辽宁复县地区古生代岩石圈地幔特征

本文通过对辽宁复县地区50号金伯利岩管的研究,根据金伯利岩的地球化学和其中地幔矿物及深源捕虏体特征初步推测,复县地区古生代的上地幔反映了该区自早古生代以来上地幔的各种深部事件。它的岩石圈地幔组成与南非金伯利岩发育地区不完全相同。本区是由二辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩、方辉橄榄岩、少量云母石榴长石岩以及金伯利岩的早期堆积物——各种金云母岩所组成。特别值得注意的是,与金刚石平衡共存的是含石榴石及铬铁矿的二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩,而南非地区与金刚石平衡共存的只是方辉橄榄岩,它是该区在克拉通化过程中通过岩石圈垫底作用增生于其底部的岩石类型。复县地区上地幔中部分橄揽岩仍保留有早期地幔熔体结晶时的火成结构,方辉橄揽岩为提取苦橄质玄武岩-玄武质科马提岩的难熔残余。17亿年本区转变为稳定克拉通后,11亿年(或更晚一些)有交代作用发生,使上地幔富集不相容元素,为熔融金伯利岩准备了源区条件。50号岩管的金伯利岩相当于南非Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型金伯利岩的过渡类型,表明上地幔富集程度较高。复县地区古生代岩石圈厚度至少为170km,其下部上地幔温度为1130℃左右,fo_2接近WM缓冲反应线,与西伯利亚和西非加纳金刚石结晶时的氧逸度相似。     

华北中、新生代岩石圈地幔的交代作用：含金云母地幔岩提供的证据

本文对华北克拉通三个不同地区(河北汉诺坝、内蒙古集宁三义堂、河南鹤壁)新发现的含金云母尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和尖晶石橄榄单斜辉石岩捕虏体进行了详细的矿物组成、单斜辉石的微量元素和 Sr-Nd 同位素研究。通过与相同地区不含金云母尖晶石二辉橄榄岩捕虏体的系统对比发现通常含金云母的地幔橄榄岩比不含金云母的地幔橄榄岩岩富 Al_2O_3、CaO、NaO、K_2O、TiO_2,但相对贫镁;其单斜辉石的 LREE 更为富集,但 Sr、Nd 同位素组成则相对亏损。这说明地幔交代作用不仅能够造成地幔橄榄岩的玄武质组分和稀土元素的富集,而且亦能够造成全岩和橄榄石 Mg~#的降低和同位素组成的相对亏损。捕虏体的 Rb-Sr 等时线年龄暗示地幔交代作用发生在中、新生代;其交代熔体来源于软流圈。同时说明华北新生代岩石圈地慢普遍存在的主、微量元素和同位素组成类似于"大洋型"岩石圈地幔的特征很可能是岩石圈地幔橄榄岩与软流圈来源的熔体的大规模反应的结果,而非真正意义上的新增生的岩石圈地幔。     

辽西中生代晚期岩石圈地幔的性质:来自玄武岩和地幔捕虏体的证据

辽西中生代玄武岩中幔源气榄岩捕虏体的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学研究表明，中生代岩石圈地幔是由古老富集型的岩石圈地幔和新增生的岩石圈地幔所组成。前者以角闪尖晶二辉橄榄岩为代表，它经历了富钠质的地幔交代作用。橄榄岩类捕虏体富含轻稀土元素，并具有较高的ω(^87Sr)/ω(^86Sr)比值；后者以二辉石岩为代表，具典型堆积结构，与本区尖晶石二辉橄榄岩相比，具有较高的稀土元素丰度。在矿物成分和稀土元素丰度上，本区辉石岩捕虏体类似于中国东部新生代玄武岩中幔源辉石岩捕虏体，这意味着辉石岩捕虏体可能是上地幔中更早期的岩浆堆积体。     

汉诺坝捕虏体辉石岩和麻粒岩的成因探讨

汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中含有丰富的地幔和地壳岩石捕虏体,其中捕虏体辉石岩和庥粒岩由于外观上具有一定的相似性,两者容易混淆,导致研究上的误区.本文以辉石岩和麻粒岩捕虏体作为研究对象,通过岩相学观察结合矿物主量元素分析、单斜辉石微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素分析,对两种捕虏体进行深入的研究和对比以探讨其成因意义.结果表明,上述各方面二者都存在明显的差别,捕虏体麻粒岩具有层状堆晶构造,两种辉石矿物(次透辉石和古铜辉石)相对贫MgO富FeO,单斜辉石的REE相对富集,以高87Sr/86 Sr低143Nd/144Nd为特征;而捕虏体辉石岩一般呈块状构造,两种辉石矿物(透辉石和古铜辉石-顽火辉石)相对富MgO贫FeO,单斜辉石REE总量极低呈亏损模式,同位素组成上介于捕虏体橄榄岩和麻粒岩之间.捕虏体麻粒岩特征表明它是幔源岩浆底侵作用形成,岩浆受到了下地壳的混染;而捕虏体辉石岩明显不同于橄榄岩和麻粒岩的成因,来自于富集地幔.     

玄武岩深源岩石包体及金伯利岩中的尖晶石

我国东部新生代玄武岩中深源岩石包体内的尖晶石类矿物属铬尖晶石和铁尖晶石，金伯利岩及其地幔岩包体和金刚石中的尖晶石类矿物主要为铝铬铁矿。玄武岩中橄榄岩类包体内的尖晶石比其辉石岩类包体中的尖晶石含Ｃｒ高，含Ａｌ低，这与Ｃｒ为相容元素、Ａｌ为不相容元素、玄武岩中橄榄岩类包体是上地幔部分熔融出玄武岩浆后的残留物及其上地幔岩石的捕虏体、而辉石岩类是玄武岩浆结晶的产物有关。玄武岩中深源岩石包体中的尖晶石明显地比金伯利岩中的粗晶、地幔岩石包体及金刚石中的尖晶石含Ｃｒ低，含Ａｌ高，其主要原因是前者比后者形成的压力低     

内蒙古宁城早中生代地幔捕虏体及熔/流体交代作用

内蒙古宁城地区发现的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩捕虏体,其寄主岩为早中生代堆晶成因的辉石岩。尖晶石二辉橄榄岩在矿物组成和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素特征等方面区别于寄主辉石岩,具有地幔岩特征。相对原始地幔岩,尖晶石二辉橄榄岩具有Fe高,Mg、Al低,富集K、Na、Ca、LREE和Rb、Sr、Ba、Th等不相容元素的特征,据此可以认为捕虏体来源于交代的富集地幔。对熔/流体交代反应形成的结构及其交代矿物金云母、韭闪石、白云石、方解石的进一步研究,揭示富K、Al、Ca、LREE和不相容元素的硅酸质和碳酸质熔/流体的交代作用致使地幔岩向不断饱满和富集的趋势演化,导致地幔岩Mg#值、Fo值的降低,Al和其他不相容元素的增高。单斜辉石环带原位微量元素测定也证实交代作用的存在。剪切结构的发育可能与软流圈底辟体上涌引发的塑性流变有关。联系华北古老岩石圈地幔多次的地质事件,笔者认为,早中生代地幔的特征与华北克拉通长期以来自身的深部演化有关。     

我国金伯利岩中的深源岩石包体

作者研究发现山东胜利1号、辽宁50号、51号及42号岩体中,见有纯橄岩、石榴二辉橄榄岩、尖晶二辉橄榄岩及云母橄榄岩包体;河北涉县及山东红旗2号金伯利岩中见有榴辉岩包体。包体形态为浑圆状、椭圆状,其大小为1-15cm。纯橄岩和石榴二辉橄榄岩比其寄主金伯利岩富含Cr_2O_3、NiO_3、贫CaO、CO_2、K_2O、Na_2O、TiO_2和Al_2O_3,其稀土配分模式为LREE富集型。根据深源岩石包体的温度、压力条件的估算,认为纯橄岩和石榴二辉橄榄岩来自上地幔深处,为上地幔局部熔融的残余物,而河北涉县金伯利岩中榴辉岩包体来自下地壳,云母橄榄岩类为软流圈顶部的地幔交代作用带上的岩石,尖晶二辉橄榄岩是来自上地幔较浅部位,它们为金伯利岩浆的偶然捕虏体。     

内蒙古宁城早中生代地幔捕虏体及熔/流体交代作用

内蒙古宁城地区发现的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩捕虏体,其寄主岩为早中生代堆晶成因的辉石岩。尖晶石二辉橄榄岩在矿物组成和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素特征等方面区别于寄主辉石岩,具有地幔岩特征。相对原始地幔岩,尖晶石二辉橄榄岩具有Fe高,Mg、Al低,富集K、Na、Ca、LREE和Rb、Sr、Ba、Th等不相容元素的特征,据此可以认为捕虏体来源于交代的富集地幔。对熔/流体交代反应形成的结构及其交代矿物金云母、韭闪石、白云石、方解石的进一步研究,揭示富K、Al、Ca、LREE和不相容元素的硅酸质和碳酸质熔/流体的交代作用致使地幔岩向不断饱满和富集的趋势演化,导致地幔岩Mg#值、Fo值的降低,Al和其他不相容元素的增高。单斜辉石环带原位微量元素测定也证实交代作用的存在。剪切结构的发育可能与软流圈底辟体上涌引发的塑性流变有关。联系华北古老岩石圈地幔多次的地质事件,笔者认为,早中生代地幔的特征与华北克拉通长期以来自身的深部演化有关。     

岚皋金云角闪辉石岩类捕虏体特征

陕西岚皋地区碱质基性超基性潜火山杂岩中的金云角闪辉石岩类捕虏体，主要由透辉石、富钛韭闪石、高Ｔｉ金云母、磷灰石及钛铁矿组成。捕虏体发育三联晶、碎裂边、扭折变形等固相线下变形变质结构，与正常地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩成分相比，捕虏体富ＴｉＯ２、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＣａＯ、Ｎａ２Ｏ、Ｋ２Ｏ，贫ＭｇＯ；其稀土元素具富集特征，尤其富集ＬＲＥＥ；微量元素配分型式显示富亲石不相容元素的特征。岩相学、矿物学及岩石化学特征表明，该类捕虏体为交代地幔捕虏体，它代表了北大巴山早古生代裂谷作用时期的异常地幔。交代营力可能源于地幔热柱的上升，在地幔深处可能以熔体交代作用为主，往上逐渐以流体交代作用为主     

上地幔中的流体和熔体

玄武质和金伯利岩质火山岩浆从地幔深处挟带的橄榄岩捕虏体为研究上地幔中流体和熔体的性质提供了非常丰富的直接证据。本文通过考察中国东部新生代碱性玄武岩(碧玄岩、橄榄霞石岩、碱性橄榄玄武岩)所含地幔橄榄岩捕虏体中的流体包裹体、熔体包裹体和玻璃,直接研究上地幔中的流体和熔体     

粗粒与剪切结构橄榄岩捕虏体及其单斜辉石微量元素对比

地山西栖霞具不同结构的“干”灾晶石相橄榄岩进行了全岩化学、微量元素,矿物成分和单斜辉石微量元素分析和对比。表明在橄榄岩从粗粒结构向剪切结构的转化中,随着变质变形作用的增强存在着复杂的熔／流体的加入富集和熔体的提取亏损作用;交代介质属具强渗透性的SiO2不饱和的硅酸盐碳酸岩熔体。同时发现不同结构橄榄岩中单斜辉石的REE与其全岩的REE程度有如下的关系;粗粒结构橄榄岩石中矿物与岩石的差别量大,但REE的配合分形可以反映全岩的情况;剪切结构橄榄岩中两者的差别较小。其它高度不相容微量元素可能主要赋存粒间组分或／和矿物流体包裹体中。     

中国东部及西秦岭地区新生代岩石圈地幔中的相转变带及其温压条件

五相(橄榄石 斜方辉石 单斜辉石 石榴石 尖晶石)共存的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体是来自岩石圈地幔相转变带的直接样品。中国东部及西秦岭地区晚第三至第四纪碱性火山岩携带的少量五相共存的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体为探讨这些地区新生代岩石圈地幔中相转变带提供了宝贵的样品。本文根据地幔橄榄岩捕虏体中石榴石和尖晶石的产出状况,将这些橄榄岩捕虏体分为三类:第一类橄榄岩中尖晶石为粒状残核,尖晶石外缘被石榴石的反应边包围。这种橄榄岩捕虏体代表尖晶石一石榴石相转变带的上限,故称为尖晶石带橄榄岩;第二类橄榄岩中尖晶石和石榴石以单颗粒零散分布为特征,二者共存但未见明显的相转变关系。这类橄榄岩多位于相转变带中部,拟称为尖晶石-石榴石过渡带橄榄岩;第三类橄榄岩中以石榴石为主,尖晶石和辉石等微晶构成石榴石反应边。这类橄榄岩代表尖晶石-石榴石相转变带的下限,故称为石榴石带橄榄岩。因此,根据不同类型橄榄岩捕虏体中矿物的组成,结合温度压力估算即可确定岩石圈地幔中相转变带的深度和厚度。本文通过对中国东部及西秦岭地区晚第三至第四纪碱性火山岩携带的尖晶石-石榴石二辉橄榄岩捕虏体的温度压力估算来进一步厘定中国东部新生代岩石圈地幔中的相转变带深度和厚度。     

鲁西中生代辉长-闪长岩中辉石岩捕虏体的岩石成因

鲁西中生代辉长-闪长岩中包含有变晶结构和堆积结构两种类型辉石岩类捕虏体,它们的矿物化学和岩石地球化学特征可同中国东部新生代玄武岩中的辉石岩类包体相对比.它们代表了上地幔两次岩浆底侵事件的产物.辉石岩类捕虏体母岩浆来自于含有陆壳物质的软流圈及其上部岩石圈地幔的部分熔融.辉石岩类捕虏体是由该母岩浆高压分离结晶堆积的产物.辉石岩的母岩浆在上地幔的运移是引起鲁西中生代岩石圈地幔富硅质交代作用的主要因素.     

褶皱带橄榄岩-榴辉岩杂岩和稳定地块含金刚石岩筒的成因特征

金刚石母岩可以是榴辉岩、辉石岩、橄榄岩等多种岩石,它们与金刚石都是在地幔深处形成的,并上侵最终固结于地壳中。母岩中的金刚石等矿物在地壳中又发生准稳定生长。地壳中金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩岩浆作用对金刚石母岩侵入体进行改造,使原生金刚石发生破碎、溶解、再生长等一系列变化,并形成巨晶、劣质金刚石和黑金刚石等新类型,这些现象不是在金刚石母岩形成之初发生的。     

Os isotopes in mantle xenoliths from the Eifel volcanic field and the Vogelsberg (Germany): age constraints on the lithospheric mantle

The effects of mantle metasomatism on the sulfide phase in mantle xenoliths in general, and on the Os isotopic system in particular, have received increased attention in recent years. Here, we report on Os isotopic systematics of metasomatized mantle xenoliths from the late Quaternary Eifel (Dreiser Weiher and Meerfelder Maar) and neighboring Vogelsberg volcanic fields, which provide insight into the effects of melt extraction and metasomatism on Os isotopes and place constraints on the evolution of the lithospheric mantle component beneath central Europe. Sixteen harzburgite, lherzolite, and pyroxenite xenoliths from the Eifel and two lherzolite xenoliths from the Vogelsberg were analyzed for Os isotopes. Samples from the anhydrous peridotite suite (Ib) are highly variable in their Os isotopes, ranging from subchondritic values (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os=0.1236) to suprachondritic values (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os=0.1420), indicating that some of these samples have been overprinted by the addition of radiogenic Os and have lost the primary mantle Os that was presumably present. The suprachondritic values suggest a source for this Os in a reservoir with a time-integrated Re/Os ratio greater than that of the bulk Earth. Eifel samples with Os contents >1.5 ng/g from the hydrous suite (Ia) have relatively unradiogenic Os isotope compositions (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os=0.1208-0.1237) and Al₂O₃-Os isotopic systematics consistent with ancient melt depletion and isolation from the convecting asthenospheric mantle for time periods similar to the age of the overlying crust (~1.5 Ga) as well with results from peridotite massifs in the European region. The LREE-metasomatism and the enrichment of Os (up to 6.47 ng/g) and As (sulfide metasomatism?) in the hydrous suite is strongly inversely correlated with the Os isotope ratios, demonstrating that mantle processes such as metasomatism can significantly modify the Os isotope chemistry of mantle xenoliths.     

华北克拉通西部陆块北缘新生代岩石圈地幔特征的初步研究

凉城、四子王旗、三义堂和大同的地幔包体的岩石学和矿物的主、微量元素成分显示华北克拉通中、西部北缘总体为过渡型岩石圈地幔,为原始地幔经过不同程度的熔体抽取和后期交代富集作用的残留.凉城岩石圈地幔经历的熔体抽取程度最低,后期交代富集作用比较强烈,这与其橄榄岩中尖晶石的Cr#较低,并且共存的单斜辉石的Mg#较低一致.三义堂岩石圈地幔经历的熔体抽取程度最高,后期交代富集作用最强烈,不同样品甚至同一样品中不同单斜辉石颗粒的La/Yb和LREE配分模式变化范围非常大,且矿物边部比核部更富集微量元素.大同、四子王旗岩石圈地幔经历的熔体抽取程度介于凉城和三义堂之间,但后期的交代富集作用明显不如凉城和三义堂强烈.研究区的岩石圈地幔主要受硅酸盐熔体交代作用的影响,只有三义堂岩石圈地幔还可能也受到了碳酸盐交代作用的影响.     

Phlogopite in mantle xenoliths and kimberlite from the Grib pipe,Arkhangelsk province,Russia:Evidence for multi-stage mantle metasomatism and origin of phlogopite in kimberlite

We present petrography and mineral chemistry for both phlogopite,from mantle-derived xenoliths(garnet peridotite,eclogite and clinopyroxene-phlogopite rocks)and for megacryst,macrocryst and groundmass flakes from the Grib kimberlite in the Arkhangelsk diamond province of Russia to provide new insights into multi-stage metasomatism in the subcratonic lithospheric mantle(SCLM)and the origin of phlogopite in kimberlite.Based on the analysed xenoliths,phlogopite is characterized by several generations.The first generation(Phil)occurs as coarse,discrete grains within garnet peridotite and eclogite xenoliths and as a rock-forming mineral within clinopyroxene-phlogopite xenoliths.The second phlogopite generation(Phl2)occurs as rims and outer zones that surround the Phil grains and as fine flakes within kimberlite-related veinlets filled with carbonate,serpentine,chlorite and spinel.In garnet peridotite xenoliths,phlogopite occurs as overgrowths surrounding garnet porphyroblasts,within which phlogopite is associated with Cr-spinel and minor carbonate.In eclogite xenoliths,phlogopite occasionally associates with carbonate bearing veinlet networks.Phlogopite,from the kimberlite,occurs as megacrysts,macrocrysts,microcrysts and fine flakes in the groundmass and matrix of kimberlitic pyroclasts.Most phlogopite grains within the kimberlite are characterised by signs of deformation and form partly fragmented grains,which indicates that they are the disintegrated fragments of previously larger grains.Phil,within the garnet peridotite and clinopyroxene-phlogopite xenoliths,is characterised by low Ti and Cr contents(TiO_21 wt.%,Cr_2 O_31 wt.% and Mg# = 100 × Mg/(Mg+ Fe)92)typical of primary peridotite phlogopite in mantle peridotite xenoliths from global kimberlite occurrences.They formed during SCLM metasomatism that led to a transformation from garnet peridotite to clinopyroxene-phlogopite rocks and the crystallisation of phlogopite and high-Cr clinopyroxene megacrysts before the generation of host-kimberlite magmas.One of the possible processes to generate low-Ti-Cr phlogopite is via the replacement of garnet during its interaction with a metasomatic agent enriched in K and H_2O.Rb-Sr isotopic data indicates that the metasomatic agent had a contribution of more radiogenic source than the host-kimberlite magma.Compared with peridotite xenoliths,eclogite xenoliths feature low-Ti phlogopites that are depleted in Cr_2O_3 despite a wider range of TiO_2 concentrations.The presence of phlogopite in eclogite xenoliths indicates that metasomatic processes affected peridotite as well as eclogite within the SCLM beneath the Grib kimberlite.Phl2 has high Ti and Cr concentrations(TiO_22 wt.%,Cr_2O_31 wt.% and Mg# = 100× Mg/(Mg + Fe)92)and compositionally overlaps with phlogopite from polymict brecc:ia xenoliths that occur in global kimberlite formations.These phlogopites are the product of kimberlitic magma and mantle rock interaction at mantle depths where Phl2 overgrew Phil grains or crystallized directly from stalled batches of kimberlitic magmas.Megacrysts,most macrocrysts and microcrysts are disintegrated phlogopite fragments from metasomatised peridotite and eclogite xenoliths.Fine phlogopite flakes within kimberlite groundmass represent mixing of high-Ti-Cr phlogopite antecrysts and high-Ti and low-Cr kimberlitic phlogopite with high Al and Ba contents that may have formed individual grains or overgrown antecrysts.Based on the results of this study,we propose a schematic model of SCLM metasomatism involving phlogopite crystallization,megacryst formation,and genesis of kimberlite magmas as recorded by the Grib pipe.     

Petrology of Lower Crustal and Upper Mantle Xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field, California

Basaltic rocks of the Cima volcanic field in the southern Basinand Range province contain abundant gabbro, pyroxenite, andperidotite xenoliths. Composite xenoliths containing two ormore rock types show that upper-mantle spinel peridotite wasenriched by multiple dike intrusions in at least three episodes;the mantle was further enriched by intergranular and shear-zonemelt infiltration in at least two episodes. The oldest dikes,now metamorphosed, are Cr-diopside websterite. Dikes of intermediateage are most abundant at Cima and consist of igneous-texturedwebsterite and two-pyroxene gabbro and microgabbro of tholeiiticor calcalkalic parentage. The youngest dikes are igneous-texturedclinopyroxenite, gabbro, and olivine microgabbro of alkalicparentage. The dikes in peridotite are interpreted as partsof a system of conduits through which tholeiitic (or calcalkalic)and alkalic magmas fed lower-crustal intrusions, which are representedby abundant xenoliths of the same igneous rock types as observedin the dikes. Mineral assemblages of dikes in peridotite indicatethat an enriched uppermost mantle zone no thicker than 15 kmcould have been sampled. Because of their high densities, thegabbros and pyroxenites can occupy the zone immediately abovethe present Moho (modeled on seismic data as 10-13 km thick,with V_p 6.8 km/s) only if their seismic velocities are reducedby the joints, partial melts, and fluid inclusions that occurin them. Alternatively, these xenoliths may have been derivedentirely from beneath the Moho, in which case the Moho is notthe local crust-mantle boundary.