A numerical analysis of dimensionality and heterogeneity effects on advective dispersive seawater intrusion processes

Two-dimensional (2D) and 3D numerical simulations of the dispersive Henry problem show that heterogeneity affects seawater intrusion differently in 2D and 3D. When the variance of a multi-Gaussian isotropic hydraulic conductivity field increases, the penetration of the saltwater wedge decreases in 2D while it increases in 3D. This is due to the combined influence of advective and dispersive processes which are affected differently by heterogeneity and problem dimensionality. First, the equivalent hydraulic conductivity controls the mean head gradient and therefore the position of the wedge. For an isotropic medium, increasing the variance increases the equivalent conductivity in 3D but not in 2D. Second, the macrodispersion controls the rotation of the saltwater wedge by affecting the magnitude of the density contrasts along the saltwater wedge. An increased dispersion due to heterogeneity leads to a decreasing density contrast and therefore a smaller penetration of the wedge. The relative magnitude of these two opposite effects depends on the degree of heterogeneity, anisotropy of the medium, and dimension. Investigating these effects in 3D is very heavy numerically; as an alternative, one can simulate 2D heterogeneous media that approximate the behaviour of the 3D ones, provided that their statistical distribution is rescaled.     

Sedimentology of subaqueous volcaniclastic sediment gravity flows in the Neogene Santa Maria Basin, California

Subaqueous tuff deposits within the lower Miocene Lospe Formation of the Santa Maria Basin, California, are up to 20 m thick and were deposited by high density turbidity flows after large volumes of ash were supplied to the basin and remobilized. Tuff units in the Lospe Formation include a lower lithofacies assemblage of planar bedded tuff that grades upward into massive tuff, which in turn is overlain by an upper lithofacies assemblage of alternating thin bedded, coarse grained tuff beds and tuffaceous mudstone. The planar bedded tuff ranges from 0.3 to 3 m thick and contains 1-8 cm thick beds that exhibit inverse grading, and low angle and planar laminations. The overlying massive tuff ranges from 1 to 10 m thick and includes large intraclasts of pumiceous tuff and stringers of pumice grains aligned parallel to bedding. The upper lithofacies assemblage of thin bedded tuff ranges from 0.4 to 3 m thick; individual beds are 6-30 cm thick and display planar laminae and dewatering structures. Pumice is generally concentrated in the upper halves of beds in the thin bedded tuff interval. The association of sedimentary structures combined with semi-quantitative analysis for dispersive and hydraulic equivalence of bubble-wall vitric shards and pumice grains reveals that particles in the planar bedded lithofacies are in dispersive, not settling, equivalence. This suggests deposition under dispersive pressures in a tractive flow. Grains in the overlying massive tuff are more closely in settling equivalence as opposed to dispersive equivalence, which suggests rapid deposition from a suspended sediment load. The set of lithofacies that comprises the lower lithofacies assemblage of each of the Lospe Formation tuff units is analogous to those of traction carpets and subsequent suspension sedimentation deposits often attributed to high density turbidity flows. Grain distributions in the upper thin bedded lithofacies do not reveal a clear relation for dispersive or settling equivalence. This information, together with the association of sedimentary features in the thin bedded lithofacies, including dewatering structures, suggests a combination of tractive and liquefied flows. Absence of evidence for elevated emplacement temperatures (e.g. eutaxitic texture or shattered crystàls) suggests emplacement of the Lospe Formation tuff deposits in a cold state closely following pyroclastic eruptions. The tuff deposits are not only a result of primary volcanic processes which supplied the detritus, but also of processes which involved remobilization of unconsolidated ash as subaqueous sediment gravity flows. These deposits provide an opportunity to study the sedimentation processes that may occur during subaqueous volcaniclastic flows and demonstrate similarities with existing models for sediment gravity flow processes.     

云南东川蒋家沟泥石流形成内因初探

泥石流形成的因素众多,不仅与地形地貌、降雨特征、地震、人类活动等外部因素有关,还与泥石流岩土体自身的黏土矿物成分、颗粒级配、化学成分、土体分散性、地下水环境等内部因素密切相关。在室内对蒋家沟泥石流源区土体进行黏土矿物分析、颗粒分析、化学成分定量分析、分散度和ESP值测试、地下水分析,初步探讨了蒋家沟泥石流形成的内在原因,得到：蒋家沟泥石流体的黏土矿物成分以伊利石为主,占30 %,其化学成分也与伊利石接近;ESP值、分散度平均值分别达到24.6 %、59.1 %,属于高分散性土,且土壤贫瘠;地下水矿化度高,硬度大,破坏了岩土体自身的结构和稳定性,形成大量松散物质,为泥石流的形成提供丰富的物源。     

土体分散性综合判别方法探讨

分散性土具有抗冲蚀能力低、遇水易分散的性质，容易造成路基失稳、堤坝管涌等事故。通常采用双比重计试验、碎块试验、针孔试验和交换性钠离子百分比试验来判别土样的分散性等级。但由于我国分散性土研究时间较少尚未形成统一的标准，不同的鉴别试验往往出现不同的结果，同时各判别试验的等级划分也不完全相同，对土体的分散性等级不能做明确的判别。以吉林乾安地区土样为研究对象，在测定土体性质及矿物组成的基础上，采用不同试验方法对其分散性进行测试，并综合考虑土体性质与分散机理，分别赋予碎块试验、双比重计试验、针孔试验和交换性钠离子百分比试验不同的权重值，同时将碎块试验、双比重计试验、针孔试验方法中的土体分散性等级划分为高分散性、分散性、过渡性、非分散性4种等级。根据碎块试验、双比重计试验、针孔试验和交换性钠离子试验，对各分散等级赋予一定的分值，最后根据权重值和评分综合判定研究土样的分散性等级。该方法可为分散性土体的分散等级综合判定提供相应的借鉴与参考。     

纵向弥散作用与渗透介质非均质性定量关系的模拟研究

在地下水污染模拟预报中,弥散参数是很难确定的一个模型参数。因实验室小尺度弥散规律一般不能用于大尺度弥散过程,而野外示踪试验却耗资大、周期长,限制了其实用性。文中利用随机数值模拟手段、基于随机理论的蒙特卡罗方法及序贯高斯模拟技术来生成渗透系数随机场,并研究渗透系数对数场的方差、相关长度以及变异函数类型在不同尺度上对纵向弥散度的影响,进而建立纵向弥散度与随机分布渗透系数场的方差和相关长度的统计定量关系,并与Gelhar理论计算结果进行比较。数值模拟结果表明,经过一定迁移距离后纵向弥散度与随机分布渗透系数对数场的方差和相关长度具有良好的线性统计关系,与Gelhar理论公式表达的关系类型类似。但对于较大的方差,纵向弥散度模拟结果明显大于Gelhar理论计算值,而对于较大相关长度在迁移距离不很大时,纵向弥散度模拟结果明显小于Gelhar理论计算值。本研究可为野外大尺度地下水污染预报模型中水动力弥散参数的确定提供方法借鉴。     

面波基模式频散曲线提取解精度对比研究

针对不同方法提取面波基模式频散曲线精度问题,笔者分别采用τ-p变换、频率分解法、F-K变换、高分辨率线性拉东变换(High-Resolution Linear Radon Transform,简称HRLRT)对六层递增型地质模型合成瑞雷波记录进行频散能量成像,并按频散能量最大值拾取基模式频散曲线。为定量评价理论模型基模式频散曲线提取解与解析解的接近程度,引入了均方差与相关系数两种评价参数。评价结果表明,高分辨率线性拉东变换提取基模式频散曲线精度最高,均方差为11.167 8,相关系数为0.994 9;F-K变换提取基模式频散曲线精度最低,均方差为195.274,相关系数为0.515 2。     

甘肃陇南武都区泥石流易发性评价

文章分析了甘肃陇南市武都区泥石流形成的自然环境背景、发育特征及易发性。通过野外实地考察,查明了泥石流的发育情况,在此基础上,采用模糊物元可拓方法对泥石流的易发性进行了评价。分析表明,研究区的泥石流具有分布密度高、冲沟及坡面泥石流成片发育、北岸泥石流较南岸发育且粘性泥石流所占比例大于南岸的发育特征;选取岩性、沟床比降、山坡坡度、完整系数、发育程度、降水、断层密度7个因子构建泥石流易发性评价指标体系。通过易发性评价,研究区104条泥石流沟中,66条为高易发性,占总数的63.5%;32条为中等易发性,占总数的30.8%;6条为低易发性,占总数的5.7%。     

一种提取声波测井频散波相慢度的适应函数方法

提出了一种对声波测井频散波数据频散校正的适应函数方法。通过提取频散波的频率慢度相关图,得到频散波的频散曲线,由频散曲线在慢度轴上的投影可得到关于地层波慢度的统计直方图。构造一种适应函数与直方图进行非线性最小二乘拟合,得到与统计直方图最优匹配的适应函数,这个适应函数起始点对应的慢度即为真实的地层波慢度。给出了采用该方法处理理论模拟的偶极子波及现场实测的偶极子波资料的例子。对理论模拟的偶极子波处理,计算的偶极子波慢度值与地层真实横波慢度基本一致;对现场实测的偶极子波数据处理,计算的偶极子波慢度与频率慢度投影曲线相匹配。处理结果表明,采用该方法对频散波进行频散校正是可靠有效的。     

Simulation of interactions among multiple debris flows

Adjacent debris flows may interact in many ways: two or more concurrent debris flows may merge; one debris flow can run out over an existing debris flow fan. Such interactions may cause debris flow properties to change in the mixing process as well as more severe adverse effects than those caused by a single debris flow. This paper aims to investigate the interactions among channelized debris flows originated from adjacent catchments. Both concurrent and successive debris flows are considered. If several debris flows originate from different locations concurrently and merge, the volumetric sediment concentration (i.e., the ratio of the volume of solid material to the total volume of debris flow), C _v, is a good index to capture the mixing process of these debris flows. The change in C _v reflects where mixing occurs and the mixing degree. The debris flow properties (e.g., yield stress and dynamic viscosity) evolve in the mixing process and can be captured by the change in C _v. The debris flow with a larger volume dominates the mixing process, and the properties of the mixed debris flow are more similar to those of the larger debris flow. The inundated areas and runout distances of successive debris flows are smaller than those of concurrent debris flows of the same total volume due to the smaller scales of the individual events and blockage by the earlier debris flows. However, the deposit depth in the interacting part of the debris flow fans of successive debris flows can be much larger than that of concurrent debris flows, leading to more destructive cascading hazards (e.g., the formation of debris barrier lakes). The sequence of successive debris flows not only significantly influences the runout characteristics of the debris flows but also substantially affects the cascading hazards.     

井内混合效应与尺度效应对注入井附近溶质径向弥散过程的影响

径向弥散是指溶质在径向流场下的迁移规律,被广泛用于描述含水层修复领域中污染物的迁移过程.然而,在现有描述径向弥散的模型中,往往忽略了井内混合效应对溶质径向弥散的影响.建立新的注入井附近溶质径向运移动力学模型,同时考虑井内混合效应与弥散度的尺度效应.采用Laplace变换推导该模型的半解析解,利用Stehfest数值逆变换获取溶质在实数空间的解.通过与不考虑混合效应的模型对比研究混合效应对溶质径向弥散的影响,并利用室内渗流槽中的溶质径向弥散实验数据验证模型的合理性与适用性.结果表明:混合效应和尺度效应对注水井附近溶质径向弥散有显著影响.具体地讲,井内的混合效应越显著,在井壁处及含水层中的穿透曲线越低,溶质浓度达到峰值所需时间越长,与不考虑混合效应模型的差异越明显;随尺度效应的增强,溶质提前穿透且扩散范围变大,溶质浓度达到峰值所需时间越长;与前人的模型相比,本研究模型能更好地模拟注水井附近的溶质径向弥散问题.      

江源县石人镇泥石流危险性评价

以吉林省江源县石人镇泥石流观测资料为背景,对该区泥石流形成及活动条件进行了较为全面的分析研究。提取出11项影响泥石流危险性的评价因子,利用灰色关联方法计算出评价因子间的关联度,并运用模糊数学综合评判法对石人镇13条泥石流沟进行了危险性评价,评价结果较为可信,对监测和整治泥石流具有较高的参考价值。     

煤层气渗流理论及其研究进展

综述了煤层气渗流研究的现状及取得的研究进展,包括线性渗透、线性扩散、扩散—渗透以及非线性渗流等基本理论,基于各种地球物理场效应影响的渗流理论及其修正模型,以及多煤层瓦斯越流相关的研究;并介绍了新兴的数值计算方法(格子Boltzmann方法与分子动力学方法)在煤层瓦斯渗流模拟中的应用;展望了其发展趋势及尚需深入研究的问题。     

面波频散能量谱计算方法

面波频散能量谱成像精度是近地表横波速度计算的重要影响因素,有效提取面波频散曲线是后续反演地层结构及介质物性参数的重要环节。文中论述了τ-p变换法（τ为垂直波慢度,p为水平波慢度）、高分辨率线性Radon变换法、频率分解法、相移法、f-k变换法（f为频率,k为波数）、SFK变换法和矢量波数变换法等7种不同面波频散能量谱计算方法的基本原理;通过上述方法,对三层速度递增水平层状介质模型正演模拟合成Rayleigh波记录进行频散能量谱计算,并与理论频散曲线进行比较;根据所得频散能量谱,分析不同方法在数据处理过程中的特点与应用差异。结果表明：在提取频散曲线过程中,高分辨率线性Radon变换法和矢量波数变换法提取精度较高,f-k变换法提取精度最低,低频信息与高频信息无法有效识别;SFK变换法、矢量波数变换法、高分辨率线性Radon变换法抗噪性能强;τ-p变换法、f-k变换法、相移法计算速度优于其他方法。     

Modeling of inundation dynamics on Banda Aceh,Indonesia during the great Sumatra tsunamis December 26, 2004

The tsunami inundation flows on Banda Aceh, Indonesia reached 5 km inland during the December 26, 2004, event and devastated most of the houses, buildings, and infrastructure along the coast and killed more than 167,000 people. The overland flows from the northwest coast and the west coast collided at Lampisang village approximately 3.7 km from Ulee Lheue (northwest coast) and 6.8 km from Lhok Nga (west coast) as reported by survivors. Inundation modeling based on the nonlinear shallow-water wave equations reproduces the inundation pattern and demonstrates a colliding of the overland flows. The model suggests that wave characteristics on the northwest coast of Banda Aceh were different from those on the waves that impacted upon the west coast. The areas, which experienced higher inundation levels, did not always experience greatest overland flow speeds, and the damage areas mostly coincide with the flow speed distribution rather than the runup and inundation depth.     

Machine Learning Based Predictive Modeling of Debris Flow Probability Following Wildfire in the Intermountain Western United States

It has been recognized that wildfire, followed by large precipitation events, triggers both flooding and debris flows in mountainous regions. The ability to predict and mitigate these hazards is crucial in protecting public safety and infrastructure. A need for advanced modeling techniques was highlighted by re-evaluating existing prediction models from the literature. Data from 15 individual burn basins in the intermountain western United States, which contained 388 instances and 26 variables, were obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). After randomly selecting a subset of the data to serve as a validation set, advanced predictive modeling techniques, using machine learning, were implemented using the remaining training data. Tenfold cross-validation was applied to the training data to ensure nearly unbiased error estimation and also to avoid model over-fitting. Linear, nonlinear, and rule-based predictive models including naïve Bayes, mixture discriminant analysis, classification trees, and logistic regression models were developed and tested on the validation dataset. Results for the new non-linear approaches were nearly twice as successful as those for the linear models, previously published in debris flow prediction literature. The new prediction models advance the current state-of-the-art of debris flow prediction and improve the ability to accurately predict debris flow events in wildfire-prone intermountain western United States.     

非均质地基浅埋水平条形锚板承载力上限分析

考虑地基土体的非均质特性,采用非线性Mohr-Coulomb强度准则及其关联流动法则构造了浅埋水平条形锚板的曲线型破裂机制与机动许可速度场,根据极限分析上限定理推导了条形锚板抗拔承载力的表达式。利用变分极值原理求得了锚板抗拔承载力及其上方土体破裂面的上限解,分析了锚板埋深、土体非均质和非线性强度特性对锚板抗拔承载特性的影响,并将该上限解与已有计算方法进行了对比。结果表明:锚板埋深、土体非均质和非线性强度特性对其抗拔承载力与破裂面特征具有明显的影响。锚板埋深和土体非均质系数越大以及土体非线性强度系数越小,锚板抗拔承载力和土体破裂面深度、宽度均是越大。该上限解与极限平衡和极限分析有限元方法的计算结果基本一致,验证了所采用的曲线型破裂机制和地基非均质变化规律有效性,为条形锚板设计提供了一定的参考。     

The Udo tuff cone, Cheju Island, South Korea: transformation of pyroclastic fall into debris fall and grain flow on a steep volcanic cone slope

The Udo tuff cone of Cheju Island, South Korea, is a middle Pleistocene basalt tuff cone that has formed by early Surtseyan-type eruptions and later drier hydroclastic eruptions. The tuff cone comprises steep (20–30°) and planar beds of lapillistone, lapilli tuff and tuff that can be grouped into seven sedimentary facies (A-G). Facies A and B comprise continuous to lenticular layers of grain-supported and openwork lapillistone that are inversely graded and coarsen downslope. They suggest emplacement by grain flows that are maintained by gravity-induced stress and grain collisions. Facies C includes poorly sorted, crudely bedded and locally inversely graded lapilli tuff, also suggestive of rapid deposition from highly concentrated grain flows. Facies D includes thinly stratified and mantle-bedded tuff that was probably deposited by fallout of wind-borne ash. Other facies include massive lapilli tuff (Facies E), chaotic lapilli tuff (Facies F) and cross-bedded tuffaceous sandstone (Facies G) that were deposited by resedimentation processes such as debris flow, slide/slump and stream flow, respectively. The grain flows that produced Facies A, B and C are interpreted to have originated from falling pyroclasts, which initially generated highly dispersed, saltating avalanches, in which momentum was transferred by the particles themselves. This transport mechanism is similar to that of debris fall. As the slope gradient was too low to maintain a highly dispersed flow, the debris fall decelerated and contracted due to a decrease in dispersive pressure. The mode of momentum transfer changed to one of collision because contraction of the debris fall resulted in an increase in particle concentration. This transport mechanism is similar to that of common grain flows. Grain segregation occurred in several ways. Initial segregation of ash from lapilli occurred due to their differing terminal fall velocities, and their contrasting degrees of sliding friction with the bed. Percolation of ash into interstices of lapilli during flow (kinematic sieving) augmented further segregation of ash from lapilli. The latter process, along with a dispersive pressure effect, gave rise to vertical inverse size grading. Downdip inverse grading was produced by particle overpassing.     

泥石流危险度评价的神经网络法

泥石流危险度的评价计算，对于泥石流治理及减灾防灾对策的确定具有重要意义，影响泥石流危险度的因素复杂且具有胡机和模糊特性，而神经网络的性能特征使其能适用于解决非线性的泥石流危险度评价问题，本建立了相应的评价泥石流危险度的神经网络模型，并利用具体的实例对网络进行训练和测试，计算分析表明，网络模型对于评价泥石流危险度有较好的适用性。