鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代沉积层序地层学与盆地构造演化研究

基于现代沉积学理论和层序地层学思想，在鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代岩相古地理展布及演化特征分析基础上，对该区晚古生代地层进行精确划分、对比和层序地层学研究。进而按其沉积物特征和充填层序特点将这一时期沉积盆地厘定为三种类型,了晚石炭世本溪期至早二叠世早期（太原期）的陆表海盆地及裂陷（坳陷）盆地、早二叠世山西期近海湖盆和中、晚二叠世石盒子期和石千峰期的内陆坳陷盆地，在不同阶段的盆地中，又可划分出若干次级盆地和演化阶段。     

安基山和铜山铜（钼）矿床中辉钼矿的铼—锇同位素年龄及其意义

安基山和铜山铜（钼）矿床为分别位于宁镇山脉弧形构造拐转处和弧形构造中段的两个中型矿床。前者为与燕山晚期花岗闪长斑岩石英闪长玢岩有关的、以斑岩型和矽卡岩型为主的铜（钼）矿床，岩体的单矿物Ｋ－Ａｒ同位素年龄为１２３．１×１０６—１０６．０×１０６ａ，Ｋ－Ａｒ等时线值为１２３．０×１０６ａ；后者为与燕山晚期石英闪长玢岩有关的矽卡岩型铜（钼）矿床，主岩体的Ｋ－Ａｒ同位素年龄为１１７．０×１０６ａ。从安基山铜（钼）矿床的细脉浸染型钼矿石和铜山铜（钼）矿床的浸染状钼矿石中选取了辉钼矿纯样并对其进行了Ｘ射线衍射分析，结果表明：安基山矿床的辉钼矿为２Ｈ１＋３Ｒ型，铜山矿床的辉钼矿为２Ｈ１型。采用同位素稀释－等离子体质谱法测定了辉钼矿中的１８７Ｒｅ和１８７Ｏｓ，并以衰变常数λ（１８７Ｒｅ）＝１．６４×１０－１１ａ－１计算出两矿床内辉钼矿的成矿年龄分别为（１０８±２）×１０６ａ和（１０６±３）×１０６ａ，分别比相关岩体的年龄晚１５×１０６ａ和１１×１０６ａ     

金沙江弧—盆系时空结构及地史演化

金沙江结合带是一条古特提斯弧后洋盆消亡的俯冲消减杂岩带。弧后洋盆形成于早石碳世－早二叠世。晚泥盆世晚期已具有雏型,早二叠世是洋盆扩张的鼎盛时期,早二叠世 晚期向西俯冲,在金沙江结合带中形成３条消减杂岩带。金沙江弧－盆系于志留纪末在早古生代变质“软基底”的基础上开始生成、发展和演化,经历了泥盆纪弧后裂谷盆地阶段（Ｄ）、早石炭世－早二叠世的弧后洋盆阶段（Ｃ１－Ｐ１）、早二叠世晚期－晚二叠世的洋壳俯冲消     

晋宁期后华南陆壳增生作用—海相碳酸锰矿的Nd同位素制约

扬子地台南缘早震旦世，古生代和晚三叠世海相碳酸锰矿石的εＮｄ（Ｔ）值分别是－４．６－－５．５，－８．１－－９．０和－３．５－－４．２。Ｚ１－Ｃ１期间，它们的Ｎｄ模式年龄Ｔ２ＤＭ平均为１９３１±４６Ｍａ，εＮｄ（Ｔ）－Ｔ演化线与亏损地幔演化线交点年龄为１９５０Ｍａ，ｄ（Ｔ）／ｄσ＝０．９６。Ｎｄ同位素组成特征表明：华南陆壳晋宁期前的增生作用主要发生在早元古代的１９３１±４６Ｍａ前，晚元古代地壳增生作     

北祁连地区二叠纪植物群演替

北祁连地区二叠纪植物群自老而新可分５个植物组合：（１）早二叠世早期Ｎｅｕ ｒｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｐｓｅｕｄｏｖａｔａ—Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｐｏｓｔｈｕｍｉ组合；（２）早二叠世中期Ｅｍｐｌｅｃｔｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｔｒｉａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ—Ｅｍｐｌｅｃｔｏｐｔｅｒｉｄｉｕｍａｌａｔｕｍ组合；（３）早二叠世晚期Ａｌｅｔｈｏｐｔｅｒｉａｎｏｒｉｎｉ—Ｌｏｂａｔａｎｎｕｌａｒｉｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ组合；（４）晚二叠世早期Ｙｕａｎｉｓｓｔｒｉａｔａ—Ｃｌａｄｏｐｈｌｅｂｉｓｏｚａｋｉ组合；（５）晚二叠世晚期Ｉｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｓｉｂｅｒｉ ｃａ—Ｌｏｂａｔａｎｎｕｌａｒｉａｌｉｎｇｕｌａｔａ组合。该区晚二叠世早期（窑沟组）曾出现过一次植物危机事件，而晚二叠世晚期由于大量亚安加拉植物（如Ｉｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ，Ｃｏｍｉａ，Ｐｕｒｓｏｎｇｉａ，Ｚａｍｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ和Ｃａｌｉｐｔｅｒｉｓ等）的入侵，植被又得以复苏。北祁连二叠纪大部分植物群属华夏植物群；但晚二叠世晚期为华夏—亚安加拉混生植物群。     

江达—维西陆缘火山弧的形成演化及成矿作用

江达－维西陆缘火山弧为金沙江弧后洋盆向西俯冲消减和斜向碰撞过程中形成,其过程经历了俯冲造弧－碰撞成弧－张裂成盆的复杂发展历史。早二叠世晚期－晚二叠世（Ｐ＾２１－Ｐ２）形成储冲型弧火山岩,早中三叠世（Ｔ１＋２）形成碰撞型弧火山岩,晚三叠世早期（Ｔ＾１３）于裂谷盆地中发育“双峰式”火山岩。晚三叠世早期（Ｔ＾１３）裂谷分国地从北向南形成生达－车所－鲁麻弧后盆地、徐中－鲁春－红坡上叠（弧后）裂谷盆地和箐口     

洱海近代沉积物中碳-氮-硫-磷的地球化学记录

在＾２１０Ｐｂｅｘ和＾１３７Ｃs计年基础上,对采自洱海深水湖区沉积物柱芯进行了Ｃ ｉｎｏｒｇ（无机碳）、Ｃｏｒｇ（有机碳）、Ｎ、Ｓ含量和Ｐ开矿分析。Ｃｏｒｇ生趣剖面具“沉降－降解－堆积”三阶段分布特征,沉降和堆积通量分别为１２．７ｇ／（ｍ＾２．ａ）和７．２０ｇ／（ｍ＾２．ａ）;降解速率常数为０．０１７ａ＾－１,寄宿时间为４０a。Ｎ的生趣分布与Ｃｏｒｇ相似,沉降和堆积通量分别为２．６２ｇ／（ｍ＾２．ａ     

德令哈中生代沉积盆地成因类型及其与南祁连造山带的关系

长期以来,对柴达木盆地中生代的大地构造属性一直存在争议．笔者根据柴达木盆地北缘的德令哈盆地中生代盆地充填序列、基底沉降过程和大地构造相分析结果认为,该盆地具有典型的前陆盆地沉积－构造演化特点．（１）二叠（？）一中三叠世发育类复理石盆地组合和早侏罗一早白垩世发育陆相含煤磨拉石盆地组合,构成前陆盆地的“标型”充填;（２）上凸的总沉降曲线反映前陆盆地的发育规律;（３）德令哈前陆盆地的形成说明柴达木板块和华北板块的末次陆一陆碰撞发生在晚三叠世,早侏罗－早白垩世的构造运动则归属于南祁连对柴达木板块的陆内逆冲推覆作用．     

滇西北金沙江带被动陆缘地层层序和构造演化

金沙江带位于中咱地块和昌都地块之间,保存有各种构造背影的沉积物,这些地层呈断片产出,而不是连续地层,我们选择滇西北拖顶－霞若地区,对金沙江带被动陆缘地层断片进行地质填图研究,对各地层断片的时代和沉环境进行分析,在此基础上,恢复了金沙江带被动陆缘的地层层序,根据新的层序和将被动陆缘的演化历史划分为４个阶段．：大陆拉张（晚泥盆世至晚石炭世）、复杂陆缘盆地阶段（早二叠世）、洋－陆转化阶段（晚二叠世至中三     

辛安村泉域水文地质计算中环境同位素方法的应用

应用环境同位素方法计算了山西省东南部辛安村泉域中奥陶统、奥陶－寒武系岩溶地下水年龄各为８０ａ和８４ａ,储量各为２．５７×１０￣（１０）ｍ￣３和３．１５×１０￣（１０）ｍ￣３;计算了泉域碳酸盐岩补给区降水入渗系数α＝０．２１;河流渗漏量为２．０５ｍ￣３／ｓ;泉域石膏剥蚀速率Ｍ＝２．２１ｍｍ／ｋａ。      

The Changjiang sediment flux into the seas: measurability and predictability

This paper examines the credibility and predictability of sediment flux of the Changjiang River that has discharged into the seas on the basis of historical database. The assumption of the study stands on the lack of sufficient observation data of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) during peaking flood period, which most likely results in the application of an inappropriate method to the downstream-most Datong hydrological gauging station in the Changjiang basin. This insufficient method (only 30–50 times of SSC observation per year), that obviously did not cover the peaking SSC during peaking floods, would lead to an inaccuracy in estimating the Changjiang sediment load by 4.7×10⁸ t/a (multiyearly) into the seas. Also, sediment depletion that often takes place upstream of the Changjiang basin has, to some extent, lowered the credibility of traditional sediment rating curve that has been used for estimating sediment budget. A newly-established sediment rating curve of the present study is proposed to simulate the sediment flux/load into the seas by using those SSC only under discharge of 60000 m³/s at the Datong station-the threshold to significantly correlate to SSC. Since discharge of 60000–80000 m³/s is often linked to extreme flood events and associated sediment depletion in the basin, unincorporating SSC of 60000–80000 m³/s into the sediment rating curve will increase the credibility for sediment load estimation. Using this approach of the present study would indicate the sediment load of 3.3×10⁸–6.6×10⁸ t/a to the seas in the past decades. Also, our analytical result shows a lower sediment flux pattern in the 1950 s, but higher pattern in the 1960 s–1980 s, reflecting the changes in landuse in the upstream of Changjiang basin, including widely devastated deforestation during the middle 20th century.     

四川海相克拉通盆地显生宙演化阶段及其特征

四川叠合盆地是在四川海相克拉通盆地基础上形成的。本文利用最新的钻井资料、地震资料及其研究成果,详细阐述了四川海相克拉通盆地在显生宙的演化阶段及其特征。研究结果发现,四川海相克拉通盆地显生宙演化可分为早晚两期,早期为晚震旦世-石炭纪,晚期为二叠纪-中三叠世。两期克拉通演化都经历了早期弱拉张,后期弱挤压阶段。弱拉张初始阶段都有一次海相碳酸盐岩的大面积稳定沉积(震旦系灯影组和二叠系栖霞-茅口组)和随后的隆升剥蚀作用及风化壳岩溶作用。其后进入弱拉张期,发育拉张槽,拉张强度最大的部位均位于克拉通的西北部,都是从克拉通的西北部边缘向克拉通内部减弱。然而,两期拉张槽的充填特征不同,早寒武世绵阳-长宁拉张槽是补偿型充填,与拉张槽周缘相比,拉张槽内沉积厚度巨大;晚二叠世-早三叠世开江-梁平拉张槽为欠补偿型充填,与拉张槽周缘相比,拉张槽内沉积厚度非常薄。拉张期结束后进入弱挤压阶段,形成古隆起,挤压强度最大的部位均位于克拉通的西南部,都是从克拉通的西南边缘向克拉通内部减弱。弱拉张阶段的拉张槽与弱挤压阶段的古隆起均为大角度相交关系;然而,拉张槽和古隆起的规模差别较大,早寒武世绵阳-长宁拉张槽面积约5.4×10~4km~2,对应的加里东期乐山-龙女寺古隆起面积6×10~4km~2;晚二叠世-早三叠世开江-梁平拉张槽面积约2.0×10~4km~2,对应的印支期开江古隆起面积0.8×10~4km~2;晚二叠世-早三叠世蓬溪-武胜拉张槽面积约1.5×10~4km~2,对应的印支期泸州古隆起面积4.2×10~4km~2。绵阳-长宁拉张槽的规模比开江-梁平拉张槽、蓬溪-武胜拉张槽要大,乐山-龙女寺古隆起的规模也大于泸州-开江古隆起的规模。四川海相克拉通盆地显生宙演化特征在很大程度上控制了四川叠合盆地海相油气地质条件的发育和油气藏的形成分布。     

河南省地热资源综合评价

河南省地热资源类型按照所处的大地构造环境分为沉积盆地型和隆起山地型。计算结果表明,沉积盆地区4 000 m以浅储存的地热水总量为82 063.23×10~8 m~3,储存热能总量为7 734 086.01×10~(12) kJ。不考虑回灌时,全省沉积盆地型地热可采流体量为92 223.93×10~4 m~3/a,可利用热能量196.6×10~(12) kJ/a;考虑回灌时,全省沉积盆地型地热流体可开采量5 931 841.92×10~4 m~3/a,可利用热能量为13 003.47×10~(12) kJ/a。统计分析显示,按地热流体可采量为92 223.93×10~4 m~3/a、地热流体可开采热量196.46×10~(12) kJ/a计算,即使按50%利用,其经济效益也是十分可观的。另外,地热开发可带动第三产业经济的发展,产生的间接经济效益更加巨大。     

利用井温分布估算莺-琼盆地地下流体运移速度

莺-琼盆地是典型的高温高压盆地,现今平均地表热流78.7mW/m2,产生地表高热流的主要原因是深部热流体活动。根据盆地地温场分布特征与地下流体活动规律的关系,利用井温资料,我们计算了典型钻孔LD30-1-1A井地下流体的流速分布。结果表明,LD-30-1-1A井地下流体可分为上、中、下三段。上段流体运动微弱,垂向流速仅为8.33×10-12 cm/s;中段流体向下垂向流速为4.37×10-8 cm/s;下段流体向上垂向流速为2.65×10-8 cm/s.      

Numerical modelling of the thermal evolution of the northwestern Dniepr–Donets Basin (Ukraine)

The Dniepr–Donets Basin (DDB) is a Late Devonian rift structure located within the East-European Craton. Numerical heat flow models for 13 wells calibrated with new maturity data were used to evaluate temporal and lateral heat flow variations in the northwestern part of the basin.The numerical models suggest that heat flow was relatively high during Late Carboniferous and/or Permian times. The relatively high heat flow is probably related to an Early Permian re-activation of tectonic activity. Reconstructed Early Permian heat flow values along the axial zone of the rift are about 60 mW/m² and increase to 90 mW/m² along the northern basin margin. These values are higher than those expected from tectonic models considering a single Late Devonian rifting phase. The calibration data are not sensitive to variations in the Devonian/Carboniferous heat flow. Therefore, the models do not allow deciding whether heat flows remained high after the Devonian rifting, or whether the reconstructed Permian heat flows represent a separate heating event.Analysis of the vitrinite reflectance data suggest that the northeastern Dniepr–Donets Basin is characterised by a low Mesozoic heat flow (30–35 mW/m²), whereas the present-day heat flow is about 45 mW/m².     

Simultaneous horst-basin formation and magmatism during Late Variscan transtension: evidence from 40Ar/39Ar and 207Pb/206Pb geochronology in the Ruhla Crystalline Complex

40 Ar/³⁹Ar–mica and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb–zircon dates are presented and combined with existing P–T data and the sedimentary record. These data indicate that the RCC was faulted into three segments which underwent different exhumation histories during the Late Carboniferous/Early Permian. The eastern segment shows ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar–biotite data of336 ±4 and 323±3 Ma. Furthermore, it is intruded by the Thuringian Hauptgranite dated at 337±4 Ma by the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb single zircon method. At approximately 300 Ma rocks of the eastern segment were finally exposed and, subsequently, subsided as part of the Oberhof pull-apart basin, filled by Late Carboniferous/Early Permian molasse sediments and volcanic rocks (296–285 Ma; Goll 1996). A similar Late Carboniferous evolution is inferred for the western segment, since it is also overlain by Upper Carboniferous volcanic rocks. In contrast to the eastern and western segments, distinctly younger intrusion and cooling ages were recorded for the central segment of the RCC (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar muscovite: 311±3 Ma; ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar biotite: 293–288±3 Ma) that was intruded by the Trusetal Granite, the Ruhla Granite and Brotterode Diorite (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb single zircon: 298±2, 295±3, 289±4 Ma, respectively). These young data are unique in the MGCR and testify that plutonic activity and cooling of basement rocks took place simultaneously with basin formation and volcanism in the eastern and western segments. Overlying Upper Permian (Zechstein) and Triassic sediments indicate final exposure of the central segment by approximately 260 Ma, as a part of the Ruhla-Schleusingen Horst. Combination of these results with P–T data from the contact aureole of the Trusetal granite indicate that the central segment was unroofed by at least 8.5 km during the Late Carboniferous. The Late Carboniferous/Early Permian horst-basin formation, documented in the RCC, is due to dextral transtensional movements along the NW-trending Franconian fault system. It may have been enhanced by mantle upwelling widespread in Central Europe during the Early Permian that also caused intensive magmatism in the Thuringian Forest region. Received: 2 February 1999 / Accepted: 15 November 1999     

New basin modelling results from the Polish part of the Central European Basin system: implications for the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene structural inversion

Combined subsidence and thermal 1D modelling was performed on six well-sections located in the north-western Mid-Polish Trough/Swell in the eastern part of the Central European Basin system. The modelling allowed constraining quantitatively both the Mesozoic subsidence and the magnitude of the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene inversion and erosion. The latter most probably reached 2,400 m in the Mid-Polish Swell area. The modelled Upper Cretaceous thickness did not exceed 500 m, and probably corresponded to 200–300 m in the swell area as compared with more than 2,000 m in the adjacent non-inverted part of the basin. Such Upper Cretaceous thickness pattern implies early onset of inversion processes, probably in the Late Turonian or Coniacian. Our modelling, coupled with previous results of stratigraphic and seismic studies, demonstrates that the relatively low sedimentation rates in the inverted part of the basin during the Late Cretaceous were the net result of several discrete pulses of non-deposition and/or erosion that were progressively more pronounced towards the trough axis. The last phase of inversion started in the Late Maastrichtian and was responsible for the total amount of erosion, which removed also the reduced Upper Cretaceous deposits. According to our modelling results, a Late Cretaceous heat-flow regime which is similar to the present-day conditions (about 50 mW/m²) was responsible for the observed organic maturity of the Permian-Mesozoic rocks. This conclusion does not affect the possibility of Late Carboniferous–Permian and Late Permian–Early Triassic thermal events.     

Vertical sediment fluxes and wave-induced sediment resuspension in a shallow-water coastal lagoon

The present study describes variations in the vertical fluxes measured concurrently with sediment traps at both a shallow water (4 m) and a deeper water (7.5 m) position in a coastal lagoon in April 1995. A tripod equipped with five sediment traps (trap openings at 0.35 m, 0.75 m, 1.05 m, 1.40 m, and 1.80 m above the seabed) was placed at the shallow water position. This tripod was deployed three times during the study period and deployment periods varied between 2 d and 5 d. The second sediment trap, placed at the deep water position in the central part of the lagoon, measured vertical flux for intervals of 12 h at 1.4 m above the seabed. The horizontal distance between the sediment traps was 8 km. The average maximum vertical flux at the shallow water position reached 27.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ during a period of high, westerly wind speeds, and a maximum vertical flux of 16.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ was reached at the deep water position during a period of high, easterly wind speeds. Both strong resuspension events were closely related to increased wave shear stress derived from surface waves. Maximum wave-induced resuspension rate was 10 times higher at the shallow water position and 3.8 times higher at the deep water position compared with the net sedimentation rate in the lagoon. Small resuspension events occurred at the shallow water position during periods of increased current shear stress, Estimations of conditions for transport of sediment between shallow water and deep water showed that particles must be resuspended to a height between 3 m and 4 m and that current speeds must be higher than about 0.1 m s⁻¹. An average sedimentation rate of 3.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ was obtained at the shallow water position during a period without wave shear stress and low current shear stress. This rate measured by sediment traps is similar to a net sedimentation rate in the lagoon of 4.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹, which was determined by radiocarbon dating of a sediment core (Kristensen et al. 1995).     

内蒙古乌兰沟埃达克岩锆石U-Pb年龄及构造环境

内蒙古中部贺根山缝合带的梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩中,新发现乌兰沟埃达克岩,岩性为花岗闪长岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年结果表明,乌兰沟埃达克岩的侵位年龄为279.3±1.4Ma,其形成时代为早二叠世。乌兰沟埃达克岩SiO_2含量为65.92%~69.65%,MgO为1.34%~2.16%,Al_2O_3为15.30%~17.33%,Na_2O/K_2O值为3.95~14.09,Sr=359.60×10~(-6)~734.00×10~(-6),Yb=0.83×10~(-6)~2.02×10~(-6),Y=6.65×10~(-6)~12.84×10~(-6);富集K、Rb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素;稀土元素总量为32.18×10~(-6)~65.41×10~(-6),明显较低,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Yb)N值为2.84~7.56,无明显Eu异常,显示出高硅埃达克岩(HSA)的地球化学特征。该埃达克岩具有岛弧型岩浆岩特征,形成于俯冲带岛弧环境,可能为洋内俯冲洋壳+俯冲深积物部分熔融并与上覆地幔楔橄榄岩反应成因。根据乌兰沟埃达克岩与梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩的时空分布与演化特征,贺根山缝合带在早二叠世可能存在洋内俯冲作用。     

中昆仑北部地区构造地层学初步研究

中昆仑北部造山带可分为 5个构造地层区 :白干湖、求勉雷克、大九坝、祁漫塔格南缘和祁漫塔格北缘。白干湖和求勉雷克构造地层区出露前寒武纪变质结晶基底 ;早古生代期间 ,祁漫塔格洋沿鸭子泉—阿特阿特坎河断裂向北西俯冲碰撞 ,在祁漫塔格北缘沉积了古海沟岛弧浊积岩、晚泥盆世蛇绿混杂岩 ,在祁漫塔格南缘被动大陆边缘上发育晚泥盆世前陆磨拉石沉积 ;晚古生代早期 ,昆中求勉雷克地区简单剪切滑覆 ,在祁漫塔格南、北缘形成浅海相沉积 ,而大九坝地区由于断层高角度伸展 ,沉积了一套海相碳酸盐岩建造 ;晚古生代晚期 ,特提斯洋沿昆中断裂斜向俯冲 ,在大九坝出露了托库孜达坂蛇绿混杂岩和早二叠世前陆盆地堆积 ;晚三叠世陆相火山岩出露于祁漫塔格山南缘。