藏南冲巴淡色花岗岩的地球化学特征、成因机制及其构造动力学意义

冲巴淡色花岗岩位于大喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩带的东部,岩石地球化学研究结果显示,其具有高的SiO2(73.87%~74.95%)、Al2O3(14.20%~14.74%)和K2O(4.44%~4.89%),高的K2O/Na2O比值(1.19~1.42)和A/CNK比值(1.18~1.22),富集Rb、Th和U,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Zr,具有强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.27~0.37),属于高钾钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩。冲巴淡色花岗岩具有较高的Rb/Sr比值(2.6~8.6),低的CaO/Na2O比值(0.18~0.20),指示源区可能为泥质岩区,(87 Sr/86 Sr)i和εNd(t)值分别为0.763 199~0.778 799和-16.7~-16.3,与大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩(GHC)中变泥质岩一致,表明其来自GHC变泥质岩的部分熔融。淡色花岗岩具有高的(87Sr/86Sr)i而低的Sr含量,且随着Ba含量增加,Rb/Sr比值降低。这些特征表明,冲巴淡色花岗岩是无水条件下变泥质岩发生白云母脱水熔融的产物,部分熔融可能与STDS伸展拆离导致的构造减压密切相关。     

藏南错那淡色花岗岩LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学及其地质意义

藏南错那淡色花岗岩位于喜马拉雅造山带的东部。对其进行LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,结果显示,结晶年龄为17.7±0.3Ma,代表中新世的地壳深熔作用。淡色花岗岩样品具有高的Si O2(74.46%~75.57%)、Al2O3(14.07%~14.64%)和K2O(4.19%~4.85%)含量,高的K2O/Na2O值(1.09~1.31)和A/CNK值(1.15~1.25),富集Rb、Th和U,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、Zr等元素,显示高的Rb/Sr值(17.75~29.50)和强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.18~0.26),属于壳源成因的高钾钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩。样品具有高的Isr值(0.78982~0.79276)和低的εNd(t)值(-19.5~-18.2),可与大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩(GHC)中的变泥质岩对比,暗示其来自变泥质岩的部分熔融。样品的Isr值较高,而Sr浓度较低,且随着Ba浓度的增加,Rb/Sr值逐渐降低,表明淡色花岗岩是无水条件下白云母部分熔融的产物,部分熔融可能与藏南拆离系(STDS)伸展拆离导致的构造减压有关。错那淡色花岗岩的形成反映了地壳伸展减薄背景下,构造减压导致的中下地壳中含水矿物脱水熔融,并沿STDS上升侵位的动力学过程。     

藏南吉隆淡色花岗岩地球化学特征、成因机制及其构造动力学意义

藏南吉隆淡色花岗岩体位于大喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩带的中部,是吉隆地区藏南拆离系剪切带上部的重要组成部分。地球化学特征显示,岩石具有高SiO_2(72.09%~74.02%)、Al_2O_3(14.54%~15.59%)和K_2O(4.55%~5.59%)含量,高K_2O/Na_2O比值(1.12~1.55)和A/CNK值(1.14~1.18),属于高钾钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩。富集大离子亲石元素Rb和放射性生热元素U,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Zr等元素,具有明显的轻重稀土元素分异和Eu负异常(δEu=0.37~0.54)。具有高的Rb/Sr比值(3.6~9.7)和低的CaO/Na_2O比值(0.15~0.25),指示源区为泥质岩区;(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i和ε_(Nd)(t)变化范围分别为0.7548~0.7586和-14.0~-13.1,与大喜马拉雅变泥质岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成一致;锆石边部的ε_(Hf)(t)介于-16.0~-8.5之间,位于大喜马拉雅变泥质岩中碎屑锆石的演化线上,表明淡色花岗岩的源岩为大喜马拉雅变泥质岩。岩石(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i较高而Sr浓度较低,且随着Ba浓度的增加,Rb/Sr比值降低,表明淡色花岗岩是无水条件下白云母脱水熔融形成的,部分熔融可能与藏南拆离系(STDS)伸展拆离导致的深部构造减压密切相关。吉隆淡色花岗岩的形成反映了地壳伸展减薄背景下,构造减压导致的深部地壳物质中含水矿物(白云母)脱水熔融并沿向北伸展的STDS侵位的构造动力学过程。     

喜马拉雅碰撞造山带不同类型部分熔融作用的时限及其构造动力学意义

喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩,是世界上S型花岗岩的典例,主要分布于两条近平行排列的东西向构造带内,特提斯喜马拉雅带和高喜马拉雅带。实验岩石学和理论研究表明:这些淡色花岗岩是中—下地壳岩石进行不同性质的地壳深熔作用的产物,部分熔融类型与构造变形密切耦合。具体表现在:146~35 Ma,在增厚地壳条件下,以角闪岩部分熔融作用为主,形成了具有高Sr/Y比值的二云母花岗岩;228~9 Ma,减压条件下,俯冲物质快速折返,白云母发生脱水部分熔融,形成具有较高Rb/Sr比值的花岗岩;3其中,在21~16 Ma期间,与藏南裂谷系E—W向伸展作用开启密切相关,变泥质岩发生水致白云母部分熔融作用,形成Rb/Sr比值较低,Sr和Ba含量较高的花岗岩;4在25~27 Ma期间,局部地区发生高压水致部分熔融作用。     

东昆仑黑海地区加里东期过铝质花岗岩岩石学、地球化学特征及地质意义

东昆仑黑海地区发育加里东期过铝质花岗岩(424.0~420.5 Ma),其形成与地壳的发展演化密切相关,主要通过岩相学和地球化学方法对其进行了研究.黑海过铝质花岗岩由黑云母英云闪长岩、黑云母花岗闪长岩、黑云母花岗岩、二云母花岗岩和白云母花岗岩组成.SiO₂变化区间为65.32%~75.87%,K₂O/Na₂O为0.47~1.52,δ为1.09~3.00,为钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列;A/CNK为1.02~1.31,属于过铝质-强过铝质花岗岩.稀土元素具有轻稀土相对富集和重稀土相对亏损的特征,中等负铕异常.微量元素具有相对选择性富集大离子亲石元素而相对亏损高场强元素的特征.源区参与熔融物质由以变杂砂岩为主,向以变泥质岩为主过渡.结合区域资料,认为黑海过铝质花岗岩是东昆南俯冲增生杂岩楔发生伸展减薄引起地幔物质底侵而促使富硅铝地壳物质发生不同程度部分熔融形成.      

湖南阳明山岩体的La-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及成因研究

湖南阳明山岩体主要由二云母二长花岗岩和电气石白云母花岗岩构成,两类花岗岩的锆石La-ICP-MS定年结果分别为218.0±10.0Ma和218.9±3.4Ma,属印支晚期花岗岩。该岩体具有富SiO2(74.33%~76.03%)、Al2O3(13.34%~14.47%)和P2O5(0.21%~0.34%),高A/CNK(=1.15~1.32)的特征,为强过铝花岗岩。微量元素中富集Rb、Th、U、Pb、Ta、Ce、Sm、Y,明显亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ti、Eu,稀土总量低(ΣREE=17.49~90.43μg/g),轻稀土富集(LREE/HREE=6.43~15.64,LaN/YbN=5.26~10.94),中稀土轻度富集(GdN/YbN=1.76~2.26),具显著的负Eu异常(δEu=0.07~0.23)。岩体具高86Sr/87Sri(0.773980~0.742118)和低εNd(t)(-11.3~-12.1)的同位素特征,Nd模式年龄(1931~1992Ma)及残留锆石年龄(581~2492Ma),都指示阳明山花岗岩为典型的壳源型花岗岩,是在地壳伸展—减薄的构造背景下,古元古代变泥质岩减压熔融的产物。此外,获得多组继承/捕虏锆石年龄值(581~2492Ma),为本区存在早前寒武纪变质结晶基底及华南陆壳具多阶段生长演化特征提供了佐证。     

北京阳坊岩体元素地球化学特征、成因及构造背景

北京西山地区出露的早白垩世阳坊岩体主要由二长花岗岩组成,含少量石英二长岩、白岗岩以及闪长质包体。本文首次报道了阳坊岩体的主量元素和微量元素高精度分析测试结果。黑云母二长花岗岩是典型的高钾钙碱性花岗岩;具有富集Rb、Ba、LREE等强不相容元素,Th、U、Nb、Ta相对LREE亏损,负Eu异常较弱的元素地球化学特征。石英二长岩具有高钾、相对高碱、富镁贫铁、富集Rb、Ba、LREE、Sr等强不相容元素,Sr/Y比值高,Th、U、Nb、Ta相对LREE亏损,Eu异常不明显的特点,具有类似于高Sr低Y型中酸性火成岩(adakite)的元素地球化学特征。白岗岩具有明显亏损Sr、Ba、REE尤其是MREE,具明显负Eu异常的地球化学特征。闪长质包体MgO含量和Mg#值较高,具有富集K、Rb、Ba、LREE、Sr等强不相容元素,Sr/Y比值高,Th、U、Nb、Ta相对LREE亏损,无Eu异常的特点,与玻基方辉安山岩的地球化学特征相近似,属于典型的钾玄岩系列岩石。阳坊岩体的闪长质包体起源于交代岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,石英二长岩是幔源岩浆与下地壳岩石相互作用的产物,黑云母二长花岗岩形成于下地壳富钾基性岩的部分熔融过程,而白岗岩是上地壳岩石部分熔融的产物;表明燕山西段在早白垩世晚期具有高地温梯度。地质证据和岩石化学、微量元素判别图解均显示阳坊岩体形成于造山带崩塌阶段。     

吉林省桦甸市王家店花岗岩体岩石地球化学特征及成因初探

王家店花岗岩体主要由二长花岗岩组成,含原生白云母,属铝过饱和系列,ANKC>1.05,Cr、Sr、Zr、Ba、U、Th、Rb、Ta、Hf含量较低;富轻稀土元素,铕异常明显,氧同位素大于10。属S型花岗岩。其锆石一致曲线年龄117Ma。其形成是受太平洋板块俯冲影响,引起陆壳富铝质岩石部分熔融的结果。     

粤北大东山岩体加里东期花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

对大东山地区天堂岭岩体和中洞岩体黑云母二长花岗岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得其成岩年龄分别为450.9±5.8Ma和448±9.1Ma,属加里东期。该期花岗岩具有富硅碱、高钾和强过铝特征,轻稀土富集、Eu强亏损,微量元素具有富集Rb、(Th+U+K)、(La+Ce)、Nd、(Zr+Hf+Sm)、(Y+Yb+Lu),亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti特征,主量元素Na2O-K2O及A/MF-C/MF图解显示其源岩为变质砂岩部分熔融,Rb-(Y+Nb)图解落于后碰撞花岗岩区域,表明其形成于后碰撞构造环境,为地壳物质熔融改造型(S-型)花岗岩。     

藏南定结地区早中新世淡色花岗岩的形成机制及其构造动力学意义

定结日玛那穹窿位于高喜马拉雅带中段,由花岗片麻岩、变泥质岩、变基性岩及大量淡色花岗岩等组成,经历了角闪岩-麻粒岩相变质作用。为厘定淡色花岗岩的形成机制以及与高级变质岩的关系,我们对淡色花岗岩和高级变质岩进行了全岩元素和Sr和Nd同位素组成和SHRIMP锆石U-Pb地质年代学测试。全岩元素和Sr-Nd同位素测试结果揭示淡色花岗岩具有以下特征:(1)高SiO₂ (>72%),高Al₂O₃ (>12%)和高A/CNK比值 (>1.0);(2)高Rb,低Sr,高Rb/Sr比值(>1.0);(3)高∑REE和明显的负Eu异常;(4)高Sr同位素初始比值(0.7621~0.8846)和低ε_Nd(t)值(-13.0~-20.2)。淡色花岗岩的高Rb/Sr比值和Sr-Nd同位素系统特征表明其形成机制为主要为白云母脱水部分熔融作用,源区为由花岗片麻岩和变泥质岩组成的混合源区。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学研究揭示出定结地区淡色花岗岩具有21.0±0.7Ma和15.8±0.1Ma 2期年龄,花岗片麻岩的锆石变质增生边年龄为22.2±1.4Ma,与该区的榴辉岩退变质年龄一致。这些数据共同表明,花岗片麻岩和 变泥质岩在22~21Ma发生高级变质和深熔作用,形成早期淡色花岗岩岩浆,在~16Ma进一步深熔,形成晚期淡色花岗岩岩浆。     

Geochemical constraints on crustal anatexis: a case study from the Pan-African Damara granitoids of Namibia

 Major and trace element models of recently published vapour-absent mica dehydration melting experiments are used to identify granitoids generated by muscovite and biotite dehydration melting, and to distinguish between plagioclase-limited and biotite-limited, biotite dehydration melting. In the case of granitoids from the Pan-African Damara mobile belt (Namibia), many of the leucogranites and Salem-type granitoids may be modelled by biotite dehydration melting. The low Rb/Sr granitoids (e.g. Donkerhuk Onanis, Salem Onanis, Donkerhuk Nomatsaus, Salem Goas) probably reflect feldspar-limited, biotite dehydration melting (a pelitic source) whereas the high Rb/Sr suites (e.g. Bloedkoppie leucogranite, Stinkbank leucogranite, Salem Swakopmund, Leucocratic Stink bank granite) reflect biotite-limited, biotite dehydration melting (a greywacke source). Alaskites from the Damara belt have major element compositions which are consistent with muscovite dehydration melting, and their positive Eu anomalies are linked to high K₂O reflecting K-feldspar entrainment. Combined Zr and LREE (light rare earth element) solubility models indicate that insufficient time (probably less than 10⁴ years) had elapsed between melt generation and melt extraction to ensure that the alaskite melts attained their equilibrium concentrations of Zr and the LREEs. In contrast, the leucogranites and Salem-type granites have attained their equilibrium inventories of these trace elements. Combined Fe₂O₃ and MgO contents in some samples from two granitoids (the Salem Goas and Donkerhuk Onanis intrusions) are higher than those readily attainable by biotite dehydration melting indicating either: (1) that they contain a contribution from melts generated by incipient garnet breakdown or; (2) that they contain small amounts of an entrained ferromagnesian phase. Received: 24 April 1995/Accepted: 11 December 1995     

An experimental study of grain scale melt segregation mechanisms in two common crustal rock types

Creation of pathways for melt to migrate from its source is the necessary first step for transport of magma to the upper crust. To test the role of different dehydration‐melting reactions in the development of permeability during partial melting and deformation in the crust, we experimentally deformed two common crustal rock types. A muscovite‐biotite metapelite and a biotite gneiss were deformed at conditions below, at and above their fluid‐absent solidus. For the metapelite, temperatures ranged between 650 and 800 °C at P_c=700 MPa to investigate the muscovite‐dehydration melting reaction. For the biotite gneiss, temperatures ranged between 850 and 950 °C at P_c=1000 MPa to explore biotite dehydration‐melting under lower crustal conditions. Deformation for both sets of experiments was performed at the same strain rate (ε.) 1.37×10^?5 s^?1. In the presence of deformation, the positive ΔV and associated high dilational strain of the muscovite dehydration‐melting reaction produces an increase in melt pore pressure with partial melting of the metapelite. In contrast, the biotite dehydration‐melting reaction is not associated with a large dilational strain and during deformation and partial melting of the biotite gneiss melt pore pressure builds more gradually. Due to the different rates in pore pressure increase, melt‐enhanced deformation microstructures reflect the different dehydration melting reactions themselves. Permeability development in the two rocks differs because grain boundaries control melt distribution to a greater extent in the gneiss. Muscovite‐dehydration melting may develop melt pathways at low melt fractions due to a larger volume of melt, in comparison with biotite‐dehydration melting, generated at the solidus. This may be a viable physical mechanism in which rapid melt segregation from a metapelitic source rock can occur. Alternatively, the results from the gneiss experiments suggest continual draining of biotite‐derived magma from the lower crust with melt migration paths controlled by structural anisotropies in the protolith.     

东天山哈尔里克地区晚石炭世淡色花岗岩成因及其地质意义

淡色花岗岩对深入理解造山带构造演化具有重要意义.哈尔里克山南麓小铺地区出露多种类型的淡色花岗岩脉,包括黑云母花岗岩、二云母花岗岩、含电气石花岗岩以及含石榴石花岗岩.岩石地球化学研究显示这些淡色花岗岩整体具有高硅（SiO₂=73.22%~75.12%）、铝（Al₂O₃=13.59%~14.49%）、碱（ALK=7.11%~9.67%）,低钛（TiO₂=0.01%~0.14%）、铁（TFeO=0.26%~1.37%）、镁（MgO=0.09%~0.46%）、钙（CaO=0.46%~1.92%）的特点,属于弱过铝质钙碱性-钾玄岩系列岩石.其中黑云母花岗岩具有较高的CaO/Na₂O比值（0.46~0.47）和低的Rb/Sr比值（0.31~0.33）,指示其为砂质源岩经黑云母脱水熔融形成;二云母花岗岩和含电气石花岗岩具有较低的CaO/Na₂O比值（0.11~0.31）和高的Rb/Sr比值（1.41~3.75）,为泥质源岩经白云母脱水熔融形成;含石榴石花岗岩具有强烈的Eu负异常以及"海鸥状"稀土配分模式,为高分异型花岗岩.小铺淡色花岗岩初始岩浆温度较低（T=637~744℃）,结合其野外地质特征,认为其形成可能与深部物质的折返、造山带的伸展垮塌有关.利用LA-ICP-MS微区原位锆石U-Pb定年获得黑云母花岗岩的形成时代为308.5±2.2 Ma,含电气石花岗岩的形成时代为307.8±2.3 Ma,二者在误差范围内近乎一致,指示哈尔里克地区在晚石炭世末处于伸展构造背景.      

Trace element modelling of pelite-derived granites

The presence or absence of a vapour phase during incongruent-melt reactions of muscovite and biotite together with the composition of the protolith determines the trace-element characteristics of the resulting melt, provided that equilibrium melting occurs for those phases that host the tracc elements of interest. For granitic melts, Rb, Sr and Ba provide critical constraints on the conditions that prevailed during melting, whereas REE are primarily controlled by accessory phase behaviour. Mass-balance constraints for eutectic granites that are formed by the incongruent melting of muscovite in pelites indicate that melting in the presence of a vapour phase will result in a large melt fraction, and deplete the restite in feldspar. Hence the melt will be characterized by low Rb/Sr and high Sr/Ba ratios. In contrast, vapour-absent melting will result in a smaller melt fraction, and an increase in the restitic feldspar. Consequently high Rb/Sr and low Sr/Ba ratios are predicted. Vapour-absent melting will also enhance the negative Eu anomaly in the melt. Granites that result from the incongruent melting of biotite in the source will be characterized by higher Rb concentrations than those that result from the incongruent melting of muscovite. The Himalayan leucogranites provide an example of unfractionated, crustally derived eutectic melts that are enriched in Rb but depleted in Sr and Ba relative to their metasedimentary protoliths. These compositions may be generated by the incongruent melting of muscovite as a low melt fraction (F0.1) from a pelitic source under vapour-absent conditions.     

Geochemical Constraints on Leucogranite Magmatism in the Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalaya

A complex of crustally derived leucogranitic sills emplacedinto sillimanite-grade psammites in the upper Langtang Valleyof northern Nepal forms part of the Miocene High Himalayan graniteassociation. A series of post-tectonic, subvertical leucograniticdykes intrude the underlying migmatites, providing possiblefeeders to the main granite sills. The leucogranite is peraluminous and alkali-rich, and can besubdivided into a muscovite–biotite and a tourmaline–muscovitefacies. Phase relations suggest that the tourmaline leucogranitescrystallized from a water-undersaturated magma of minimum-meltcomposition at pressures around 3–4 kbar. Potential metasedimentaryprotoliths include a substantial anatectic migmatite complexand a lower-grade mica schist sequence. Isotopic constraintspreclude the migmatites as a source of the granitic melts, whereastrace-element modelling of LILEs (Rb, Sr, and Ba), togetherwith the Nd and Sr isotopic signatures of potential protoliths,strongly suggest that the tourmaline-bearing leucogranites havebeen generated by fluid-absent partial melting of the muscovite-richschists. However, REE and HFSE distributions cannot be reconciledwith equilibrium melting from such a source. Systematic covariationsbetween Rb, Sr, and Ba can be explained by variations in protolithmineralogy and P–T–a_H2O. Tourmaline leucogranites with high Rb/Sr ratios represent low-fraction-melts(F{small tilde} 12%) efficiently extracted from their protolithsunder conditions of low water activity, whereas the heterogeneoustwo-mica granites may result from melting under somewhat highera_H2O conditions. The segregation of low-degree melts from sourcewas probably by deformation-enhanced intergranular flow andmagma fracturing, with the mechanisms of migration and emplacementcontrolled by variations in the uppercrustal stress regime duringlate–orogenic extensional collapse of the thickened crust.     

藏南定结淡色花岗岩--基底隆升降压熔融成因的地质证据

西藏南部定结地区高喜马拉雅结晶基底中淡色花岗岩体紧靠藏南拆离断层内部产出．野外地质和岩相学特征显示其为S型、分两期侵入的淡色花岗岩体——早期的黑云母淡色花岗岩和晚期的白云母淡色花岗岩。基底副变质岩中广泛分布淡色花岗岩脉体．在基底副变质岩中的淡色花岗岩脉体中发现紫苏辉石暗色麻粒岩残留体，这表明本区高喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩源岩为基底副变质岩，且基底副变质岩是在基底快速隆升降压的条件下发生缺水熔融生成的淡色花岗岩岩浆。     

喜马拉雅碰撞造山带新生代地壳深熔作用与淡色花岗岩

自从印度-欧亚大陆碰撞以来,伴随着构造演化和温度-压力-成分(P-T-X)的变化,喜马拉雅造山带中下地壳变质岩发生不同类型的部分熔融反应,形成性质各异的过铝质花岗岩。这些花岗岩在形成时代、矿物组成、全岩元素和放射性同位素地球化学特征上都表现出巨大的差异性。始新世构造岩浆作用形成高Sr/Y二云母花岗岩和演化程度较高的淡色花岗岩和淡色花岗玢岩,它们具有相似的Sr-Nd同位素组成,是碰撞早期增厚下地壳部分熔融的产物。渐新世淡色花岗岩主要为演化程度较高的淡色花岗岩,可能指示了喜马拉雅造山带的快速剥露作用起始于渐新世。早中新世以来的淡色花岗岩是喜马拉雅造山带淡色花岗岩的主体,是变泥质岩部分熔融的产物,包含两类部分熔融作用——水致白云母部分熔融作用(A类)和白云母脱水熔融作用(B类)。这两类部分熔融作用形成的花岗质熔体在元素和同位素地球化学特征上都表现出明显的差异性,主要受控于两类部分熔融作用过程中主要造岩矿物和副矿物的溶解行为。这些不同期次的地壳深熔作用都伴随着高分异淡色花岗岩,伴随着关键金属元素(Nb、Ta、Sn、Be等)的富集,是未来矿产勘探的重要靶区。新的观测结果表明:在碰撞造山带中,花岗岩岩石学和地球化学性质的变化是深部地壳物质对构造过程响应的结果,是深入理解碰撞造山带深部地壳物理和化学行为的重要岩石探针。     

Identifying the leucogranites in the Ailaoshan-Red River shear zone:Constraints on the timing of the southeastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau

The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau significantly affected the global climate system.However,the timing of its uplift and the formation of its vast expanse are poorly understood.The occurrence of two types of leucogranites(the two-mica leucogranites and garnet-bearing leucogranites) identified in the Ailaoshan-Red River(ASRR) shear zone suggests an extension event in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.The age of these leucogranites could be used to constrain the timing of uplift and southeastward expansion of the plateau.Petrography,geochronology and geochemistry investigations,including Sr-Nd isotope analysis,were conducted on the two-mica leucogranites and garnet-bearing leucogranites from the ASRR shear zone.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that these rocks were emplaced at ～27 Ma,implying that the Tibetan Plateau had already achieved maximum uplift prior to the late Oligocene.It subsequently started to expand southeastward as a result of crustal flow.Compared to classic metapelite-derived leucogranites from Himalaya,the two-mica leucogranites show high K_2 O/Na_2 O(1.31-1.92),low Rb/Sr,CaO,lower ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios(0.7089-0.7164) and higher ε_(Nd)(t)(-8.83 to-3.10).This whole-rock geochemical characteristics likely indicates a mixing source origin,composed predominantly of amphibolite with subordinated metapelite,which is also evidenced by ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr vs.ε_(Nd)(t) diagram.However,The garnetbearing leucogranites with high SiO_2 contents(72.25-74.12 wt.%) have high initial ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios(0.7332-0.7535) and low ε_(Nd)(t)(-16.36 to 18.98),indicating that they are derived from the source comprised of metapelite and results of fluexed muscovite melting under lower crustal level,which is also evidenced by the Rb-Sr-Ba systematics.These leucogranites formed from partial melting of the thickened lower crust,which resulted in the formation of granitic melt that weakened the crust.The weakened crust aided the left-lateral strikeslip movement of the ASRR shear zone,triggering the escape of the Indochina terrane in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during the late Oligocene.     

Petrologic and geochemical links between the post-collisional Proterozoic Harney Peak leucogranite, South Dakota, USA, and its source rocks

The Proterozoic terrane of the Black Hills, South Dakota, includes the composite Harney Peak leucogranite and associated pegmatites that were emplaced into metamorphosed pelites and graywackes. Available dates indicate that granite generation post-dated regional metamorphism and deformation that have been attributed to collision of the Wyoming and Superior cratons at 1760 Ma. Previous radiogenic and stable isotope work indicates that the exposed metasedimentary rocks are equivalent to sources of the leucogranites. In this study, whole rock and mineral compositions of the metasedimentary rocks were used to calculate the likely average residue mineralogies and melt fractions that would be generated by muscovite dehydration melting of the rocks. These were then used to model observed trace element compositions of the granites using published mineral/melt distribution coefficients. Model trace element melt compositions using pelitic and graywacke protoliths yield similar results.

The models reproduce well the observed depletion of transition metals and Ba in the granites relative to metasedimentary protoliths. The depletion is due mainly to high proportion of biotite with variable amounts of K-feldspar in the model residue. Sr is also depleted in the granites compared to source rocks, but to a lesser relative extent than Ba. This is because of the low biotite/melt distribution coefficient for Sr and because high proportion of plagioclase in the residue is compensated by high Sr concentrations in protoliths. Rubidium, Cs and Ta behaved as slightly compatible to incompatible elements, and therefore, were not strongly fractionated during melting. Of the considered elements, only B appears to have been highly incompatible relative to residue during melting. The protoliths had sufficient B to allow tourmaline crystallization in those parts of the Harney Peak Granite in which Ti concentration was sufficiently low not to enhance crystallization of biotite.

The reproducibility of observed trace element concentrations in the Harney Peak Granite by the models supports the often made proposition that metapelites and metagraywackes are common sources for leucogranites. This argues against mass input from the mantle into metagraywacke and metapelitic crustal sources or melting of amphibolites to generate the post-collisional Harney Peak and other similar peraluminous granite suites.