论热液蚀变与铀成矿富集作用的关系

本文通过对华南部分花岗岩型和火山岩型热液铀矿床中蚀变围岩物理-力学性质、铀浸出率及诱发裂变径迹的研究,阐明了热液蚀变对铀成矿富集的重要作用。热液蚀变能使岩石的抗压强度降低,有效孔隙度增高。矿前期蚀变作用可改变铀在含矿岩石中的赋存状态,使铀浸出率提高,为成矿热液提供部分铀源。一些蚀变围岩为铀沉淀富集提供了有利的地球化学环境。     

桃山矿田铀矿化围岩蚀变研究

桃山铀矿田为我国著名的花岗岩型铀矿田,通过对桃山矿田不同类型铀矿化的围岩蚀变在不同地段和不同标高进行系统采集岩矿样品,磨制薄片、光片,进行认真观察、研究,并结合宏观地质观察和研究,旨在查明桃山矿田与铀矿化有关的围岩蚀变类型、范围、组合、期次、发育程度及其空间分布规律,以新的视角重新审视桃山矿田围岩蚀变与铀矿化的关系,树立找大矿、找富矿观念,挖掘与铀成矿有关的围岩蚀变找矿信息,进而为进一步找出铀矿富集规律、缩小普查勘探的范围、提高找矿效率提供依据。通过研究,对岩石围岩蚀变以及近矿围岩蚀变水平分带、垂直分带性等空间分布规律进行了分析和探讨,对该矿田铀矿化有关的围岩蚀变类型、范围、组合、发育程度进行了较详细的研究。最后阐述了围岩蚀变与铀矿化的关系,并认为红化(赤铁矿化)应早于铀成矿期,为铀成矿提供了较好的环境,富矿主要与萤石化、硫化物化、硅化、绿泥石化、水云母化、碳酸盐化等密切相关,且近矿围岩蚀变种类越多、强度越强,则铀矿化越富。     

302铀矿床围岩蚀变分带性及地球化学特征

文章阐述了302铀矿床的围岩蚀变特征,重点分析了围岩蚀变分带及其地球化学特征,认为该矿床近矿围岩蚀变具有明显的水平分带性,垂向上也有一定的变化规律。根据蚀变带U、Co、Cr等元素含量的增加,指出铀成矿热液具有深源性;根据不同标高蚀变带元素组合特征,认为该矿床目前的开采部位还处于矿床中部,推测深部有较大的找矿前景。     

有关红化蚀变的成因机制问题

本文试图从辐射化学、物理化学以及铀的地球化学出发,论证成矿期红化蚀变的成因机制最可能是铀铁的化学反应,而不是辐射化学作用。红化(指铀成矿期的赤铁矿化)是热液铀矿床中最常见的一种近矿围岩蚀变。研究红化蚀变的成因机制,认识红化和铀矿化的关系,对于提高找矿能力具有重大的意义。本文拟就有关红化蚀变的成因机制问题进行初步探讨。     

670矿床火山围岩铀赋存状态及配分研究

670矿床是中国东南部中生代火山岩带内典型的火山岩型铀钼矿床;矿床具有叠加成矿特点.本文利用诱发裂变径迹的方法研究了矿床火山围岩中铀的赋存状态及配分.结果表明火山围岩中的铀主要有三种赋存状态:(一)分布在火山基质及晶屑内均匀分散的质点铀,其裂变径迹是弥散状或弧立星射状分布;(二)吸附在蚀变矿物表面、矿物隙间及微裂隙内的聚合态铀,其裂变径迹为密集带状及团块状;(三)分布在副矿物中或呈铀矿物存在的铀,其裂变径迹为聚合星射状及团块状.矿物的蚀变过程,如绿泥石化、碳酸盐化等可改变火山围岩铀的赋存状态,造成铀在岩石中的活化和预富集,从而有利于矿化.因此火山围岩中铀的含量虽然较低,但对火山岩型铀矿的形成仍有重要意义.     

江西相山沙洲矿床铀的存在形式和迁移特征探讨来自诱发裂变径迹的证据

相山沙洲铀矿床产于斑状黑云母二长花岗岩中。本文采用诱发裂变径迹方法,对矿区花岗质围岩及其蚀变岩石中铀 的存在形式和分布状态进行了研究,共区分出围岩中铀的五种存在形式,即副矿物中的类质同像铀、显微或超显微粒状铀 矿物、造岩矿物中的吸附铀、包裹体中的铀,以及简单铀氧化物矿物,并根据来源将蚀变岩石中的铀划分为来源于花岗岩 原岩的继承铀和来源于成矿流体的叠加铀两类。经过交代蚀变作用,造岩矿物中的铀含量明显降低,大部分含铀副矿物消失。 铀被带出并进入热液流体,后主要聚集在蚀变矿物周边和沿裂隙分布,或被新生矿物吸附。交代蚀变作用改变铀的存在形式, 造成铀在岩石中的迁移和预富集,从而有利于铀的成矿作用。     

新疆白杨河铀铍矿床围岩蚀变及其地球化学特征

文章阐述了新疆白杨河铀铍矿床的近矿围岩蚀变特征,指出与矿化关系密切的围岩蚀变主要是赤铁矿化和萤石化。矿床岩石地球化学分析结果表明,靠近矿化中心带蚀变岩石的SiO2含量降低,而CaO、MgO的含量升高;Pb、Mo和Sb等元素含量与铀矿化具有正相关性,是该矿床铀富集的良好指示性标志。     

壳幔作用过程对火山岩型铀成矿制约的Sr-Nd同位素证据

通常观点认为,火山岩型铀矿为低温热液、浅成再造成因,成矿作用主要与壳内热液作用相关;铀源主要来自"蚀变围岩中的活化铀"。上述观点难以解释以下地质事实:火山岩型铀矿与赋矿围岩之间存在较大矿岩时差,成矿时代接近或滞后于火山构造单元内的基性脉岩年龄;蚀变场较正常未蚀变岩石通常具有更高的铀含量;铀矿     

赣南双坑铀矿床围岩蚀变及其地球化学特征

文章阐述了赣南双坑铀矿床的近矿围岩蚀变特征,指出与成矿密切相关的围岩蚀变主要有赤铁矿化、水云母化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化。双坑铀矿床的矿化蚀变岩石元素地球化学研究表明,从矿化中心至围岩,V、Mo、Bi、Cu含量变化趋势与 U 一致,具有正相关性;与铀密切相关的元素为 V、Sb、Pb、Bi、HREE、Be、Co等。这些元素可作为该区铀成矿的地球化学标志。     

电子探针技术研究粤北龙华山岩体中独居石蚀变晕圈的结构与成分特征

独居石是华南产铀花岗岩中常见的含铀副矿物.龙华山岩体是粤北诸广山复式岩体中一个重要的产铀花岗岩,该岩体的独居石具有蚀变晕圈现象.但是,该岩体中独居石蚀变晕圈的结构和成分特征以及对铀成矿的指示意义尚未开展研究.本文利用电子探针(EPMA)对龙华山岩体的独居石蚀变晕圈开展结构和成分研究.测试结果表明:独居石蚀变晕圈是从内到...     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.