天山东段推覆构造研究

本文概括性总结了天山东段大型推覆构造的基本特征。根据地质证据和同位素年龄,东天山存在早古生代末,晚古生代晚期和新生代三期推覆构造;根据推覆构造分布规律及构造背景,在平面上划分为五大推覆带、9个大型韧剪带;根据出露岩石的矿物变形相将东天山推覆构造划分为深、中深和浅三个深度层次;通过韧剪变形组构的观察分析,确定了多期韧性变形性质与运动方向。糜棱岩中超微构造、古应力及小构造变形缩短率测量统计,证明东天山推覆变形具有显著的地壳缩短增厚作用。新生代板块碰撞导致本区中新生代盆地基底向造山带A型俯冲,造山带向盆地推覆,其结果就构成了今日看到的镶嵌状盆地-山脉构造地貌景观。     

Ductile wrench tectonics and exhumation of hercynian metamorphic basement in Sardinia: Monte Grighini Complex

Abstract

The Monte Grighini Complex (Central-Western Sardinia) is a NW-SE trending metamorphic complex of Hereynian age made up of a medium grade Lower tectonic unit with mylonitie granitoids and a low grade Upper tectonic unit exposed in the westernmost and southernmost portions of this complex. The Lower Unit shows a prograde metamor phism from garnet to sillimanite zone and the transition from MP/MT to LP/HT metamorphism. The metamorphic climax was reached at the end of the main deformative phase 1)2 (600° C. 6 kbar). After the main tectonic and metamorphic phase. the Lower Unit was affected by a wide NW-SE trending ductile dextral wrench shear zone. Intrusive rocks emplaced within the shear zone yielded radiometric ages of 305-300 Ma. Shear deformation leads to low temperature C-S mylonites and retrograde phyllonitic rocks with subhorizontal NW-SE trending stretching lineations. Kinematic analysis of the shear zone points to a dextral sense of shear with an amount of ductile displacement of about 7 km. Later low angle N-S and E-W trending normal faults are associated with cataclastic zones separating the Lower Unit from the Upper one. These faults originated during a later evolutionary stage of the shear zone. This shows a progressive change of deformation regime from duetile wrenching to brittle normal faulting. The Monte Grighini Complex is a good example of ductile wrench tectonics. followed by uplift and extension in the Paleozoic basement of Sardinia.     

北大别造山后穹隆构造的形成过程与变形模拟

北大别穹隆是在早白垩世造山后伸展活动中形成的。其北界为北西西走向、倾向北北东、正左行平移的晓天-磨子潭韧性剪切带,南界为北西走向、倾向南东、右行“逆冲”的五河-水吼韧性剪切带。通过对这两条剪切带的构造观测、运动学分析、石英C轴组构测量、变形温度分析及变形模拟,表明剪切带原先为中地壳同一近水平的韧性拆离剪切带。该拆离剪切带在原始近水平状态时的活动为上盘向280°方位的伸展运动。随后在大规模岩浆活动与北大别穹隆的隆升中,这一剪切带被动地抬升与剥露,而出露于现今的穹隆边界上。变形模拟显示,北大别穹隆构造现今为近EW轴向的背形,其上隆幅度西强东弱。北大别穹隆的形成过程表明为典型的造山带变质核杂岩。     

From ductile to brittle deformation: structural development and strain distribution along a crustal-scale shear zone in SW Finland

This study demonstrates the impact of variations in overall crustal rheology on crustal strength in relatively high P–T conditions at mid- to lower mid-crustal levels. In a crustal-scale shear zone, along-strike variations in the rheological competence result in large-scale deformation partitioning and differences in the deformation style and strain distribution. The structural behaviour of the crustal-scale Sottunga–Jurmo shear zone (SJSZ) in SW Finland is described. The shear zone represents a discontinuity between the amphibolite-to-granulite facies, dome-and-basin style crustal block to the north and the amphibolite facies rocks with dominantly steeply dipping structures to the south. The overall deformation style and resulting strains along the shear zone are greatly affected by the local lithology. The results of this study also have implications for the current tectonic models of the Palaeoproterozoic Fennoscandia. The most important implication is that the SJSZ, together with other structurally related shear zones, compartmentalised the far-field stresses, so that the late ductile structures within and south of the SJSZ can be allocated to a convergence from the south as late as ~1.79 Ga rather than to the Nordic orogeny from the west-northwest. It is further suggested that at ~1.79 Ga the stress regime was still compressive/transpressive and that the ~1.79 Ga magmatism in Åland at least initiated in a compressive setting. No extension or orogenic collapse, therefore, occurred in the Åland area while the rocks still were within the ductile regime.     

博格达山晚石炭纪造山活动的变形地质记录

主要由钙碱性火山岩、火山碎屑岩组成的博格达古岛弧是天山缝合造山带的重要组成部分 ,是一个发育较成熟的山链 ,其演化经历了晚古生代的韧性剪切收缩 ;中生代伸展调整及新生代再造山过程。晚古生代的造山活动在博格达山有很好的地质记录 ,并以显著的韧性剪切变形带的形成和发育同造山的褶皱构造为特点。剪切变形带内同构造的石英脉中的锆石U PbSHRIMP测年结果与山链中花岗岩、辉长岩年龄颇为一致 (311～ 316Ma) ,这个年龄反映在结束洋盆散聚、碰撞焊接的晚华力西期造山过程中 ,博格达古岛弧内存在一次虽不甚强烈 ,但又较为明显的构造岩浆事件 ,其成因可能与引起石炭纪大规模裂陆式喷发的深部断裂构造重新活动有关。     

Relationships between magmatism and extension along the Autun–La Serre fault system in the Variscan Belt of the eastern French Massif Central

The ENE–WSW Autun Shear Zone in the northeastern part of the French Massif Central has been interpreted previously as a dextral wrench fault. New field observations and microstructural analyses document a NE–SW stretching lineation that indicates normal dextral motions along this shear zone. Further east, similar structures are observed along the La Serre Shear Zone. In both areas, a strain gradient from leucogranites with a weak preferred orientation to highly sheared mylonites supports a continuous Autun–La Serre fault system. Microstructural observations, and shape and lattice-preferred orientation document high-temperature deformation and magmatic fabrics in the Autun and La Serre granites, whereas low- to intermediate-temperature fabrics characterize the mylonitic granite. Electron microprobe monazite geochronology of the Autun and La Serre granites yields a ca. 320 Ma age for pluton emplacement, while mica ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar datings of the Autun granite yield plateau ages from 305 to 300 Ma. The ca. 300 Ma ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar ages, obtained on micas from Autun and La Serre mylonites, indicate the time of the mylonitization. The ca. 15-Ma time gap between pluton emplacement and deformation along the Autun–La Serre fault system argue against a synkinematic pluton emplacement during late orogenic to postorogenic extension of the Variscan Belt. A ductile to brittle continuum of deformation is observed along the shear zone, with Lower Permian brittle faults controlling the development of sedimentary basins. These results suggest a two-stage Late Carboniferous extension in the northeastern French Massif Central, with regional crustal melting and emplacement of the Autun and La Serre leucogranites around 320 Ma, followed, at 305–295 Ma, by ductile shearing, normal brittle faulting, and subsequent exhumation along the Autun–La Serre transtensional fault system.     

胶南地区的伸展作用——以胶南—诸城一带为例

胶南地区的胶南—诸城一带存在两期不同方向的伸展构造。早期以形成近ＥＮ向的拉伸线理为特征，并在不同构造层次上显示出不同的变形。出露于研究区中部桃林尚庄隆起的含榴辉岩片麻岩中，主要以ＬＳ的组构为特征，显示出早期伸展作用下地壳岩石的垂直轴缩短、ＥＷ向拉伸的共轴应变；而在把下地壳含榴辉岩片麻岩与以变沉积岩为主的中上地壳岩石分开的韧性滑脱带上，此期伸展作用则表现为从东向西剪切的非共轴简单剪切变形，具有近水平的拉伸线理及近水平的ＥＷ向剪切褶皱和鞘褶皱枢纽。晚期伸展作用表现为近ＳＮ的伸展垮塌作用，形成向北和向南倾斜的两条韧性正剪切带，且遭受低角闪岩高绿片岩相条件下的透入性均匀简单剪切变形，剪切方向分别向北和向南。     

桂北地区三门韧性剪切带的厘定及其构造意义

通过野外地质调查、室内显微组构分析和磁组构测量,在桂北三门地区厘定出一条大型韧性剪切带;并利用热液锆石U-Pb定年约束其变形时代.三门韧性剪切带发育密集的透入性片理、旋转碎斑系、拉伸线理、眼球构造、书斜构造、A型褶皱、波状消光、机械双晶、核幔构造和S-C组构等宏观和微观韧性变形特征.磁各向异性度（P值）显示其走向呈NNE向,倾向呈NWW向.运动学指向显示早期具有左旋逆冲剪切,晚期具有右旋正滑剪切的运动学性质.磁化率椭球体扁率（E值）显示岩石变形以压扁型应变为主,暗示运动学方向以左旋逆冲剪切为主.镁铁质糜棱岩的热液锆石U-Pb定年结果为441±2 Ma,代表三门韧性剪切带的变形时代.在磁组构、运动学和年代学研究的基础上,结合区域地质资料,认为该韧性剪切带是华南加里东期华夏陆块由SE向NW逆冲到扬子陆块受阻后反冲作用的产物.这一认识揭示了扬子陆块和华夏陆块碰撞拼合的方式和时代,为深化华南加里东构造运动的认识提供了新的资料.      

胶东半岛乳山地区低角度韧性剪切带几何学、运动学特征:对中国东部岩石圈减薄作用的启示

大规模伸展构造是华北克拉通东部岩石圈减薄的重要表现形式。部分低角度韧性剪切带是地壳伸展变形后所展现的构造形式。本文研究了王格庄韧性剪切带的岩石学、几何学、运动学等特征显示:韧性剪切带走向近南北向,剪切带断层面倾向多变(倾向西、西南、西北方向)。大部分区域面理低角度倾向西,矿物拉伸线理近东西向,不对称旋转碎斑及S-C组构指示顶端指向西的剪切特征。结合研究区西侧与伸展构造相匹配的半地堑伸展盆地证据:本研究认为伸展构造的形成可能与西太平洋板块的后撤相关,即大规模伸展构造作用引发了华北克拉通东部的地壳减薄作用。     

辽南金州隆起区构造变形及流体作用

详细的野外和室内宏观及微观构造分析和有限应变测量结果表明,自中生代以来,本区至少经历了两期变形,即早期的收缩为及后期的伸展反应,收缩应变主要表现为滑脱－－逆冲推覆作用,具有显著的构造层次性,自中、下构造怪次至上支次依次表现为：基底与盖层之间以角闪石及长石碎斑为主的糜棱岩为特征的韧性滑脱剪切罗系之上的逆冲推覆构造;在该构造２剪切主上部盖层中的寒武系,石炭系等逆冲于侏罗系之上的逆冲推覆构造;在该构造变形过程中伴随有强烈的岩浆活动,表明当时的区域热流值较高。伸展应变及同时发生的基底隆升作用,主要表现为基底和盖层中的韧性正剪切带及大量的正断层,基底中大量的NNE向张性白垩纪花岗斑岩脉及区域性的NNE向白垩纪盆地的形成都和本期构造活动相关。辽南地壳基底中大量的沿糜棱面理发育的长英质岩脉表明剪切变形过程中具有局部熔融作用的发生。对长英质岩脉经流体包裹体成分测试表明主要成分为分子水。在野外对长英质脉体的研究表明至少有两期：形成与滑脱作用有关的长英质脉体为含钾长石少、斜长石多、白色;而和伸展应变有关的长英质脉体钾长石含量明显增大,呈红色。两种长英质脉的褶皱变形反映了各自的变形机制。剪切作用过程中发生的动态局部熔融作用,具有自反馈的自组织特征,从而使长英质脉体在糜棱岩中呈现出韵律分布特征。辽南地壳在较短的时间内发生从收缩应变向伸展应变的转化。原因可能为收缩应变导致地壳显著缩短和增厚,并且同期的花岗岩浆的活动表明滑脱作用过程中莫霍面的初始温度较高并且区域热流值亦较高。这种地壳及其热状态的不均衡,导致地壳在较短的时间内发生基底的隆升及相伴随的伸展作用。     

一个韧性转换挤压带的变形分解作用：以阿尔金断裂带东段为例

变形构造研究显示阿尔金划分成具有近水平拉伸线理的韧性左行走滑变形域和具有陡角度倾伏拉伸线理的收缩变形域。在ＳＳ与ＰＳ之间的过渡区域还发现中等角度倾伏的拉伸线理。     

青藏高原东北缘宗务隆韧性剪切带40Ar/39Ar年代学及对印支期造山时限的制约

青藏高原东北缘的宗务隆构造带位于柴达木地块与南祁连地块之间,位置极为重要,其中发育的韧性剪切带变形特征和形成时代对于理解该构造带的构造属性具有重要的制约意义。详细的野外构造解析,显微构造解析与年代学研究表明,宗务隆剪切带发育走向NWW-SEE向糜棱面理,其上发育NWW-SEE向缓倾的拉伸线理,指示该剪切带逆冲-走滑剪切的特征。宏观尺度上可见由于剪切作用形成的不对称褶皱、旋转碎斑、构造透镜体及褶劈理等变形形迹;显微镜下可观察到云母鱼、S-C组构、σ型残斑及石英动态重结晶、拔丝构造等变形现象,指示该韧性剪切变形的温度在300~400℃。对剪切带同构造变形的白云母和黑云母进行了⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar同位素年代学分析,2个样品的坪年龄分别为(245.8±1.7)Ma、(238.5±2.6)Ma,指示了该剪切变形发生在早—中三叠世期间。结合对区域地质、岩石学等资料的综合分析,该期韧性剪切变形年龄代表了宗务隆构造带印支期造山作用的时间,这期造山活动可能与宗务隆有限洋盆闭合后,南祁连地块与欧龙布鲁克地块的斜向碰撞有关。     

贺兰山北段古元古代结晶基底变形特征及其区域构造意义

贺兰山北段结晶基底中保留有不同程度的韧性变形剪切带.通过详细的野外考察和室内显微构造研究,明确贺兰山北段的古元古代基底经历了4期韧性剪切变形:(1)早期顺层剪切带表现出中下部地壳层次的变形样式,运动学特征一致反映了近南北向的伸展;(2)麻粒岩相变质的糜棱片麻岩剪切带为南北向挤压的产物,导致经历高温高压变质的孔兹岩系从下地壳向中部地壳抬升;(3)高级糜棱岩(低角闪岩相-高绿片岩相)剪切带涉及的2次伸展运动(北西-南东向伸展和北东-南西向伸展)使得基底进一步向中部地壳抬升,可能发生在形成孔兹岩系的同一造山运动的晚期伸展垮塌过程中;(4)北东-近东西向左行逆冲绿片岩相糜棱岩剪切带则将结晶基底抬升到中上部地壳层次,其运动学特征与高级糜棱岩剪切带明显不同,可能是另一造山运动的产物.贺兰山北段与大青山-乌拉山地区有相似的韧性剪切带和构造变形,表明华北克拉通西部北缘存在一致的近东西走向的古元古代碰撞造山运动以及随后另一造山运动的改造.     

佳木斯—伊通断裂韧性剪切变形时代及其地质意义

作为郯庐断裂北段主干断裂的佳木斯-伊通断裂（简称佳-伊断裂）,其最早开始活动的时代一直以来都存在争议。为了更好确定其活动时代,对佳-伊断裂昌图段南城水库附近的韧性剪切带展开了详细研究。野外构造解析和显微构造特征显示,剪切带糜棱面理走向北北东-南南西,其上发育北东方向的缓倾拉伸线理,指示该剪切带为逆冲-走滑韧性剪切特征。锆石U-Pb年龄测试结果表明,剪切带中糜棱花岗岩形成在174~173 Ma,该糜棱岩带被后期未变形辉绿岩脉侵入,辉绿岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄为164 Ma,从而限定该期次韧性变形发生在174~164 Ma之间的中侏罗晚期。取自剪切带糜棱花岗岩内的变形黑云母40Ar/39Ar测试结果表明,糜棱花岗岩在187~166 Ma左右受到了显著的热事件的扰动。这些证据证明,佳-伊断裂在中侏罗晚期发生过显著的左行走滑韧性剪切,结合对东北地区火成岩研究成果的分析,佳-伊断裂中侏罗晚期的韧性变形可能与古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲有关,该时期侵位的岩浆活动开始显著受到俯冲引发的挤压应力作用的影响。      

Evolution, Migration, Controlling Factors and Forming Setting of Mesozoic Basins in Western Shandong

The distinctive topography in western Shandong province consists of several NW-WNW-trending mountain ranges and intervening basins. Basins, in which late-stage sediments to the south have progressively overlapped the earlier sediments and ＂basement＂ rocks of the hanging-wall block, are bounded by S-SW-dipping normal faults to the north. Basin analysis reveals the Jurassic-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks accumulated both within the area of crustal extension and during extensional deformation; they contain a record of a sequence of tectonic events during stretching and can be divided into four tectonic-sequence episodes. These basins were initially developed as early as ca. 200 Ma in the northern part of the study area, extending dominantly N-S from the Early Jurassic until the Late Cretaceous. Although with a brief hiatus due to changes in stress field, to keep uniform N-S extensional polarity in such a long time as 130 Ma requires a relatively stable tectonic controlling factor responsible for the NW- and E-W-extensional basins. The formation of the extensional basins is partly concurrent with regional magmatism, but preceded magmatism by 40 Ma. This precludes a genetic link between local magmatism and extension during the Mesozoic. Based on integrated studies of basins and deformation, we consider that the gravitational collapse of the early overthickened continental crust may be the main tectonic driver for the Mesozoic extensional basins. From the Early Jurassic, dramatic reduction in north-south horizontal compressive stress made the western Shandong deformation belt switch from a state of failure under shortening to one dominated by extension and the belt gravitationally collapsed and horizontally spread to the south until equilibrium was established; synchronously, the normal faults and basins were developed based on the model of simple-shear extensional deformation. This may be relative to the gravitational collapse of the Mesozoic plateau in eastern China.     

Ductile Shearing in Attur Shear Zone and its Relation with Moyar Shear Zone, South India

In the eastern part of southern Peninsular India, the charnockitic hills of the Madras block are cut across by the E-W trending Attur shear zone (ASZ) which is characterised by a thick (1 to 1.5 km) phyllonite zone, showing intense mylonitisation due to ductile shearing. Steeply plunging (70°–80°) stretching lineation on steeply dipping mylonitic foliation within this zone indicates a relative vertical upliftment of the adjacent blocks. A dextral shearing event from west to east is envisaged from the kinematic analysis of shear sense indicators such as S-C fabric, asymmetric folds, asymmetric augens and asymmetric porphyroclasts. Simultaneous development of these features, related to vertical and horizontal movements may be explained by the mechanism of transpressional deformation. The Attur shear zone may be correlated with the Moyar shear zone based on distinct lithological and structural similarities.     

东天山-北山造山带中大型韧性剪切带属性及形成演化时限与过程

塔里木盆地北缘的东天山-北山造山带中发育多条近E-W走向的大型韧性剪切带,它们构成了造山带中不同地体单元的主要边界,是碰撞造山及造山后的产物。本文在野外调查基础上,通过微观/宏观构造、几何学/运动学/动力学/年代学相结合的研究、厘定了东天山北山造山带中的7条大型韧性剪切带,阐述了剪切带的延伸、规模、剪切变形特征、变形条件以及形成与演化时限。并讨论了这7条不同类型韧性剪切带的形成过程以及东天山和北山古生代造山过程中所起的重要作用。     

晓天-磨子潭剪切带的早白垩世活动及其对北大别穹隆演化的制约

晓天-磨子潭剪切带是大别造山带内北大别杂岩带与北淮阳浅变质岩带的地表分界线,其构造演化特征可以为北大别穹窿的形成演化提供重要制约.本次由此韧性剪切带内4个未变形岩体的锆石样品进行LA-ICP MS U-Pb年龄测定得知,该韧性剪切带形成于早白垩世130～120 Ma期间,为后造山伸展断层.构造分析表明,这条剪切带形成于北大别穹窿深处,为一条平缓韧性拆离剪切带.其形成指示北大别单元在早白垩世初的造山带重力垮塌中发生了深部地壳物质的韧性侧向流动,而该剪切带则是地壳物质韧性侧向流动的上部运动边界.在随后的大规模岩浆上升与浮力增加中,该剪切带与北大别穹窿一起发生隆升而变陡,并随着不均匀隆升而使剪切带出现现今的几何学特征.晓天-磨子潭剪切带的演化显示北大别穹窿是由大别造山带晚造山伸展过程中形成的变质核杂岩组成的.     

Structural analysis of the Baolun gold deposit,Hainan Island,South China: Implications for metallogeny

The Baolun gold deposit is a mesothermal orogenic gold deposit located in the southwestern part of Hainan Island, South China. The deposit comprises a series of NNW-trending quartz-sulfide lodes situated within a parallel array of fault zones traversing a sequence of variably foliated flysch siliciclastic rocks of the Lower Silurian. Detailed field mapping documented at least five phases of deformation in the deposit including NNW-trending folding of the Lower Silurian rocks (D1), development of NNW-trending, steeply dipping ductile shear zones with an oblique dextral sense corresponding to NNE-SSW shortening (D2), WNW-ESE shortening and extension associated with an early oblique sinistral ductile shearing along the NNW-trending fault zones (D3), ENE-WSW shortening (D4), and near N-S extension (D5). The gold-bearing quartz lodes cut the strata folded in the D1, show some laminar layering related to ductile shear in the D2 and are overprinted by brittle structures formed in the D3 to D5. ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating on muscovite from an auriferous quartz lode yielded an age of 242 ± 2.5 Ma, which, together with the age of 232 ± 2.5 Ma for an aplite vein in the deposit, suggests that the mineralization may be related to a tectono-thermal event in the Triassic. In the context of the southern South China plate tectonics, the formation of the Baolun gold deposit is interpreted to be related to the oblique dextral ductile shearing (D2) along the NNW-trending fault zones during the Indosinian orogeny, in relation to the convergence between the Indochina and South China plates.     

The hercynian chain in Sardinia (Italy)

Abstract

A new geodynamic model for the Sardinian segment of the Hercynian chain is presented. The improvement of knowledge regarding several geological, metamorphic, magmatic and geochronological aspects of the Sardinian Palaeozoic basement, mainly achieved in the last few years, allows us to propose a more complete picture of its evolution.

The occurrence of remnants of an oceanic suture along a major tectonic lineament in northern Sardinia, as well as the products of Ordovician calc-alkaline magmatism, testifies to the presence, during the Lower Paleozoic, of an ancient (Precambrian- Cambrian) oceanic domain and its consumption along an Andean- type subduction zone. The following Carboniferous continental collision caused crustal stacking with Barrovian metamorphism and southward-migrating deformation from the suture zone toward the foreland.

Early Carboniferous Culm-type facies sediments, deposited in the outermost zone of the chain, imply that continental collision took place earlier in the internal zone, from Late Devonian or Early Carboniferous.

The collisional orogenic wedge experienced ductile extension during the Late Carhoniferous as a result of gravitational collapse of the thickened continental crust.

Extensional tectonism enhanced the uplift of the chain and some regions underwent tectonic denudation or LP/HT metamorphism and somewhere anatexis. The emplacement of calc-alkaline batholiths and the development of Late Carboniferous - Early Permian molasse basins occurred during extension that prolonged throughout the Permian.