马里亚纳岛弧系的垂向旋转运动与海槽的形成

处于垂向旋转应力场作用下的马里亚纳岛弧系发生了垂向旋转运动,岛弧表面张裂而一分为二,形成东海脊和西海脊.东海脊的旋张掀斜运动使早期形成的岛弧向海沟轴方向不断迁移、沉降,同时导致马里亚纳海槽形成. 马里亚纳海槽新月形形态的形成是由于沟-弧系水平方向的差异性运动和岛弧系向东的差异性旋张掀斜运动所致.马里亚纳海槽实质上是岛弧系中发育的负向构造,始终属岛弧系的一部分.     

冲绳海槽现代张裂的地球物理特征

位于东海陆架与琉球岛弧之间的冲绳海槽为板块俯冲作用形成的弧后断陷盆地,具有独特的构造地貌特征。自中新世末以来历经了4个强烈拉张的演化时期,目前已达到张裂的高级阶段。地球物理资料显示,海槽中的现代拉张作用仍在进行,表现在海槽轴部快速沉降形成地堑槽,对称分布的张性断裂,晚更新世—全新世以来的岩浆活动,从老至新排列的磁异常务带以及高地热流、频繁的地震活动等,充分体现了冲绳海槽的现代扩张特点。     

冲绳海槽--弧后背景下大陆张裂的最高阶段

高热流、强地震活动、火山活动、张性断层作用以及快速沉降等特征表明部绳海槽的演化已经达到了大陆张裂的最高阶段。根据地震折射和重力资料的计算表明冲绳海槽底下存在低密度的异常地幔，冲绳海槽的莫霍面介于15．4－23．8km之间。在我们提出的边缘海盆地演化旋回中，冲绳海槽处于胚胎期，即处在大陆张裂的最高阶段和弧后海底扩张的过滤阶段。冲绳海槽也可视为是威尔逊旋回中连接东非裂谷和红海阶段的一个重要的中间环节。     

冲绳海槽地壳结构的研究

根据1990年以来对冲绳海槽地质地球物理调查的最新实测资料,包括多道和单道反射地震、海底地震仪折射地震、重磁测量、水深测量、海底岩石拖网,结合国内外学者对冲绳海槽的调查研究成果,对冲绳海槽地壳结构进行了探讨,得出如下初步结论：（1）冲绳海槽是一个典型的发育在大陆地壳边缘、由陆壳张裂而成、处于裂谷作用最高演化阶段、洋壳即将产生、海底扩张即将出现的弧后活动裂谷。（2）根据火成岩发育、沉积层分布和地壳结构分析,冲绳海槽尚缺少已经开始“扩张”的证据,还不能确定海槽中央已经发育了大洋地壳。冲绳海槽目前仍属于拉薄的大陆地壳。（3）冲绳海槽作为一个浅海槽状地貌单元,形成于距今6Ma。作为一个弧后裂谷,自距今2Ma以来开始强烈的张裂活动。海槽中央张裂地堑（槽中槽）距今2Ma以来开始形成并逐渐发展。中央张裂地堑内的火成岩年龄不大于1Ma。因此,冲绳海槽是一个年青的、正在活动的弧后裂谷盆地。     

冲绳海槽中段线性磁条带异常及其构造发育

通过对磁场分析发现,冲绳海槽中段存在线性磁异常,说明海槽轴部地壳已经发生破裂,新鲜洋壳已经生成,目前已进入扩张阶段.通过对磁条带和地震地层的研究得出如下结论:冲绳海槽的张裂具有Ⅲ幕模式,即中到晚中新世的开裂幕(Ⅰ幕)、上新世—早更新世的拉张幕(Ⅱ幕)以及近代的扩张幕(Ⅲ幕).冲绳海槽中段的地磁场特征和已发生扩张的红海中段的磁场非常相似,说明冲绳海槽可能正向着“红海阶段”过渡发展.     

冲绳海槽南部海底热液活动区地形地貌特征及成因分析

为了进一步理解构造地质过程对弧后盆地热液活动及成矿作用的影响和控制,以实测和收集的多波束资料为基础,对冲绳海槽南部多个海底热液活动区的地形地貌特征进行了精细刻画。结合前人研究成果,从构造地质学的角度分析了热液区地形地貌的成因机制。结果表明,冲绳海槽南部热液区均为海底火山成因地貌,不同热液区的海底地貌分属于不同类型岩浆作用的产物:D海丘受岛弧和弧后盆地岩浆作用的双重影响,A海丘群由岛弧为主的多源岩浆作用产生,C海丘和B海丘群属于琉球火山岛弧,雨花海丘形成于造山期后地壳伸展导致的岩浆上涌。冲绳海槽中央地堑与琉球火山岛弧的交汇处有利于形成大规模岩浆和地热活动。琉球火山岛弧的岩浆活动存在时空迁移,与海槽构造演化过程中由分散式裂陷向中心式裂陷的转换有关。唐印热液区的存在表明台湾北火山带在槽底北缘及陆坡区仍具有较强的岩浆和地热活动性,是未来冲绳海槽南部海底热液调查的重要靶区之一。     

东海陆架外缘区构造特征及其成因机制

东海陆架边缘的构造特征记录了有关冲绳海槽张裂过程的关键信息,对于进一步理解海槽的形成演化以及弧后张裂与弧-陆碰撞之间的相互作用至关重要。本文基于多道地震和重磁资料,分析了东海陆架边缘的地形和构造特征,并对冲绳海槽早期张裂过程、北西向断裂带的分隔控制作用、钓鱼岛隆起带南北构造差异和冲绳海槽的向西前展等问题进行了探讨。结果表明,冲绳海槽西侧陆坡存在的分段性,各分段在地形地貌、地层展布和构造特征等方面的不同,体现了其构造演化和现今构造活动性的差异。冲绳海槽中—北段的张裂始于陆架前缘坳陷,在晚中新世向东扩展至整个海槽,晚中新世至今以分散式张裂为主。北西向断裂带对东海陆架边缘不同分段的构造特征和构造活动起到了分隔控制和转换协调作用,控制了不同类型陆坡的形成和发育。受冲绳海槽在全宽度上向西前展的影响,钓鱼岛隆起带南段的基底隆起及其支撑的陆架边缘发生了破坏和沉降,形成基底起伏较大、地形崎岖不平的陆坡。     

冲绳海槽的形成与发展

冲绳海槽是位于东海大陆架外缘、东海陆架边缘隆褶带与琉球岛弧之间的一个狭长带状弧间盆地.关于它的成因,已有古琉球弧直接张裂和断裂下陷两种观点,而笔者认为,它是由于菲律宾海板块从早中新世末以来,向欧亚大陆板块下俯冲所形成的沟-弧-盆系列的一个组成部分,在其生成和发展过程中,先后经历了拗陷、断陷和扩张三个阶段.然而,扩张刚刚开始.今后它将进一步裂开,琉球弧将更加向菲律宾海方向推进.因受调查程度的限制,本文将以冲绳海槽北半部的资料为主要依据.     

南冲绳海槽岩石圈构造动力作用机制探讨

由最新获得的重磁、地震和多波束地形数据 ,结合多尺度的地幔流动力分析 ,展示了南冲绳海槽岩石圈构造动力的多样性特征和其内在的联系。从上新世开始的三幕张性断陷活动是在以前的压性断裂构造的基础上发展起来的 ,向岛弧侧迁移 ,岩浆、火山活动主要集中在正断层与平移断层的交汇处。深部动力源可归结为上地幔对流产生的菲律宾海板块俯冲 ,引起岛弧岩石圈挤压褶皱而向海沟旋张掀斜 ,产生弧后岩石圈的张性构造 ;进一步引起弧后软流圈挤压隆起 ,岩石圈与软流圈耦合作用导致海槽断陷张裂、岩浆活动。冲绳海槽仍是一个软流圈在汇聚的弧后盆地。全球性左旋压扭滑移背景 ,琉球海沟南段俯冲受阻小、强度大 ,台湾—吕宋的北向挤压 ,使海槽表现为剪张性 ,由平移断层调控使张性断裂左旋雁行排列 ,整个海槽张性构造由北往南推进 ,张应力方向由NW过渡到NNW。     

东海的构造运动及演化

东海新生代(包括白垩世)构造运动主要根据地震资料,反映了九次构造运动.其中六次代表了影响整个东海的全区性构造运动,对东海陆架盆地成生演化具重大影响的有三次,即基隆、玉泉和龙井运动;对冲绳海槽盆地有影响的是两次即龙井和冲绳海槽运动.东海构造运动的演化有自西向东逐渐推进之势.早第三纪断陷作用在陆架西部有较强的表现,玉泉运动时其重心移至陆架东部,龙井运动后构造及沉积作用转向钓鱼岛隆褶带以东冲绳海槽,第四纪以来运动的中心则向冲绳海槽南部海槽坳陷转移.     

冲绳海槽成因的初步探讨

冲绳海槽是一个正在扩张的年轻弧后海盆。对这个海盆的研究在地层学、古海洋学、构造学、地震学及海底资源勘探等方面均具重要意义。这个海槽处在大陆地壳向大洋地壳转化的过渡性地壳域,许多人试图从冲绳海槽的研究中,获得关于洋盆早期演化的知识。本文根据反射地震资料(图1)就该海槽成因进行初步探讨。     

Linear magnetic anomalies and tectonic development of the middle Okinawa Trough

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NotesBenthic foraminiferal distribution in surface sediments along continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough: dependance on water masses and food supply

Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out. The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth. Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough. From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough, benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages: (1) Continental shelf break assemblage, dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus, corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current; (2) upper continental slope assemblage, dominated by Cassidulina carinata , Globocassidulina subglobosa, corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current; (3) intermediate continental slope assemblage, dominated by Uvigerina hispi-da, corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline; (4) lower continental slope- trough b     

Back-arc rifting in the Okinawa Trough

Geological and geophysical data reveal that the Okinawa Trough shows incipient continental rifting, and crustal separation started from about 2 Ma. The early extensional movements in the trough are probably of Miocene age. In addition to the Miocene phase, two main periods of extension are recognized: a Pleistocene phase between 1.9 and 0.5 Ma and the present day phase. During the stage short central rifts (Central Grabens) were formed. The opening however, may have occurred only in the southern part of the trough basin having an average half spreading rate of 2 cm yr^?1 since Early Pleistocene time, producing its present width of several tens of kilometres. These activities were well represented by igneous intrusions, sedimentary facies and sedimentary structures in and around the Okinawa Trough. The width of the zone affected by back-arc extension (defined as Greater Okinawa Trough) is larger than the present Okinawa Trough, whose width is 200–250 km. The present form of the Greater Okinawa Trough started to form at the same time as that of the Okinawa Trough.     

Benthic foraminiferal distribution in surface sediments along continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough: dependance on water masses and food supply

Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out.The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth.Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough.From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough,benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages:(1) Continental shelf break assemblage,dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus,corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(2) upper continental slope assemblage,dominated by Cassidulina carinata,Globocassidulina subglobosa,corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(3) intermediate continental slope assemblage,dominated by Uvigerina hispida,corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline.     

冲绳海槽陆源碎屑峡谷通道搬运与海底扇沉积

应用“向阳红16号”1992年地质调查和“向阳红9号”1995年地球物理调查的实际资料，并参照80年代以来有关研究成果，对冲绳海槽沉积物类型、陆源组分的堆积形式、沉积速率、物质通量以及沉积环境状况等进行了研究，结果表明，冲强海槽陆源碎屑主要集中在海底峡谷口外，形成海底扇沉积，海底扇以其与峡谷伴生而地势和缘、陆源组分含量高、沉积通量大、沉积物楔入体复合叠置为标志，揭示出海底峡谷在陆源碎屑向海槽输送过程中的通道作用；提出陆架潮流与海底峡谷内波、内潮汐的联合作用是陆源碎屑经峡谷通道向海槽持续搬运的主要动力因素，而黑潮摆动及其涡旋分支对峡谷上游沉积物的供给具有积极作用。     

Petrologic perspectives on tectonic evolution of a nascent basin (Okinawa Trough) behind Ryukyu Arc：A review

Okinawa Trough is a back-arc, initial marginal sea basin, located behind the Ryukyu Arc–Trench System. The formation and evolution of the Okinawa Trough is intimately related to the subduction process of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate since the late Miocene. The tectonic evolution of the trough is similar to other active back-arcs, such as the Mariana Trough and southern Lau Basin, all of which are experiencing the initial rifting and subsequent spreading process. This study reviews all petrologic and geochemical data of mafic volcanic lavas from the Okinawa Trough, Ryukyu Arc, and Philippine Sea Plate, combined with geophysical data to indicate the relationship between the subduction sources(input) and arc or back-arc magmas(output) in the Philippine Sea Plate–Ryukyu Arc–Okinawa Trough system(PROS). The results obtained showed that several components were variably involved in the petrogenesis of the Okinawa Trough lavas: sub-continental lithospheric mantle underlying the Eurasian Plate, Indian mid-oceanic ridge basalt(MORB)-type mantle, and Pacific MORB-type mantle. The addition of shallow aqueous fluids and deep hydrous melts from subducted components with the characteristics of Indian MORB-type mantle into the mantle source of lavas variably modifies the primitive mantle wedge beneath the Ryukyu and subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM) beneath the Okinawa Trough. In the northeastern end of the trough and arc, instead of Indian MORB-type mantle, Pacific MORB-type mantle dominates the magma source. Along the strike of the Ryukyu Arc and Okinawa Trough, the systematic variations in trace element ratios and isotopic compositions reflect the first-order effect of variable subduction input on the magma source. In general, petrologic data, combined with geophysical data, imply that the Okinawa Trough is experiencing the "seafloor spreading" process in the southwest segment, "rift propagation" process in the middle segment, and "crustal extension" process in the northeast segment, and a nascent ocean basin occurs in the southwest segment.