随雨强呈增大趋势;横断面上跌坑宽度变化相对较大,平均宽度介于9.4～16.3 cm,随雨强变化趋势不明显;跌坑水平间距除边界外相对稳定,地势低洼处优先形成跌坑,但也并非尽然;基于运动波理论分析认为,紫色土坡面跌坑的连续分布是坡面流运动波的能量周期性波动作用形成。     

坡面含沙水流水动力学特性研究进展

坡面流是坡面侵蚀的主要动力之一,具有独特的水动力学特性。本文对坡面含沙水流的流态、阻力系数、流速的测量与计算、径流能量以及含沙量对以上参数的影响进行了系统深入的论述。表征坡面流流态的参数有雷诺数与弗汝德数,雷诺数研究的分歧点一般存在于对其“层流”的界定上,降雨扰动是造成其流态特殊性的主要原因,一般认为裸土上的清水坡面流弗汝德数大于1,较少的研究含沙水流流态的资料表明,目前对含沙水流雷诺数的观点不一,但多数学者认为含沙水流属于缓流范畴;不同坡面试验所获得的阻力系数值不同,影响阻力系数的因素有雷诺数、水深、弗汝德数、含沙量等,在含沙水流中,阻力系数与雷诺数、水深的关系复杂,与弗汝德数呈负相关,随含沙量的增加而增大;测量坡面流流速的方法很多,各自存在优缺点,精密仪器暂不适合量测含沙水流,用染色剂法测量坡面含沙水流的流速具有一定的可行性,常采用坡度、流量的幂函数计算坡面流流速,一般认为流速与含沙量呈反比;能量是坡面流水动力学特性的综合体现,一般认为随着含沙量的增加,坡面流能量消耗呈增加趋势。在此基础上提出了目前研究中存在的不足之处,为分析坡面侵蚀机理、完善坡面侵蚀模型提供理论依据。     

粤北石漠化地区坡地土壤侵蚀模拟试验研究

在粤北山区裸地、草坡地和耕地等3种石漠化土地的坡面上,采用0.3 mm·min-1、0.48 mm·min-1、0.72 mm·min-1、1.08 mm·min-1 4种降雨强度进行了36场人工降雨模拟试验。结果表明,坡面上3种类型石漠化土地的土壤侵蚀特征、强度各不相同。在同一地类上,土壤侵蚀量随降雨过程的进行呈现出波动下降的趋势,且随雨强的增大,土壤侵蚀量亦增大;土壤侵蚀量与雨强之间均呈现极显著的线性相关关系。在任一雨强条件下,都是裸地的土壤侵蚀量最大,耕地次之,草坡地最小。地表覆被对降雨侵蚀产沙过程有重要的抑制作用,大雨强条件下抑制作用尤为突出;而水平沟耕作方式能减少小雨强条件下的土壤侵蚀量,但随着雨强的增大,其影响也随之降低。     

太行山中段山地坡面发育模式

受地质构造、地层产状和岩性的共同影响,太行山中段山地地貌演化过程中,坡面发育模式产生了明显的分异:以华北准地台的吕梁期不整合面为界,基底层坡面发育以Davis模式为主,沟谷发育为垂直下切,地貌体垂直尺度小于水平尺度,地貌营力以流水为主,坡面侵蚀占主导地位,地表侵蚀强度低山区大于丘陵区,丘陵区大于台地区;盖层坡面发育以Penck模式为主,沟谷发育方式为横向侧切,地貌体垂直尺度远大于水平尺度,地貌营力重力占主导地位,侵蚀方式以崩塌为主。在晚第三纪以来的地貌演化过程中,陡崖平均后退速率为1.35mm/a。     

粤北石漠化地区水文过程试验研究

通过在粤北石漠化地区选取不同石漠化阶段样地,进行人工降雨模拟试验,研究粤北石漠化地区水文过程。结果表明:随石漠化程度的加深,地表植物对雨水最大截留量不断下降,其中以重度→极重度阶段降幅最大,达6倍多。土壤持水量在重度→极重度石漠化阶段发生转折。地表径流在中度和重度石漠化土地上具有相同特征,但在与轻度和极重度石漠化土地中差异明显。当雨强为30~50 mm/h时,产流35 min内总径流量以中度石漠化样地最高;当雨强为51~60 mm/h时,以极重度石漠化样地最高;而当雨强为61~70 mm/h时,则以重度石漠化样地最高。在各石漠化阶段样地上以雨强35 mm/h进行人工模拟降雨60 min,有0.6%~2.71%雨水被植被及枯落物截留;2%~53.31%雨水被土壤吸收;2.18%~7.37%雨水转化为地表径流;41.8%~93.41%雨水渗漏形成地下水。     

降雨对泥石流源地土体活动的指数式放大效应

多数泥石流是从坡面活动开始的.坡面的不稳定土体活动,如崩塌、滑坡等,既是泥石流的物质来源,也决定着泥石流的形成方式和规模变化.四川汶川牛圈沟和北川魏家沟泥石流源地坡面人工降雨实验表明,坡面土体活动是间歇、涨落的随机过程,崩塌的时间间隔随着降雨强度的增大呈指数减小,每组实验中的崩塌总数目和雨强的关系如N=CN exp(kN IR);崩塌规模随着降雨强度的增大呈指数增大,每组实验中平均崩塌量与雨强的关系如M=CMexp(kM IR);坡面崩塌的总量可以表示为:V=NM=CNCM exp((kN+kM)IR);受土体颗粒粒径的影响,不同坡面崩塌量随雨强变化的参数不同,研究揭示了大规模泥石流的形成是由于源地土体活动强度随雨强的指数式增强.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域土地利用变化对水沙关系的影响

以黄土丘陵沟壑区内相邻的2条支沟(桥子东沟和桥子西沟)为研究对象,基于遥感影像获得土地利用数据,利用水文站1986-2004年观测的次降雨-径流-泥沙过程资料,研究了小流域土地利用变化(主要以增加水土保持措施为主)对径流输沙的影响。结果表明:在黄土丘陵沟壑区,增加土地利用/土地覆被能够有效地减少小流域的径流量、产沙量;在次降雨量、降雨强度较小,土地利用变化不明显的情况下,两流域次降雨水沙关系差异不显著,在次降雨量、降雨强度较大和土地利用变化明显时,两流域次降雨水沙关系差异显著,坡耕地改梯田的农田水利建设可能是导致水沙变化的主要原因。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区极端降雨事件及其对径流泥沙的影响

半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区是我国水土流失的重灾区。在全球气候变化的大背景下,极端降雨事件时有发生,加重了区域水土流失防治的难度。因此,科学界定极端降雨事件、进而探讨其发生规律及其对径流侵蚀的影响尤为重要。通过整理定西市安家沟流域(35°35′N,104°39′E)17年的降水和径流侵蚀数据进行统计分析。以降雨量和最大30min雨强为指标,采用世界气象组织的标准划分了极端降雨事件。结果发现:(1)研究区内极端次降雨事件的雨量和雨强的临界值分别为40.11mm和0.55mm/min,次降雨量的多年平均值为18.87mm。17年间共发生12次极端事件,5月、7月、8月份的发生概率分别为16.67%、50%和33.33%。因此最佳防治时间段为7、8月份。(2)聚类分析表明极端降雨事件可分为三类:降雨量和雨强都大于临界值,占25%;降雨量大于临界值,而雨强小于临界值,占41.67%;雨强大于临界值,降雨量大于多年平均值而小于临界值,占33.33%。(3)在极端降雨事件作用下,径流系数和侵蚀模数要比对应的多年平均值高。总体而言,降雨量和雨强都很高的极端事件的破坏性最强,但高历时低雨强的极端事件所产生的破坏也不容低估。(4)沙棘林在生长演替的过程中显著增强了抵御土壤侵蚀的能力,对极端降雨事件有很好的防治作用。抵御极端降雨最弱的是坡耕地,主要是由于受到坡度大、植被覆盖率低以及人为干扰等因素的影响。     

沙层特性对沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙变化贡献的定量分析

沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙方式独特,侵蚀过程复杂,量化降雨过程中该类坡面产流产沙变化影响因素贡献的大小对揭示其侵蚀机理具有重要的意义。基于室内模拟降雨试验,定量分析沙层厚度（2 cm、5 cm和10 cm）和粒径组成（100%粒径≤ 0.25 mm、75%粒径≤ 0.25 mm +25%粒径> 0.25 mm、50%粒径≤ 0.25 mm+50%粒径> 0.25 mm、未处理原沙和100%粒径> 0.25 mm）在降雨过程中对产流产沙变化的影响和贡献。结果显示：沙层厚度增加能明显延长产流时间,减少总产流量,增加总产沙量,增大降雨过程中产流产沙的变异性;随沙层粒径组成变粗,初始产流时间和产沙量无明显变化规律,产流量有增大趋势。沙层厚度、粒径组成及二者交互作用对初始产流时间变化的贡献率分别为68.03%、15.77%和3.85%。沙层厚度对降雨不同时段15 min产流量和不同历时总产流量的贡献率分别在23.89%~52.22%和41.10%~48.94%之间,对相应产沙的贡献率分别在29.19%~62.01%和13.53%~30.31%之间。整体上沙层粒径组成变化对产流产沙量变化的贡献率小于沙层厚度,且无明显规律。沙层厚度和粒径组成交互作用对产流量和降雨中前期产沙量的影响显著（p < 0.05）,其对产流产沙变化的贡献率分别在13.12%~26.62%和3.22%~43.12%之间,不同降雨时段变化明显。研究结果说明,沙层厚度决定沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙过程,其和沙层粒径组成对产流产沙的影响和贡献随坡面沙层的侵蚀演化而动态变化,且二者的交互作用也不容忽视。     

黄河中游流域地貌形态对流域产沙量的影响

在黄河中游地区 ,选择了 5 0多个面积约 5 0 0～ 2 5 0 0平方公里的水文测站流域 ,分别代表 6种不同自然地理类型 ,在流域沟壑密度、沟间地坡度小于 15°面积百分比等地貌形态指标量计的基础上 ,进行了流域产沙量与地貌形态指标相关分析。结果表明 ,对于不同类型流域 ,流域产沙量随流域地貌的变化遵循不同的响应规律 ,而且视流域其它下垫面环境条件的均一程度 ,其相关程度和响应速率各不相同。受地面物质、植被、地貌发育阶段等流域其它下垫面环境条件的制约 ,除沟壑密度外 ,流域产沙量与流域地貌形态的关系都没有人们以前所预期的好。     

Sediment transportation and deposition by rain-triggered lahars at Merapi Volcano,Central Java,Indonesia

A lahar is a general term for a rapidly flowing mixture of rock debris and water (other than normal streamflow) from a volcano and refers to the moving flow. Located in the populated area of Central Java, the stratovolcano Merapi (2965 m) is prone to lahar generation, due to three main factors: (1) millions of cubic meters of pyroclastic deposits are the product of frequent pyroclastic flows, which have occurred on 2- to 4-year intervals; (2) rainfall intensity is high (often 40 mm in 2 h on average) during the rainy season from November to April; and (3) drainage pattern is very dense. Following the 22 November 1994 eruption of Merapi, 31 rain-triggered lahar events were recorded in the Boyong River between December 1994 and May 1996.On Merapi's slopes, instantaneous sediment concentration at any given time of the lahars varies widely over time and space. Lahars are transient sediment-water flows whose properties are unsteady, so that the sediment load fluctuates during the flow. The boundary between the flow types (debris flow, with sediment concentration >60% volume, or hyperconcentrated flow, with sediment concentration ranges from 20% to 60% volume) may fluctuate within the flow itself. Grain-size distribution, physical composition of sediments, shear stress, yield stress, and water temperature play each a role on this boundary. Natural self-damming and rapid breakout are partly responsible for the sediment variations of the flows.Debris-flow phases at Merapi typically last a few minutes to 10 min, and are often restricted to the lahar front. Debris-flow surges are sometimes preceded and always followed by longer hyperconcentrated flow phases. As a result, mean sediment concentration of the lahars is low, commonly from 20% to 50% volume. Besides, transient normal streamflow phases (sediment concentration <20% volume) can occur between two debris-flow surges.Low sediment load and frequent transient flows in the Merapi channels may result from at least three factors: (1) several breaks-in-slope along the channel increase the deposition rate of sediment, and hinder the bulking capacity of the lahars; (2) source material is mainly coarse debris of “Merapi-type” block-and-ash flows. Consequently, the remobilization of coarse debris is more difficult and the clast deposition is accelerated; (3) variations of rainfall intensity over time and space, common in tropical monsoon rainfall, also influence the sediment load variations of the lahars.Sedimentologic analyses of the lahar deposits in the Boyong River at Merapi encompass clast-supported and matrix-supported debris-flow deposits, hyperconcentrated flow deposits, and streamflow deposits. The stratigraphic succession of massive and stratified beds observed immediately after any given lahar event in the Boyong River indicates that the sediment concentration varies widely over time and space during a single lahar event. Sedimentation rate varies from 3 to 4.5 cm/min during relatively long-lived surges to as much as 20 cm/min during short-lived surges. These results indicate that the sediment load fluctuates during lahar flow, further demonstrating that lahars are transient sediment-water flows with unsteady flow properties.     

Temporal distribution of suspended sediment transport in a humid Mediterranean badland area: The Araguás catchment, Central Pyrenees

This paper analyses the temporal patterns of suspended sediment yield in the Araguás catchment, Central Spanish Pyrenees, a small experimental catchment with extensive badlands. The catchment has been monitored since 2004 to study weathering, erosion, and hydrological and sediment responses to understand the superficial dynamics of a badland area in a relatively humid environment. The development of badlands in the Central Spanish Pyrenees is favoured by the presence of marls and a markedly seasonal climate. The continuous observation of selected physical parameters and environmental variables enables us to establish seasonal patterns of weathering processes and identify those factors that control regolith development. Freeze–thaw cycles in winter and wetting–drying in spring–summer are the main processes involved in regolith weathering, thereby controlling slope development in combination with rainfall-related erosion processes.The 64 floods recorded during the study period (December 2005 to January 2007) were used for a hydrosedimentological analysis. The main observed features indicate that the Araguás catchment reacts to all rainfall events, resulting in steep rising and recession limbs on the hydrograph and a very short time lag. Floods show high suspended sediment concentrations and a heterogeneous temporal distribution related to seasonal variations in surface runoff production. These differences increase the degree of complexity involved in studying sediment response. Suspended sediment concentration and transport mainly depend on rainfall volume, maximum rainfall intensity, peak flow, and runoff occurrence. Finally, the similarities among the obtained hydrographs, sedigraphs, and hyetographs, in combination with the rapid response of most of the floods, suggest a large contribution of overland flow, derived mainly from infiltration excess runoff upon badland areas. Accordingly, the significant correlations obtained between rainfall intensity and sediment concentration (mainly during the dry season), which suggest a single source area for both runoff and sediment, also support the hypothesis of Hortonian hydrological response within badland areas.     

陇中黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复模式下次降雨产流产沙特征

基于甘肃省清水县汤峪河径流小区2015—2017年的观测数据,研究不同植被恢复模式条件下坡面次降雨入渗、产流产沙特征。结果表明：不同植被恢复模式条件下的土壤入渗量与降雨强度呈二次函数关系,存在入渗量达到最大值的临界降雨强度。入渗速率与降雨历时可以用幂函数关系表达,符合考斯恰可夫入渗模型。不同植被恢复模式条件下的产流率在0.003 3~0.003 6 mm·min^-1之间,相对裸地的减流率为54%~58%。产流率与降雨强度之间呈二次函数关系（R²>0.88）,产流率的主要影响因素是降雨强度。径流含沙量平均值乔灌混合区（3.13 g·L^-1）>灌木林（2.95 g·L^-1）>乔木林（2.79 g·L^-1）>草地（2.58 g·L^-1）,径流含沙量与降雨强度呈线性递增函数关系。裸地的产沙量显著高于各植被小区（P<0.05）,是各植被小区的43~57倍,各植被小区的减沙率在93%~94%之间,减沙效益高于其减流效益。各植被坡面土壤流失量与降雨侵蚀力呈线性递增函数关系;产流率与侵蚀产沙率之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,二者间可采用二次函数关系表达。本研究成果可为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土保持优化配置提供理论依据。     

Slope runoff study in situ using rainfall simulator in mountainous area of North China

Simulated rainfall is a valid tool to examine the runoff generation on the slope.13 simulated rainfall experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations are completed in a 5 m ×10 m experimental plot in mountainous area of North China.Simultaneously,rainfall,surface runoff,soil-layer flow,mantel-layer flow and soil moisture are monitored respectively.From the results,it is found that the hydrographs in all layers have the characteristics of rapid rise and fall.The recessions of surface flow and soil-layer flow are much faster than that of mantel-layer flow.Surface flow,the main contributor,makes up more than 60% of the total runoff in the study area.It even exceeds 90% in the cases of high intensity rainfall events.Runoff coefficient(ratio of total runoff to rainfall amount) is mainly influenced by rainfall amount,rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture,and the relationship can be well expressed by a multiple linear regression function α = 0.002P + 0.182i + 4.88Wa-0.821.The relation between the rainfall intensity and the lag time of three flows(surface runoff,soil-layer flow and mantel-layer flow) is shown to be exponential.Then,the result also shows that the recession constant is 0.75 for surface runoff,is 0.94 for soil-layer and mantel-layer flow in this area.In this study area,the dominant infiltration excess runoff is simulated by Horton model.About 0.10 mm/min percolation is observed under the condition of different rainfall intensities,therefore the value is regarded as the steady infiltration rate of the study area.