地球椭球向径和平均曲率半径的积分表达式

引入地球向径积分平均值和地球平均曲率半径积分平均值的概念,借助计算机代数系统推导出了两者的符号表达式,并将它们表示为偏心率e的幂级数形式。将地球向径积分平均值和地球平均曲率半径积分平均值分别与平均球半径、等面积球半径、等距离球半径、等体积球半径这4种常用球体半径进行比较,研究表明地球向径积分平均值与4种常用球体半径间的差异更小。由于地球是一个旋转椭球体,向径与曲率半径是背离的,向径最大时,曲率半径最小, 向径最小时,曲率半径最大,传统思维所认为的曲率半径并不能准确地代表地球半径平均值,因此在一定程度上,地球向径的积分平均值更能代表地球半径平均值。这些研究结果可为地球科学、空间科学、导航定位提供基础理论依据。     

陀螺经纬仪定向飘移规律的探讨

用陀螺经纬仪定向，采用跟踪逆转点法测定真北方向，其舒勒平均值相对于稳定平均值将产生漂移，这种漂移对所测定的子午线方向值带来误差影响。本文对几种陀螺经纬仪的跟踪观测实验数据进行分析，找出了每台仪器均     

陀螺经纬仪逆转点法定向的严密计算公式及精度分析

本文采用间接平差公式推导了逆转点法定向的严密计算公式,并与舒勒平均值及托马斯平均值作了比较。     

基于IGS的南北半球TEC非对称性研究

利用2000~2012年的IGS电离层TEC数据,研究了南北半球电离层TEC的非对称性。首先对南北半球TEC日平均值的不对称指数(AI)进行了研究,结果表明,AI的极大值的绝对值集中在0.4左右,极小值的绝对值集中在0.3左右,表明南北半球电离层TEC存在数值上的非对称性;通过傅里叶变换,发现AI存在1 a和1/3 a周期;每年北半球电离层TEC高于南半球电离层TEC的时间比例均大于50%,平均值为58%,表明了南北半球电离层TEC存在时间上的非对称性。然后进一步分析了南北半球TEC年平均值的差异,发现了北半球TEC年平均值高于南半球的规律,2000~2012年的南北半球TEC年平均值的不对称指数在0.036左右。最后从全球大气分布及运动规律的南北非对称性和热层年度变化赤道非对称性两个角度,对南北半球电离层TEC的非对称性产生的原因做了初步分析。     

向量的加权平均值及其方差阵

提出了向量的算术平均值的概念,并推导出了向量的加权平均值和向量的算术平均值的方差阵和权阵的计算公式。另外,还讨论了向量的加权平均值方差阵的计算公式在多类观测值测量数据处理和GPS载波相位相对定位测量中的应用,得到了一系列有实际应用价值的公式。并附有算例相验证。     

数理统计方法讲座——第五讲 统计假设检验

§5-1统计假设检验的基本思想什么是统计假设检验，还是先用例子说明。例〔5-1〕某机床厂加工一种轴，根据累积的经验，其加工的轴的椭圆度母体平均值为0.081毫米，母体方根差为0.025毫米。现换另一台新机床加工，取200个轴进行检验，得椭圆度平均值为0.072毫米，问新机床加工的轴，与往常加工的轴的椭圆度的母体平均值之间有无显著差异？     

南水北调中线水源区植被覆盖度遥感监测分析

南水北调中线工程是我国大规模跨流域调水工程的一部分,开展该区域植被覆盖度变化的研究与分析,对于保护该区域的生态环境及水质具有重要意义。该文以2000年和2009年两期遥感图像为本底数据,利用基于NDVI的像元二分模型对南水北调中线水源区的植被覆盖度进行了估算,并分析了该区植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。结果表明:2000年该水源区植被覆盖度的平均值为67.5%,2009年的平均值达到72%,植被覆盖度总体呈增长趋势;植被覆盖度增幅的空间特征表现为水源区中部地区高,东西部地区相对较低;在不同植被类型中,落叶针叶林的覆盖度平均值增幅最大,草地覆盖度增幅最小;位于水源区的大多数县(市)的植被覆盖度在近十年来都有不同程度的增加,其中柞水县的植被覆盖度平均值增长幅度最大,这与国家实施退耕还林、封山育林、基本农田建设等政策有关。     

资源一号02C卫星多光谱数据真彩色模拟技术研究

资源一号02C卫星多光谱数据没有蓝色波段,给制作真彩色影像带来了一定困难。本文针对02C卫星多光谱波段的特点,分析了常用线性模拟蓝波段影像方法,选取多景不同时相的、覆盖山地或平地的真实数据进行加权法和平均值法的对比试验,定性与定量分析后的结果表明：基于加权法生成蓝波段的真彩色模拟结果,无论是从整体色调方面,还是从典型地类的颜色方面,均优于基于平均值法生成蓝波段的真彩色模拟结果,可进一步深入研究后进行规模化应用。     

珠穆朗玛峰峰顶大地水准面与似大地水准面差值计算及其验证

本文利用登山路线上的实测重力点,通过试算分析确定了珠穆朗玛峰地区应采用的均衡模型及均衡深度,并利用该均衡模型推估了珠穆朗玛峰峰顶地形均衡重力异常与珠穆朗玛峰峰顶重力值。根据正常高和正高换算关系的需要,计算了珠穆朗玛峰峰顶沿垂线方向至黄海平均海平面的重力值的平均值与正常重力值的平均值,在此基础上完成了珠穆朗玛峰峰顶正常高和正高的换算,即大地水准面与似大地水准面差值计算,并对此结果采用其他方法进行了验证。     

检定场的机载激光雷达精度评价方法

为了对机载激光雷达测量精度进行科学地评价,保障数据成果质量,满足新型仪器装备计量检测的需要,该文基于空对地检定场圆形标志点,利用平均值法和最小外包圆法对机载激光雷达的平面精度和高程精度进行评价研究。结果表明:针对低空机载激光雷达可以获取高密度的地面点云,可以利用轮廓突出且特殊形状的控制点进行三维精度评价;利用平均值法和最小外包圆法均可以对机载激光雷达进行快速、有效地三维精度评价。     

Alignment of geodetic and satellite coordinate systems to the average terrestrial system

The parallelism of geodetic and satellite systems to the average terrestrial system is examined, under the assumption that a geodetic system is a fixed framework invariant with respect to geodetic network adjustment. In this case a geodetic system is rotated with respect to the average terrestrial system only about the ellipsoid normal of the initial point. The method is demonstrated using coordinates and covariance matrices for BC-4 and SECOR satellite tracking stations computed by Mueller and his co-workers. It is shown that the NAD geodetic system is scaled significantly larger than the satellite systems; the SECOR satellite systems have significant Z-rotations with respect to the average terrestrial system; and the ETH geodetic system may have a significant rotation with respect to the average terrestrial system.     

基于地面采样点的MODIS等效反射率计算与分析

本文介绍了等效反射率、平均等效反射率的概念及计算方法,以2006年10月在崇明东滩湿地采集的地面光谱反射率数据和MOD IS地面反射率产品为基础数据,计算了试验区等效反射率和平均等效反射率,开展了平均等效反射率与MOD IS反演反射率的比较分析,对MOD IS地面反射率产品精度作了分析和评价。     

提高GPS高程拟合模型精度的有效方法

在调兵山地区,选择76大地高和正常高都已知的点作为原始数据,采用多项式拟合加权平均法建立该地区大地水准面,包括泰勒二次多项式加权平均法和双二次多项式加权平均法。通过实例发现,泰勒二多项式曲面加权平均法和双二次多项式加权平均法对高程异常的短波项有很好的改进效果,拟合残差值比较大的点采用泰勒二次多项式曲面加权平均法和双二次多项式加权平均法残差值变小,大大提高了拟合模型的精度,改善了拟合模型。     

利用相位平滑伪距和最小二乘曲面函数建立西安市区域电离层延迟模型

利用相位平滑伪距观测值,并采用附有限制条件的序贯最小二乘曲面拟合方法,研究构建了西安区域电离层延迟模型。该模型的内符合平均精度为6.9 cm,外符合平均精度为8.8 cm,通过与全球格网电离层延迟模型计算的电子含量进行对比,并将两种模型进行单频PPP定位测试。结果显示,区域电离层延迟模型的精度明显优于格网电离层延迟模型的精度。     

Forecasting prices of single family homes using GIS-defined neighborhoods

We estimate spatiotemporal models of average neighborhood single family home prices to use in predicting individual property prices. Average home-price variations are explained in terms of changes in average neighborhood house attributes, spatial attributes, and temporal economic variables. Models adopting three different definitions of neighborhoods are estimated with quarterly cross-sectional data over the period 2000–2004 from four cities in Southern California. Heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation problems are detected and adjusted for via a sequential routine. Results of these models suggest that forecasts obtained using city neighborhood average price equations may have advantage over forecasts obtained using city aggregated price equations.      

Understanding User Interaction Patterns within Online Systems for Public‐Participation Transportation Planning

Many research projects in public‐participation geographic information systems focused on the development of software prototypes that were conceptualized to complement traditional forms of public participation. Given the challenges introduced by the heterogeneity of their user base, system design, and decision making process, empirical evaluations of such systems based on actual use have been scarce. This article reports on a rigorous empirical assessment of human‐computer interaction of users of a web‐based system for participatory transportation planning. We devised three groups of participants with below‐average, average, and above‐average interaction duration through hierarchical cluster analysis. Subsequently, the characteristics of the clusters were subjected to logistic regression analysis to determine the significance and strength of statistical associations between duration of interaction and a host of individual‐level variables. Our results indicate a statistically significant reduction of the odds‐ratio for participants with above‐average duration of interaction in the case of no prior experience with online transportation discussions. No significant associations were found between overall duration of interaction and sociodemographic background, cognitive decision‐making style, and travel behavior. We advocate for the development of adaptable participatory systems which accommodate flexibility in terms of both the user interface and pathways of the decision making process.     

Fortran 77 programs for preliminary summarisation of lineament patterns

Fortran 77 programs have been developed for summarisation of lineament pattern and fracture traces on MS-DOS based micro-computer system. Two menu driven programmes CLAFY and HIST perform the above task. CLAFY reads the X, Y co-ordinates of lineament and points from an input file and produces an output file containing azimuth frequency, total length and average length for 18 predefined azimuth classes at 10 degree interval. HIST reads the output generated by CLAFY and offers an option to generate histograms of azimuth frequency/total length/average length on a dot matric printer. CLAFY and HIST were tested using digitised lineament co-ordinates derived from lineament maps of parts of Central Kerala region, southwestern, India which were prepared based on Landsat imagery interpretation. The programmes afford repetitive manipulation of large quantities of lineament data without ignoring short and /or faint lineaments which have geologic significance.     

BDS/GPS工程控制网质量分析

针对北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)建立工程控制网的应用问题,以广东省域内某控制网为实例,分别从观测数据质量情况、基线解算与平差精度、坐标结果差异性等指标,与GPS进行对比,验证了BDS系统建立工程控制网的可行性.结果表明,BDS可见卫星数与GPS相差不大,BDS的基线解算与平差精度整体略低于GPS,且在U方向上相对更为明显.当测站数据质量较好时,BDS/GPS坐标结果平均只有毫米级的差异,完全可替代GPS作为最终成果;当测站数据质量较差时,坐标结果平均有毫米级至厘米级的差异,可满足一般工程控制网的要求.     

Global coherence of GPS-measured high-frequency surface tremor motions

The traditional approach of GPS investigations is determining trends which are connected with the motion of tectonic plates. At the same time, a global GPS network provides the possibility of investigating statistical properties of high-frequency earth surface tremor in different parts of the world. Based on the results of coherence and correlation analysis of noise components of daily three-component GPS time series, representing measurements of earth surface displacements at 1097 stations, we have found that, during 2010–2011, there was a significant increase in the average level of noise coherence or correlation with dominant periods 7–9 days of surface tremor in nine regions of the earth, and in some of these regions, the average level of coherence or correlation is still high and does not return to the previous level. The increase of the average level of coherence and correlation could be detected on the graphs purely visually, while the middle time point of the time interval in which the ascending occurred is detected more precisely by a formal method based on the use of the Fisher’s ratio.