海水双壳贝类的生物沉积及其生态效应

在沿岸自然环境 ,双壳贝类经常达到很高的丰度 ,在生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用。双壳贝类作为滤食性动物具有很强的滤水能力 ,如扇贝、贻贝、蛤和牡蛎的滤水率均可达到５Ｌ／（ｇ·ｈ） ;它们能够过滤大量细小的颗粒物质 ,包括浮游物、浮游藻类、微生物、贝类幼虫和中型浮游动物等 ,还包括来源于双壳贝类以及其它动物 (如鱼 )粪粒的碎屑 ［１，２］。双壳贝类通过过滤大量的水体摄取浮游植物和有机颗粒 ,同化一部分有机质 ,其它则以粪的形式排出 ,进而影响生态系统的结构和功能。对于养殖生态系 ,目前的研究还比较少 ,但已…     

滤食性贝类摄食生理的研究进展

近年来随着养殖环境的恶化及贝类产量的持续下降 ,人们越来越重视对这些经济贝类的繁殖生物学、生理能量学以及对养殖区水体养殖容量的估算等方面的研究。其中对滤食性贝类摄食生理的研究是上述研究中的一个重要内容 ,它不但可以帮助人们了解贝类在不同环境条件下的摄食生理状况 ,还在育苗、预算个体的生长潜力和产量、估算海区养殖容量中起重要作用。本文介绍了滤食性贝类摄食机制、对食物颗粒的选择性、摄食节律、环境因子对摄食生理的影响及最近用于滤食性贝类摄食生理研究的新技术方法等几方面内容 ,并就描述滤食性贝类摄食生理的几个参…     

海洋贝类酶解液重金属控制与脱除技术研究

我国海岸线漫长,海洋资源丰富,生物物种多样。海洋贝类一直是我国重要的海洋经济产物。但近半个世纪以来,随着近海人类活动影响的加剧,工业废水、城市污水的排放使近海环境遭到严重破坏,贝类由于其滤食性特点而易受到重金属、农药、生物毒素、细菌、病毒等的污染。其中重金属污染更是贝类污染中危害最严重的一类,因食用重金属污染食品而中毒的现象已有发生[1-2],这些污染直接     

海洋滤食性贝类摄食率的研究现状

摄食率ＩＲ（Ｉｎｇｅｓｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅ）是反映滤食性贝类生理状况的一项动态指标,它直接受到贝类所处环境的生物和非生物因子的影响。诸如海水的温度、盐度、流速、饵料的浓度和质量等。同时由于方法不同,即使对同种贝类同一状态下摄食率的测定结果也往往差别很大。因此,６０年代以来,国内外专家就从不同途径对滤食性贝类的摄食率进行了研究。进入８０年代,随着微流探针、高精度的流体颗粒计数器、电镜、微胶囊技术以及同位素示踪技术的出现,人们对摄食率的研究手段和了解有了进一步的提高。１研究方法滤食性贝类的摄食率ＩＲ是指…     

滤食性贝类在对虾综合养殖生态系统中的作用

就混养虾池中滤食性贝类如何影响虾池整个生态系统这个问题，综合了国内外这方面的文献，从滤食性贝类对混养虾池的水质、底质和其中的浮游植物、浮游动物的影响，以及混养对养殖效益的影响这几个方面作了探讨。     

利用生物控制养殖池污染的研究

利用陆基围隔对微生物制剂、底栖滤食性贝类、大型藻类控制养殖池污染进行了研究。研究表明,微生物制剂效果明显,利生健浓度达到6mg/L时即可显著降低池塘底泥的自污染速率,底泥中总氮积累速率仅为对照组的45.4%,对虾存活率提高53.25%,并能有效缓解水体中的氨氮压力。底栖滤食性贝类效果不明显,底播密度过大会加快底质的氮污染。菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)适宜底播密度为100g/m2,100g/m2处理组水体中的氨氮含量、水体和底泥中的氮积累速率在各处理组中最低,但差异不显著(p<0.05)。结果还表明,江蓠(Gracilaria tenuistip)在池塘中受到微藻竞争、浮泥以及透明度变化影响,生长较差。同时,本文通过对养殖池塘污染物基本概况的初步分析,提出了养殖环境综合治理的初步设想。     

湛江流沙湾马氏珠母贝的养殖容量

2008年3月—2009年1月调查分析流沙湾浮游动植物的生物量、叶绿素a含量、初级生产力、马氏珠母贝Pinctada martensii含壳重与鲜组织重的比值、养殖贝类和野生滤食性动物的滤水率、潮间带和潮下带底栖贝类及吊养区附着滤食性动物现存量等,应用营养动态模型和贝类养殖容量估算模型估算滤食性动物的总容量,扣除野生滤食性动物现存量,最终确定马氏珠母贝的养殖容量。结果显示,2种模型估算马氏珠母贝的养殖容量分别为19637.5t和20126.4t,平均养殖容量19881.95t。依据流沙湾马氏珠母贝的通常养殖密度(1.05×105个.hm-2)和平均商品规格(41g.个-1)计算,流沙湾马氏珠母贝的适养面积为461.83hm2。     

藻类浓度对海湾扇贝和太平洋牡蛎滤除率的影响

滤除率(单位时间水中食物颗粒完全被滤食的这些过滤的水的体积)不仅能够表示滤食性动物的摄食量,还是反映滤食性动物生理生态学状况的动态指标,它的大小受诸多因子的影响,其中藻类浓度是一个重要的影响因子。关于藻类浓度对贝类滤除率的影响,国外Beiras,R.等(1993)已有报道。本文着重研究了藻类浓度对我国大规模养殖的滤食性贝类——海湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians)和太平洋牡蛎(Cras-sostreagigas)滤除率的影响。1　材料和方法海湾扇贝取自青岛海洋大学太平角实验基地,太平洋牡蛎取自胶南市水产养殖研究所。随贝生长的不同时期取回后放玻…     

流沙湾、营盘珍珠养殖区马氏珠母贝养殖容量的研究

本文通过对流沙湾和营盘珍珠养殖区初级生产力和野生滤食性动物现存量等的调查、马氏珠母贝的有机碳含量和滤水效率等的测定,应用营养动态模型和沿岸能流模型计算贝类生产量,并扣除野生滤食性动物现存量来计算贝类养殖容量,再通过食物限制性指标法进行检验.测定的结果如下:流沙湾和营盘珍珠养殖医马氏珠母贝的养殖容量较为接近,每公顷的容量...     

滤食性贝类对浅海养殖系统中营养盐循环的影响

在浅海贝类养殖系统中 ,营养盐的浓度和形态对贝类生长有重要影响 ,与此同时 ,贝类对系统中的营养盐循环也产生一定的影响 :一方面 ,贝类滤食水体中的浮游植物和有机碎屑等 ,使其组成和密度发生变化 ;另一方面 ,贝类又可向水体中排泄无机营养盐 ,如铵等 ,还将粪和假粪排放于底泥中 ,改变了底泥的数量和质量 ,增加了底泥中营养盐的浓度 ,而底泥中的沉积有机物经矿化作用和再悬浮作用 ,又可使沉积物中的营养盐重新进入水体进行物质循环 ,为贝类及其他生物的生长提供营养条件 (见图１)。图１浅海贝类养殖系统中的营养盐循环(仿Ｋａｓｓｐａｒ,…     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.