个旧锡矿——红海型热水沉积登陆的实例

“层间氧化矿“是个旧锡矿的主要矿石类型,大部分具有特征的层控性,传统的观点认为“层间氧化矿“是原生硫化矿石在后期被雨水氧化而形成,已有部分地质研究者注意到了“层间氧化矿“的特殊性并提出它们是沉积成因或热水沉积成因.根据个旧锡矿的矿床特征与红海型热水沉积的对比,结合稀土元素地球化学研究,本文认为个旧锡矿存在的“层间氧化矿“的原生矿化类型是特殊的红海型热水沉积,以大量铁锰氧化物为主要成矿标志.个旧锡矿可能是目前红海型热水沉积作用登陆的唯一实例,其成矿模式可概括为三叠纪拉张形成多层原生红海型热水沉积矿化,燕山期花岗岩侵入改造;进而提出通过系统岩相古地理研究以确定古扩张中心和古卤水盆地中心的找矿模式.     

个旧锡矿——红海型热水沉积登陆的实例

“层间氧化矿”是个旧锡矿的主要矿石类型，大部分具有特征的层控性，传统的观点认为“层间氧化矿”是原生硫化矿石在后期被雨水氧化而形成，已有部分地质研究者注意到了“层间氧化矿”的特殊性并提出它们是沉积成因或热水沉积成因。根据个旧锡矿的矿床特征与红海型热水沉积的对比，结合稀土元素地球化学研究，本文认为个旧锡矿存在的“层间氧化矿”的原生矿化类型是特殊的红海型热水沉积，以大量铁锰氧化物为主要成矿标志。个旧锡矿可能是目前红海型热水沉积作用登陆的唯一实例，其成矿模式可概括为三叠纪拉张形成多层原生红海型热水沉积矿化，燕山期花岗岩侵入改造；进而提出通过系统岩相古地理研究以确定古扩张中心和古卤水盆地中心的找矿模式。     

个旧锡矿"层间氧化矿"的矿物学特征及成因探讨

"层间氧化矿"是云南个旧锡矿田的一种重要成矿类型,也是个旧锡矿目前乃至今后开采的主要矿床类型.传统观点认为"层间氧化矿"为原生硫化矿经后期风化氧化成因~([1,2]),通过详细观察研究,我们认为其应为原始热水沉积成因.     

个旧高松矿田高峰山—驼峰山勘查区层间氧化矿成矿规律及控矿模式探讨

个旧锡矿高松矿田层间氧化矿形态可分为缓倾斜矿体和陡倾斜矿体,其受断裂破碎带、层间剥离带、层间破碎带控制,分布于岩体外接触带的中三叠统个旧组层间破碎带中;矿床一般产出于中三叠统个旧组卡房段的T₂g₁⁶、T₂g₁⁵层中。本文综合分析研究区内控矿因素和成矿规律,并结合前人研究资料,归纳了研究区的地质、地球物理和地球化学找矿标志,构建了“三位一体”成矿模式和找矿模型,对于个旧锡矿区开采工作具有一定的参考意义。     

个旧矿区西部凹陷带花岗岩锡矿床地质特征及控矿规律分析

个旧矿区是一个与花岗岩有关的特大型锡多金属矿集区。近年来在花岗岩体内发现了蚀变花岗岩锡多金属矿体,进一步拓展了找矿的空间。笔者在分析个旧老厂矿田西部凹陷带花岗岩锡多金属矿床地质特征的基础上,着重从花岗岩体表层原生破裂构造对矿床的控矿规律进行了探讨。     

个旧锡石一赤铁矿一方解石脉型矿体地质特征及其研究意义

报道了在个旧锡矿松树脚矿区发现的脉状锡石一赤铁矿一方解石新型矿体,认为该新型矿体很可能是成矿流体运移的通道,同时对其成因进行了初步探讨。通过与红海型热水沉积矿床的特征进行对比分析,提出个旧锡矿“层间氧化矿”以及红海型热水沉积矿床中铁氧化物型矿床可能存在2种成因模式：第一种是热卤水自海水向海底沉积物、从上到下的热卤水分层氧化模式;第二种是成矿流体自地下深部向海底的从下到上逐步氧化模式。     

个旧锡矿高松矿田层间氧化矿找矿方向探讨

个旧锡矿高松矿田是以氧化矿为主的锡矿区,该区矿体成群出现,常常呈多层叠瓦状形态,分布于岩体外接触带中三叠统个旧组层间破碎带中。在距离花岗岩体外接触带500m-700m的一定范围内,是寻找层间氧化矿的有利地段。     

个旧高松矿田层间锡石-硫化物矿床构造控矿特征

从矿体空间展布特征、产状、顶底板及边缘形态可以看出，个旧层间锡石-硫化物矿床明显的受到构造的控制；从断裂构造的含矿性可以看出，断裂(裂隙)中的成矿元素含量远高于围岩，是层间氧化矿的有利赋存部位。此类型矿床具有热液充填(交代)成因，属于燕山晚期花岗岩岩浆期后热液矿床。     

滇东南喷流沉积块状硫化物特征与矿床成因

滇东南一些著名的大型－超大型锡多金属矿床,如个旧锡矿和都龙锡矿,白牛厂大型银,锡多金属矿床下部均有燕山期花岗岩发育,因此,个旧和都龙锡多金属矿床大多数人认为是岩浆热液矿床。笔者对上述三个矿床的矿石矿物组构、成分以及它们的共生组合关系进行了系统研究,发现了大量海底喷流沉积结构构造,值得一提的是在岩体接触带附近的块状硫化物矿体中发现了缅状结构和丝状客形虫等证据,而这些矿体曾被认为是典型的岩浆热液成因,     

个旧锡矿5号矿体数学-经济模型

在对个旧锡矿5号矿体进行充分分析和研究的基础上，通过专业的矿床建模软件，运用地质统计学原理，在个旧锡矿以5号矿体为例首次建立了矿床数学．经济模型，实现了矿床的三维立体可视化、动态多方案圈定矿体和储量计算、资料数据的动态查询，为矿山生产计算机管理和改造传统的生产和技术工艺提供了成功的范例。     

福建马坑矽卡岩型铁(钼)矿床稀土元素地球化学及地质意义

马坑铁(钼)矿是一个赋存于莒舟-大洋花岗岩外接触带黄龙组(C₂h)灰岩和林地组(C₁l)碎屑岩层间构造破碎带中的大型铁矿床。本文利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对马坑的石榴子石、辉石、黄铁矿和磁铁矿矿石的稀土元素(REEs)开展研究。结果表明:石榴子石、辉石和磁铁矿单矿物的稀土分配模式具有相似性,多为轻稀土富集,正铕异常,基本无铈异常,表明其成矿环境为氧化环境,暗示它们之间存在成因联系。矿体附近大理岩和退化蚀变岩稀土元素特征出现规律性变化,表明它们受到岩浆期后热液的交代作用的影响,碎屑岩和褪色辉绿岩提供了部分铁质。     

Gold Mineralization of the Gatsuurt Deposit in the North Khentei Gold Belt,Central Northern Mongolia

Mineral assemblages, chemical compositions of ore minerals, wall rock alteration and fluid inclusions of the Gatsuurt gold deposit in the North Khentei gold belt of Mongolia were investigated to characterize the gold mineralization, and to clarify the genetic processes of the ore minerals. The gold mineralization of the deposit occurs in separate Central and Main zones, and is characterized by three ore types: (i) low‐grade disseminated and stockwork ores; (ii) moderate‐grade quartz vein ores; and (iii) high‐grade silicified ores, with average Au contents of approximately 1, 3 and 5 g t^?1 Au, respectively. The Au‐rich quartz vein and silicified ore mineralization is surrounded by, or is included within, the disseminated and stockwork Au‐mineralization region. The main ore minerals are pyrite (pyrite‐I and pyrite‐II) and arsenopyrite (arsenopyrite‐I and arsenopyrite‐II). Moderate amounts of galena, tetrahedrite‐tennantite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite, and minor jamesonite, bournonite, boulangerite, geocronite, scheelite, geerite, native gold and zircon are associated. Abundances and grain sizes of the ore minerals are variable in ores with different host rocks. Small grains of native gold occur as fillings or at grain boundaries of pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and tetrahedrite in the disseminated and stockwork ores and silicified ores, whereas visible native gold of variable size occurs in the quartz vein ores. The ore mineralization is associated with sericitic and siliceous alteration. The disseminated and stockwork mineralization is composed of four distinct stages characterized by crystallization of (i) pyrite‐I + arsenopyrite‐I, (ii) pyrite‐II + arsenopyrite‐II, (iii) galena + tetrahedrite + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + jamesonite + bournonite + scheelite, and iv) boulangerite + native gold, respectively. In the quartz vein ores, four crystallization stages are also recognized: (i) pyrite‐I, (ii) pyrite‐II + arsenopyrite + galena + Ag‐rich tetrahedrite‐tennantite + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + bournonite, (iii) geocronite + geerite + native gold, and (iv) native gold. Two mineralization stages in the silicified ores are characterized by (i) pyrite + arsenopyrite + tetrahedrite + chalcopyrite, and (ii) galena + sphalerite + native gold. Quartz in the disseminated and stockwork ores of the Main zone contains CO₂‐rich, halite‐bearing aqueous fluid inclusions with homogenization temperatures ranging from 194 to 327°C, whereas quartz in the disseminated and stockwork ores of the Central zone contains CO₂‐rich and aqueous fluid inclusions with homogenization temperatures ranging from 254 to 355°C. The textures of the ores, the mineral assemblages present, the mineralization sequences and the fluid inclusion data are consistent with orogenic classification for the Gatsuurt deposit.     

Ag-Cu-Pb-Bi-S Minerals Newly Discovered from the Ohori Base Metal Deposit, Yamagata Prefecture, NE Japan: Implications for Bi-metallogenesis in the Green-Tuff Region

The Ohori deposit, one of the base metal deposits in the Green-Tuff region, NE Japan, is composed of two types of mineralization; a skarn-type (Kaninomata orebody) made by the replacement of the Miocene calcareous layer, and a vein-type (Nakanomata orebody). While the ore mineral assemblage of the deposit (chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena) has been known for being rather simple, some Pb-Bi-S minerals have been discovered for the first time in the present study. The minerals mainly occur in the chalcopyrite-rich ores of both orebodies. They essentially belong to the Pb-Bi-S system and contain Cu and Ag in minor amounts, which correspond to the lillianite–gustavite solid solution series (phases Z and X), cosalite, neyite, felbertalite, krupkaite and Bi-bearing galena. The chalcopyrite-rich (Bi-bearing) ores from both orebodies are richer in chalcopyrite, pyrite and chlorite, and have higher homogenization temperatures (>300°C) of fluid inclusions, and higher FeS contents in sphalerite compared to the Bi-free ores. In the Green-Tuff region, Bi-minerals have been reported from many base metal deposits. Most of these Bi-bearing ore deposits are referred to as xenothermal-type deposits, and are characterized by the following common features; composite mineralization of high- and low-temperatures in the shallower environments, and close relationships with the Tertiary granitic rocks. The whole mineralization at the Ohori deposit also has a similar xenothermal character because of the coexistence of high-temperature chalcopyrite-rich ores with Pb-Bi-S minerals, which were formed by the influence of the Tertiary granitic rocks at a shallow depth.     

新疆南天山阿沙哇义金矿床的成因与找矿启示:来自流体和硫化物成分的限定

阿沙哇义金矿位于中国新疆南天山造山带,属于著名的中亚南天山锑-汞-金成矿带的东延部分。该矿床严格受断裂所控制,以浸染状黄铁矿化、毒砂化为特征。矿化可分为三个阶段:早期无矿或贫矿石英阶段,中期石英多金属硫化物阶段,晚期石英-碳酸盐阶段。其中,中期是主要成矿阶段。成矿流体气相成分以H_2O为主,摩尔含量为75%～93%,其次为CO_2,摩尔含量为6%～25%,其余为CH_4、C_2H_6、H_2S、N_2和Ar;液相成分阳离子以Na~+为主,含少量K~+、Ca~(2+)离子,阴离子以Cl~-为主,SO~(2-)次之;矿石的Au含量与其流体的CO_2含量呈反相关,与K~+含量呈正相关。硫化物成分分析结果表明:(1)围岩地层和矿石中的黄铁矿和毒砂是重要的载金矿物,黄铁矿Au含量为0～0. 09%,平均值0. 03%;毒砂Au含量为0～0. 28%,平均值0. 07%;(2)黄铁矿和毒砂Au含量与其自形程度没有明显的相关性;(3)环带状黄铁矿较均质结构黄铁矿具有更高的Au含量;(4)岩体中的黄铁矿几乎不含Au。在成矿构造环境、成矿流体特征及演化、金矿富集机制、成矿温压条件等方面,该矿床与世界上大多数造山型金矿显示出一致性,成矿类型应属于剥蚀程度较浅的造山型金矿。断层阀作用控制的断层愈合-破裂导致的流体不混溶作用是本区金富集、沉淀的最重要机制,但流体混合机制对金的富集沉淀也发挥了作用。黄铁矿、毒砂发育及较多的含炭物质三者共存是本区寻找富矿的关键标志。     

吉林抚松西林河银矿床地质特征及成矿规律探讨

吉林抚松西林河银矿床是吉林东部近期发现和评价的产于太古宙古花岗岩和元古宙大理岩接触带的中低温热液矿床.矿床位于龙岗断块北东端韧性断裂带中,矿体产状受韧性断裂控制,矿体形态主要为脉状并具有分支复合、尖灭再现等变化.矿石结构主要有自形-半自形结构、他形粒状结构、包含结构、填隙结构、压碎结构、内部解理结构、乳滴结构、侵蚀结构.矿石构造主要为细脉状构造、稀疏浸染状构造、块状构造、角砾状构造.矿石中金属矿物有辉银矿、锑银矿、自然银、黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黝铜矿、铜蓝、辉锑矿等.矿石中非金属矿物主要为石英、绢云母及方解石、绿泥石.矿床成因类型为岩浆期后中低温热液充填型银矿床,主要控矿因素为构造、岩石地层和岩浆岩.     

The Ashele Deposit: A Recently Discovered Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Cu-Zn Deposit in Xinjiang, China

Abstract: The Ashele Cu-Zn deposit is a recently discovered volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit in Xinjiang, Northwestern China. It is the largest Cu-Zn deposit in this type of deposits in China, which were formed in the early period of later Palaeozoic Era. This deposit is hosted within a suit of bimodal submarine volcanic rocks of the Ashele Formation of Lower-Middle Devonian System formed in an environment of paleocontinental margin rift setting. Lensoid orebodies occur between spilitic rocks developed at footwall and quartz-keratophyric tuff at hanging wall. Zonation of metal elements in the Ashele mine is one of typical volcanic-related exhalative Cu-Zn sulfide deposits in the world. Black ores enriched in Pb, Zn and Ag occurs on the top of the No. 1 orebody in the Ashele deposit, yellow ores enriched in Cu in the middle part, and the chalcopyritization stringer below the massive sulfide ores. Zonation of ore-structure in the No. 1 orebody is also apparent and corresponds to the zoning of elements, i. e. lamellar and/or banded sulfide-sulfate ores on the top, massive sulfide ores in the middle, and stockwork veinlets associated with altered breccia pipe on the bottom. Four epochs of mineralization in the Ashele deposit has been recognized. The first period of syngenetic-exhalative deposition of sulfides is the main epoch of mineralization, and the ores deposited subsequently subjected to thermo-metamorphism at the second epoch, superimposed by hydrothermal mineralization at the third epoch, and weathered or oxidized at the fourth epoch.
More than 100 categories of minerals have been recognized in the Ashele mine, but only pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, galena, barite, quartz, chlorite, sericite, and calcite are dominant, making up various types of ores, and alteration pipes or horizons. Studies of ore petrology suggest that the massive ores were volcanogenic and deposited by exhalative process.     

黔西南泥堡金矿围岩与矿石的对比及其成矿机制研究

泥堡金矿的矿体主要赋存在构造蚀变体及逆冲断层破碎带中,受地层和断裂的双重控制。本文在岩相学研究的基础上应用X射线粉晶衍射分析(XRD)结合电子探针分析(EMPA)确定和量化了围岩和矿石的蚀变矿物及载金砷黄铁矿,对比了围岩和矿石的特点,并利用主微量元素分析矿化过程中围岩与矿石之间的元素带入带出通量,探讨了泥堡金矿蚀变矿物与成矿的关系及成矿机制问题。分析结果表明,黄铁矿(主要的载金矿物)与石英呈负相关,与伊利石呈正相关;矿石发生了去碳酸盐化作用,矿石中的黄铁矿大多具有环带结构,部分围岩也发生了去碳酸盐化作用,而围岩中的黄铁矿一般不具有环带结构;Au明显加入到构造蚀变体的矿石中,而CaO、MgO、S、Ba、Be等从其围岩中带出;Au、Sc、As和Fe_2O_3明显加入到逆冲断层破碎的矿石中,SiO_2、CaO、Sr、W、Be等则显示从其围岩中带出。综合分析认为,去碳酸盐化和硫化作用是泥堡金矿的主要成矿机制。在矿化前,去碳酸盐化作用为成矿提供了有利的环境;在成矿过程中,矿化通过硫化作用形成了黄铁矿的载金含砷边缘。     

江西武山铜矿床形成过程:来自岩相学和矿物学的证据

江西武山铜矿床是长江中下游地区具有代表性的叠加复合矿床之一。文章选取武山铜矿床典型剖面为研究对象,在野外地质调研和室内岩相学研究的基础上,识别出层状硫化物型、层状矽卡岩型和接触交代矽卡岩型三类矿体,及相对应的3种类型矿石。3类矿石在矿物组合、结构构造和矿物学特征等方面有明显差异,分别显示出原生沉积、叠加改造和岩浆热液成因特征。选择代表性脉石矿物和矿石矿物进行矿物化学研究,认为石榴子石是岩浆期后热液渗滤交代作用的产物,层状矽卡岩中石榴子石相对富Fe,而接触交代矽卡岩中石榴子石相对富Al;矿区内存在2类黄铁矿,即胶状黄铁矿和粒状黄铁矿,分别对应原生沉积成因和岩浆热液交代成因;磁铁矿是与矽卡岩有关的岩浆期后热液交代作用的产物,层状矽卡岩中磁铁矿相对富Mg O和Mn O,贫Al2O3,受地层影响明显,而接触交代矽卡岩中磁铁矿相对富Al2O3,贫Mg O和Mn O,受岩浆岩影响明显。武山铜矿床的形成经历了原生沉积作用、岩浆热液交代作用及叠加改造作用等复杂成矿过程。     

Geology, geochemistry and sulfur isotope composition of the Late Proterozoic Jingtieshan (Superior-type) hematite-jasper-barite iron ore deposits associated with stratabound Cu mineralization in the Gansu Province, China

The Jingtieshan deposit occurs in a Precambrian tectonic-stratigraphic terrane within the Northern Qilian Caledonian Orogen, and is generally considered as a Superior-type iron formation. The deposit is characterized by Fe-Si-Ba and Cu mineralization and consists of two types of orebodies, an upper jasper-barite-iron deposit and a lower copper sulfide deposit. The iron orebodies occur as independent stratigraphic layers concordant within a thick argillaceous succession, and exhibit fine-grained textures and well-developed sedimentary layering. The ores are predominantly composed of specularite and jasper with lesser amounts of magnetite, hematite, siderite, and barite. The presence of barite, hematite and jasper as major components shows that the iron ores were precipitated in a relatively oxidized ocean floor environment. The Cu orebody directly underlies the iron ore and is hosted by chlorite-sericite-quartz phyllite. The Cu mineralization is composed of pyrite and chalcopyrite and is characterized by stockwork. The disseminated and stockwork Cu mineralization is metamorphosed and concordant with respect to foliation, indicating pre-fabric development, i.e. pre-metamorphism, and was probably originally formed by reduced fluids reacting at the base of and within the oxide iron formation. Geochemical data show that the jasper-barite-iron ores, which resemble Superior-type iron formations, have a high input of hydrothermal-hydrogeneous elements (SiO₂, av.=56%; Fe₂O_3t, av.=30%; Mn, av.=0.45%; BaO, av.=16.7%) with minimal terrigeneous input (<15% combined Al₂O₃, TiO₂, K₂O, MgO, etc.). The δ³⁴S of exhalative barite varies from 28 to 34‰, which is very heavy with respect to other Late Proterozoic sulfate-bearing deposits, except those of circa 600 Ma in which the sulfides range from 8 to 20‰. The sulfur isotope data indicate that the barite was formed by the mixing of a Ba-rich hydrothermal fluid with sulfate-rich ambient seawater and that the sulfides ores were most probably derived from the reduction of seawater sulfate during subsurface reaction with ferrous iron-bearing minerals. These data are consistent with the jasper-barite-iron deposit forming by hydrothermal exhalative and chemical sedimentary processes on the floor of an ocean basin, and with the Cu mineralization forming by hydrothermal filling and replacement in base of and within the iron formation. Received: 19 March 1997 / Accepted: 14 May 1998     

Ore Geology,Fluid Inclusion,and S‐ and Pb‐Isotopic Constraints on the Genesis of the Chitudian Zn‐Pb Deposit,Southern Margin of the North China Craton

The Chitudian Zn‐Pb ore deposit, Luanchuan, Henan province, was recently discovered in the southern margin of the North China Craton. The Zn‐Pb orebodies are hosted in the Proterozoic Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups, occurring as veins in interbedding fracture zones mainly in a WNW‐ and partially in a NS‐direction. The Zn‐Pb ores are characterized by banded, massive, and breccia structures, coarse crystal grains, and a simple mineral composition mainly of galena, sphalerite, pyrite, quartz, dolomite, and calcite. In addition to the vein type orebodies, there are Mo‐ and Zn‐bearing skarn orebodies in the northwest of the Chitudian ore field. Four types of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite were recognized in the Chitudian Zn‐Pb ores, including aqueous, aqueous‐CO₂, daughter‐mineral‐bearing aqueous, and daughter‐mineral‐bearing aqueous‐CO₂ inclusions, with aqueous inclusion being most common. The homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions from the main mineralization stage are from 290°C to 340°C, and the salinities mainly from 3.7 to 14.8 wt% NaCl equivalent. In addition to CO₂, CH₄ and H₂S were detected in the vapor phase and HS^‐ in the liquid phase of the fluid inclusions by Laser Raman spectroscopy. The δ³⁴S_V‐CDT values of ore sulfides from the Chitudian deposit range from ?0.32‰ to 8.30‰, and show two modal peaks in the histogram, one from 1‰ to 4‰, and the other from 5‰ to 7‰. The former peak is similar to that of porphyry‐type Mo‐W deposits in the area, whereas the latter is relatively close to the sulfur in the strata. The ore sulfur may have been derived from both the magma and the strata. The Pb‐isotopic compositions of the ore minerals from Chitudian, with ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 17.005 to l7.953, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.414 to 15.587, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 37.948 to 39.036, are similar to those of Mesozoic porphyries in the Chitudian ore field, suggesting that the ore‐forming metals were mainly derived from the Mesozoic magmatic intrusions. The Chitudian Zn‐Pb deposit is interpreted to be a distal hydrothermal vein‐type deposit, which was genetically related to the proximal, skarn‐type Mo ore deposits in the region.