波兰煤矿瓦斯高效抽放技术特点

目前,在波兰41对主要生产矿井中,有23对高瓦斯矿井进行了瓦斯抽放。2004年瓦斯平均抽放率为30%,平均利用率为39%。根据瓦斯地质条件、瓦斯涌出特点和采区通风方式,着重介绍了波兰煤矿强化煤层、围岩和采空区瓦斯抽放,提高矿井瓦斯抽放效率的工艺技术特点。在工作面的瓦斯排放中,注重开采、通风与瓦斯抽放一体化,通过优化抽放钻孔布置,取得钻孔瓦斯抽放的最佳效果,是波兰煤矿瓦斯治理的一项成功经验,成为煤矿持续安全高效生产的重要技术保障。     

阳泉矿区瓦斯抽放方式及优选原则

针对阳泉矿区瓦斯赋存特点,通过对比分析各类瓦斯抽放方式指标,从而得出经济、技术可行的最优抽放方式;阳泉矿区单一煤层采用U+L型通风方式的工作面,大口径钻孔抽放方式是最佳选择和发展方向;15#煤层综放工作面采用U型通风方式和走向顶板岩巷抽放方式比较优越。      

煤矿井下大口径瓦斯抽放孔钻探工艺

大口径瓦斯抽放孔抽放效果已接近高抽巷,而投资却是高抽巷的1/3,且施工简单,周期短。大口径井下钻探设备已具备,结合阳泉矿区的井下条件,探讨了钻头、钻杆的选择,扶正器的使用和钻进参数的选择等大口径钻进工艺问题。      

水封式巷道瓦斯抽放技术探讨

为降低矿井瓦斯含量,依据瓦斯难溶于水的性质,提出水封式巷道抽放瓦斯技术。某矿井瓦斯抽放实例显示,水封式抽放密闭性好,瓦斯抽放浓度高(达95%),且抽放量大(该矿累计抽采瓦斯2.8×109m3)。预抽后,矿井的绝对瓦斯涌出量由40 m3/min降为24.27 m3/min,相对瓦斯涌出量由12 m3/t降为6.9 m3/t,使高瓦斯矿井变为低瓦斯矿井。该技术真正实现了煤与瓦斯共采,有效解决了瓦斯治理难题,其安全效益、经济效益和社会效益显著。     

钻孔中煤体割缝的高压水射流装置设计及试验

本文针对矿井煤层瓦斯抽放及防突中煤层透气性差,瓦斯抽放率低等问题,按照高压水射流技术应用的原理,设计了应用于抽放钻孔中切割煤体的高压水射击流装置,并在现场对喷嘴和射流器进行了试验。试验结果表明,水射流方向采用+100,喷嘴直径为1.5mm,切割速度为0.2m/min,泵压为30MPa时,水射流切割钻孔中煤体效果最佳;煤层采用高压水射流切割缝后,钻孔预抽瓦斯的抽放率提高了18.8%,抽放时间相对缩短90%以上。因此,该项技术对于煤层瓦斯抽放和防治煤与瓦斯突出具有重要作用。     

大径孔预抽煤巷条带瓦斯技术的优化及应用

针对孟津煤矿二₂煤层弱突出危险性的特点,以及11031工作面胶带、轨道顺槽掘进速度缓慢的问题,研究不同孔径钻孔的卸压范围和抽放效果。采用大直径钻孔,钻孔分区式布置对现有区域消突技术进行优化,孔径113 mm的抽放钻孔单孔抽放瓦斯纯量为孔径94 mm的1.8倍。表明大径顺层长钻孔的应用,能够有效消除煤巷预抽条带瓦斯突出危险,提高掘进速度,确保掘进工作面的安全生产。      

中风压钻进在煤矿井下的应用

根据煤矿井下沿煤层瓦斯抽采(放)钻孔中风压压风钻进工艺及设备的发展情况,介绍了中风压钻进工艺和配套设备的选择、研制以及在丁集矿和成庄矿的钻进工艺试验,证明在松软突出煤层的沿煤层瓦斯抽采(放)孔钻进施工中,中风压钻进工艺较为理想、是值得推广的钻进工艺。      

随机分布裂隙煤岩体模型及其应用

煤层中随机裂隙展布模拟技术是瓦斯抽放数值模拟中的关键技术。利用Monte-Carlo模拟技术模拟实际煤岩裂隙的随机性,建立了随机分布裂隙煤岩体模型,并在Matlab平台下开发了二维随机裂隙煤岩体生成程序RFSS 2D。在煤岩实测数据和统计分析的基础上,利用编制的程序不仅能生成与实际煤岩具有相同统计分布裂隙网络的虚拟煤岩体,而且能实现有限元网格自动剖分。以辽宁某瓦斯抽放试井作为数值算例,依据实测和统计数据建立了随机裂隙分布的煤岩体模型,模拟了瓦斯压和应力的演化规律,结果表明,与瓦斯抽放井连通的裂隙对瓦斯运移影响很大,与瓦斯抽放井不连通的裂隙对瓦斯运移也有影响,但影响有限。     

煤层气综合抽采技术及应用研究

通过在井下大巷实施井下水平井与原有地面U型井对接连通,实现将地面抽采改为井下正压抽采,可解决煤层气地面抽采的诸多不利,有利于降低抽采成本,改进抽采管理水平。目前煤矿瓦斯治理采用的井下抽放方式为常压钻孔负压抽放,在钻孔过程中煤层原始地层压力因快速降压,导致出现损害瓦斯通道的压实效应;正压直接转换为无节制措施的负压抽放,初速过大易造成速敏效应,从而使瓦斯抽采影响范围小及瓦斯浓度和采收率低,而且产量衰减快,增加煤矿井下钻井工程量,经济性很差。为解决这个问题,通过对保德煤矿煤层气综合抽采技术及应用研究,采用井下正压抽采,可以有效提高瓦斯最终采收率,为降低保德煤矿抽采成本开辟了新的途径,项目具有广泛推广价值。     

抽放瓦斯定向钻孔施工技术的研究

介绍了抽放瓦斯定向钻孔施工技术的主要设备、钻具及仪器，组合钻具及钻进工艺参数，并通过几个工程实例，说明了该项技术的应用效果。     

我国煤层气高效开发关键技术研究进展与发展方向

"十三五"期间,围绕"突破煤层气单井产量低"这一制约我国煤层气高效开发的重大难题,借助国家科技重大专项和其他技术攻关研究,煤层气勘探开发理论认识和工程技术都取得明显进展,表现在4个方面:(1)勘探理念从寻找富集甜点区向高产甜点区转变,开发部署由平铺式到精细化调整转变.(2)围绕高效增产技术方面,在实现由二维地震向三维地...     

废弃井“一井多用”瓦斯抽采关键技术及应用

煤矿区地面瓦斯废弃井改造再利用,可进行采动区瓦斯抽采,具有保障回采工作安全生产,瓦斯资源有效利用,减少瓦斯逸散对环境压力等经济环保多重效益。针对这一目的,结合采动区地面井和废弃井的特点,提出废弃井“一井多用”瓦斯抽采技术思路。通过分析试验工作面开采工艺、覆岩结构及废弃井的基本情况等条件,研究并提出了废弃井优选及判识、地面井改造工艺、防护装置安设、抽采系统布置及抽采控制技术等,改进了废弃井改造射孔造缝段长度确定方法。研发了基于油套环空动态调节、组合套管双重防护及筛管分级优化的安全防护方法,形成了废弃井“一井多用”地面井瓦斯抽采技术。选取晋城矿区岳城煤矿作为试验对象,完成了3口废弃井(井号为YC-50、YC-52、YC-54)再利用改造试验,其地面井瓦斯抽采量累计分别为257.88万、172.50万、129.60万m3。YC-50井改造运行后,地面井抽采范围内工作面上隅角瓦斯体积分数最大值从0.77%降至0.40%,降幅48.05%;YC-52井改造运行后,采煤工作面上隅角瓦斯体积分数降幅为52.38%,有效保障了回采工作面安全生产,实现了废弃井“一井多用”目标,取得了良好的经济与社会效益...     

深层煤层气全生命周期一体化排采工艺探索

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁–吉县区块探明了我国首个2000 m以深煤层气田,深部煤层埋深大、压力高、含气量高、含气饱和度高、渗透率低,生产过程中表现出见气早、气液比高、产出液矿化度高等特点。该区块试采井应用抽油机举升系统出现了腐蚀、偏磨、气锁、卡堵泵等问题,导致排采连续性较差,为气田开发降本增效带来了一系列挑战。通过分析总结影响排采连续性的主要因素,根据深层煤层气井不同阶段生产参数及气液比的变化,同时基于现阶段水平井的主体开发井型,创新提出了初期利用自身能量生产、中期采用柱塞气举工艺、后期增压气举配合柱塞的“三段式”全生命周期一体化排采工艺组合探索思路,拟从根本上解决抽油机举升系统存在的问题,保障气井连续稳定生产,降低排采设备及运行维护成本。目前生产初期的排采工艺已完成现场试验,可满足连续稳定排采需求,创新一体化排采工艺探索取得突破后,对后期深层煤层气大规模开发过程中的高效排采具有重要意义。      

煤层气井无杆排采工艺应用与改进方向

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘地区煤层气资源量巨大,现已成为我国煤层气主力产区之一。区块自开发以来,针对中浅层煤层大斜度井与水平井开展了液力无杆泵、水力射流泵、电潜泵、隔膜泵排采工艺试验,生产中发现上述4类无杆排采工艺具有能有效避免大斜度井与水平井管杆偏磨的优点,但同时存在防煤粉防砂能力一般、防腐蚀防垢能力一般,存在高压刺漏风险、下泵深度受限、地面设备可靠性不强等缺点。通过分析区块前期中浅层煤层气井无杆排采工艺试验效果,总结了各类无杆排采工艺的优缺点,并指出中浅层煤层气井无杆排采工艺的改进方向。目前,随着煤层气勘探开发领域由中浅层煤层逐步转向深层煤层,原有中浅层煤层气井无杆排采工艺已无法满足深层煤层气井的排水采气需求,针对深层煤层气 “原生结构煤发育、地层压力高、高含气、高饱和、游离气与吸附气共存”的地质特征和 “见气早、气液比高”的生产特点,认为深层煤层气井无杆排采工艺需跳出中浅层煤层气井无杆排采工艺的思路,可以借鉴区块内致密气和海陆过渡相页岩气先导试验井的采气工艺经验,在生产现场开展“同心管气举”工艺、“小油管+泡排”工艺与“连续油管+柱塞+气举”工艺试验,能在有效避免传统无杆排采工艺缺点的同时实现深层煤层气的高效开发。      

The age of groundwater – Definitions,models and why we do not need this term

The use of environmental tracers to characterise time scales when investigating groundwater is a technology that has been in use for half a century. Its usefulness is beyond controversy. However, the use of the word “age” for groundwater connected with these techniques is misleading due to its inherent connection to the general understanding of human age. “Age” as in the understanding of human age cannot be determined for groundwater, although it is a useful zero-order concept abundantly used in this context. This paper describes three basic definitions of “age” for groundwater ((1) idealized age as in particle tracking and piston flow, (2) mean residence time involving an age distribution and (3) apparent age) and discusses their context in view of recent developments in numerical groundwater modelling. It further gives arguments why the term “age” is unnecessary in modern hydrology and groundwater management and how not using it can enhance efficiency in system understanding: not using age needs less modelling effort and allows comparing models directly with measured values instead of comparing models with models.     

我国煤矿瓦斯灾害超前大区域精准防控技术体系及展望

为满足煤矿自动化、智能化生产的快速发展及区域防突的迫切需求,推动煤矿大区域瓦斯灾害治理技术体系发展,针对传统煤层钻孔瓦斯抽采技术“钻不深、抽不出、检不了”等技术难题,系统分析近年来定向钻进、地面井、分段水力压裂、深孔取样、随钻探测等技术与装备在各大矿区不同地质条件下的应用效果。结果表明:目前已形成了基于大区域超前随钻地质勘探及预测、大区域地面及井下瓦斯抽采、非接触式连续在线动态预测等关键技术组成的煤矿瓦斯大区域治理技术体系,为推动煤层瓦斯治理技术的升级变革,实现不用或少用专用瓦斯治理巷道综合治理煤矿大区域瓦斯的目的奠定了基础。最后指出未来将发展核磁探测、伽马、雷达、深孔光纤等探测技术,以实现煤岩及地质异常体识别、瓦斯参数精确测定;发展地面水平井体积压裂高效开发及井上下联合增渗等技术,以提升井上下联合预抽效果;发展区域化超大流量压裂泵组或压裂工厂、连续油管压裂等技术与装备,以提升煤矿井下区域化增渗效果;发展风险信息融合感知、突出前兆特征智能识别、瓦斯超限预警等技术,以实现区域连续精准预测及智能预报警。      

The key role of supply chain actors in groundwater irrigation development in North Africa

The role played by supply chain actors in the rapid development of groundwater-based irrigated agriculture is analyzed. Agricultural groundwater use has increased tremendously in the past 50 years, leading to the decline of water tables. Groundwater use has enabled intensification of existing farming systems and ensured economic growth. This “groundwater economy” has been growing rapidly due to the initiative of farmers and the involvement of a wide range of supply chain actors, including suppliers of equipment, inputs retailers, and distributors of irrigated agricultural products. In North Africa, the actors in irrigated production chains often operate at the margin of public policies and are usually described as “informal”, “unstructured”, and as participating in “groundwater anarchy”. This paper underlines the crucial role of supply chain actors in the development of groundwater irrigation, a role largely ignored by public policies and rarely studied. The analysis is based on three case studies in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, and focuses on the horticultural sub-sector, in particular on onions and tomatoes, which are irrigated high value crops. The study demonstrates that although supply chain actors are catalyzers of the expansion of groundwater irrigation, they could also become actors in adaptation to the declining water tables. Through their informal activities, they help reduce market risks, facilitate credit and access to subsidies, and disseminate innovation. The interest associated with making these actors visible to agricultural institutions is discussed, along with methods of getting them involved in the management of the resource on which they depend.     

Political-industrial ecology: Integrative,complementary, and critical approaches

“Political-industrial ecology” has been proposed as an emerging subfield of nature-society geography. In mapping out the landscape of this subfield, this paper develops a typology of three approaches to connecting politics and industrial ecology: (1) Integrative research that incorporates social, political, policy, institutional, and/or spatial considerations into industrial ecology analyses (“politics in industrial ecology”); (2) Complementary research that couples findings or frameworks from industrial ecology with social and political research (“politics and industrial ecology”); and (3) Critical research that examine how values, norms, groups, political relations, or institutions shape the production, interpretation, and usage of industrial ecology knowledge (“politics of industrial ecology”). This broad framing of political-industrial ecology invites contributions from many social sciences, including political ecology, political geography, political economy, sociology, public policy, management, environmental history, and science and technology studies.     

“十三五”期间我国煤层气勘探开发进展及下一步勘探方向

基于我国煤层气勘探开发项目、煤层气田生产现状以及科研技术成果的调研资料,分析了煤层气田稳产、提产综合治理技术措施,深层煤层气取得勘探突破的地质条件和潜力,支撑上述两方面进展的煤层气水平井技术以及相配套的井网优化、排采技术。结果认为,我国煤层气田稳产、低产井提产综合治理最有效的技术措施有四类,包括增加新层、调整开发方案扩大产量规模、水平井嵌入加密井网、老井增产改造技术。提出了“煤层气水平井+技术体系”概念,即水平井钻完井+套管分段压裂+无杆泵排采技术组合体系,强调在井网优化部署、钻完井、压裂工艺和排采技术设备等各个环节的相互匹配。界定了深层煤层气涵义,深层煤储层一般存在游离气,临界深度受地层温度梯度和压力影响。指出深层煤层气、低阶煤煤层气是下一步煤层气勘探重点领域和方向。      

Soil-5, A New IAEA CErtifiEd Reference Material for Trace Element Determinations*

60 geochemical laboratories from the world over, contributing in all 3687 bits of chemical data on 60 elements, haue willingly participated in the study of SOIL-5 as a reference material. The preparation of SOIL-5 in 45 kg and homogeneity teats are described; in addition, all the data compiled are presented. In evaluating the compiled data, the use of four concurrent tests for outlier-rejection at the same level of significance, has been applied. After proper statistical treatment, “recommended values” could be established for 31 elements, most of them trace elements and “information values” for 29 elements. 23 of the recommended values could be given with a “relatively high” degree confidence whereas the other 18 recommended Values with a “reasonable” degree of confidence. An attempt is made to compare the analytical methods employed; the existence of possible sy3tematic differences is pointed ont.