东北亚早中生代火成岩组合的时空变异:对古太平洋板块俯冲开始时间的制约

本文系统总结了东北亚早中生代火成岩的岩石组合及其空间变异,讨论了古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下俯冲作用开始的时间和早中生代岩浆作用与古亚洲洋构造体系、蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造体系以及扬子与华北克拉通俯冲碰撞作用之间的关系。东北亚早中生代岩浆作用划分成3期:早-中三叠世、晚三叠世和早侏罗世。额尔古纳地块上早中生代钙碱性岩浆作用揭示了蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板块南向俯冲作用的发生;华北克拉通北缘三叠纪碱性和双峰式岩浆作用揭示了古亚洲洋最终闭合后的伸展环境;吉黑东部晚三叠世A型流纹岩、双峰式岩浆作用与稳定陆缘沉积一起暗示了伸展环境和被动陆缘背景,而早侏罗世钙碱性岩浆作用及其成分极性与陆缘增生杂岩一起揭示了古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下俯冲作用的开始。     

吉林和龙长仁铜镍矿区含矿橄榄辉石岩年代学 及其地质意义

长仁铜镍矿床位于华北克拉通铜镍硫化物矿床成矿带-吉黑成矿亚带,为一处岩浆硫化物矿床,成矿作用与镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体密切相关。文章对吉林省长仁铜镍矿区Σ11基性-超基性岩体中橄榄辉石岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学的研究,获得谐和年龄为(226±1)Ma,为印支晚期,限定长仁铜镍矿成岩成矿时代为晚三叠世,与红旗岭、漂河川、茶尖岭等矿床为同期岩浆活动的产物。结合区域内前人研究成果,认为古亚洲洋最终闭合时间为晚二叠世到早三叠世,晚三叠世已进入古亚洲洋闭合后伸展环境,长仁矿区成岩成矿大地构造背景为古亚洲洋闭合后的造山后伸展环境。     

滇西古特提斯俯冲-碰撞过程的岩浆作用记录

三叠纪岩浆作用广泛发育于澜沧江南带,锆石U-Pb年代学结果及岩石组合特征显示:(1)该区残留有少量的早三叠世火山岩(约248Ma),主要为一套薄层的以安山岩为主的火山岩;(2)中三叠世以大规模的酸性岩浆作用为主,部分地段的中部夹有少量的玄武岩,其中晚期的流纹岩与该区出露巨大的临沧花岗岩基主体具有一致的形成时代(约230Ma);(3)晚三叠世则以基性火山岩为主,夹少量流纹岩为特征的"双峰式"火山岩组合。元素地球化学特征表明,早三叠世火山岩具有典型的岛弧火山岩的特征,暗示其很可能形成于俯冲的构造环境;中三叠世晚期的流纹岩与临沧花岗岩基主体具有非常相似的地球化学特征,结合其流纹岩具有A型花岗岩属性,表明该区中三叠世火成岩形成于碰撞后的构造背景;而晚三叠世基性火山岩虽然在地球化学特征上显示出与岛弧火山岩相似的高铝和Nb-Ta的亏损,但其中部分火山岩具有高镁和板内玄武岩的微量元素比值特征,说明这些火山岩可能形成于碰撞后裂谷(post-collisional rifting)环境。结合区域上前人的研究资料,我们认为西南三江地区古特提斯主洋盆的俯冲闭合可能直到早三叠世晚期才完成,其后的陆-陆/弧碰撞作用可能发生在中三叠世早期,中三叠世中晚期该区进入碰撞后演化阶段,晚三叠世开始处于碰撞后的裂谷阶段,古特提斯在该区的演化最终结束于三叠纪末。     

内蒙古化德地区二叠纪—三叠纪侵入岩年代学及地球化学特征：对古亚洲洋东段构造演化的制约

本文对华北克拉通北缘中段内蒙古化德地区二叠纪—三叠纪5个花岗质侵入体进行了岩相学、地球化学、锆石U Pb年代学以及Sr Nd Hf同位素研究。结果表明本次所研究的岩体主要起源于华北克拉通古老下地壳的部分熔融,八音察汗岩体形成于早二叠世（276±1 Ma）,在岩浆上升过程中发生了岩浆混合作用;白音特拉岩体形成于中二叠世（270±1 Ma）,为地壳加厚作用下变质杂砂岩部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩;毛忽庆岩体形成于晚二叠世（254±1 Ma）,为I型花岗岩;张万良岩体与康家地岩体分别形成于早三叠世（248±1 Ma）和晚三叠世（229±1 Ma）,两者均为A型花岗岩。综合前人研究,本文认为研究区在早二叠世—晚三叠世经历了古亚洲洋向华北板块俯冲、俯冲 同碰撞、持续碰撞以及造山后的伸展4个阶段,古亚洲洋东段在研究区的闭合时间应为中二叠世晚期。     

藏东日扎山一带马拉松多组流纹岩年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

为确定藏东日扎山一带马拉松多组流纹岩的形成时代及成岩构造环境,探讨古特提斯洋闭合时间,应用LA-ICP-MS方法对其进行锆石U-Pb精确定年,并开展岩石学和地球化学研究。结果表明,该区流纹岩岩浆锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为244±1.2Ma,较精确地限定了马拉松多组流纹岩的形成时代,为中三叠世早期。岩相学及地球化学研究结果显示,马拉松多组流纹岩具高硅(Si O_2=72.72%～76.88%),富碱((K_2O+Na_2O)=6.64%～7.41%,K_2ONa_2O),过铝质(Al_2O_3=11.76%～13.03%,A/CNK=1.17～1.31)特征;岩石富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb,高场强元素Th、U,而亏损大离子亲石元素Sr和Ba,高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Zr、Hf、Ti等;稀土元素配分模式表现出轻稀土元素富集(LREE/HREE=1.93～2.89),轻稀土元素分馏程度稍高于重稀土元素的右倾V字形分布模式,具有明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.36～0.41);其成因可能与幔源岩浆的底侵和加厚地壳的减薄有关,是幔源基性岩浆底侵导致地壳物质脱水发生部分熔融的产物,即主要是陆壳和硅铝质源岩部分熔融形成的,岩浆在上升过程中经历了结晶分异作用。其化学性质具有S型向A型流纹岩演化的趋势,以及同碰撞弧火山岩与碰撞后A型流纹岩的双重特性。综合研究认为,研究区在早中三叠世处于弧-陆碰撞后活动大陆边缘短暂的后造山伸展构造环境,古特提斯洋(金沙江洋)在此之前已经闭合。     

内蒙古巴林右旗巴彦查干岩体年代学与地球化学:对古亚洲洋闭合时间的限定

古亚洲洋闭合时限一直存在争议.对巴林右旗巴彦查干岩体进行了地球化学、锆石U-Pb测年和Lu-Hf同位素研究,确定其时代和成因,探讨区域构造背景.巴彦查干岩体岩性为二云母二长花岗岩.测年显示,花岗岩侵位于232.0~241.7 Ma,为中晚三叠世.花岗岩富硅和铝,贫镁和铁,属强过铝系列（A/CNK=1.10~1.25）,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土和Nb、Ta等高场强元素,具S型花岗岩特征.锆石的ε_Hf（t）值为-1.8~+4.01,二阶段模式年龄（t_DM2）在1 006~1 380 Ma之间.上述研究表明,原始岩浆起源于加厚陆壳的部分熔融.结合内蒙古东南部蛇绿混杂岩、晚古生代岩浆岩带和沉积环境、三叠纪碰撞相关花岗岩带等研究,推测古亚洲洋东段的闭合发生在晚二叠世;三叠纪进入陆陆碰撞阶段.      

西南三江德钦-维西地区中二叠-晚三叠世岩浆岩与古特提斯演化

西南三江的德钦-维西地区出露有大量中二叠-晚三叠世岩浆岩,但是它们的形成与两个古特提斯分支洋(即金沙江洋和昌宁-孟连洋)的关系存在很大争议,制约了我们对该地区古特提斯构造演化的理解。本文对得荣县附近的玄武岩和流纹岩、兰坪县附近的安山岩以及德钦县附近的沉火山角砾岩进行了系统的野外地质调查、岩石学和地球化学研究,目的是查明它们的成因和形成环境,为深入探讨古特提斯构造演化提供有力的制约。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,得荣玄武岩(约236Ma)、兰坪安山岩(约233Ma)以及德钦沉火山角砾岩(约232Ma)均形成于晚三叠世,而得荣流纹岩则形成于中二叠世(约261Ma)。地球化学研究表明,得荣玄武岩多属于拉斑质玄武岩,具有变化的TiO₂和MgO含量,缺乏明显的轻重稀土元素分馏,以不同程度亏损Nb、Ta和Ti为特征,它们可能是大陆弧环境下尖晶石稳定域内"肥沃"岩石圈地幔较高程度部分熔融的产物,并经历了不同程度的结晶分异和地壳混染;兰坪安山岩具有较高的MgO含量和Mg#值,属于高镁安山岩,其微量元素组成类似于陆壳物质,应该形成于沉积物起源熔体与地幔楔岩石之间的相互作用;得荣流纹岩以高SiO₂和低TiO₂含量为特征,具有较高的锆饱和温度,其地球化学组成类似于典型的高分异A型花岗岩,起源于伸展环境下地幔物质上涌导致的地壳岩石部分熔融。结合相关区域地质资料,我们提出中二叠-中三叠世时期昌宁-孟连古特提斯洋向东(北)俯冲使得扬子地块与昌都-兰坪-思茅地块之间以弧后伸展(即金沙江弧后盆地)的方式打开,而晚三叠世时期昌宁-孟连洋闭合后的陆-陆碰撞(即保山地块和昌都-兰坪-思茅地块)则导致金沙江弧后盆地的闭合。     

祁漫塔格山阿格腾地区晚三叠世火成岩LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

阿格腾地区位于东昆仑西段,对该地区晚三叠世火成岩的研究不仅有助于认识东昆仑造山带印支期构造—岩浆演化历史,而且为古特提斯洋俯冲时限及洋盆闭合时限提供约束。研究区内流纹岩及花岗岩的锆石U-Pb测年结果分别为215.3±0.5 Ma、220.7±0.5 Ma、220.7±0.4 Ma、220.6±1.4 Ma,为晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物。全岩地球化学分析结果显示,阿格腾地区晚三叠世火成岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,铝饱和指数显示为准铝到弱过铝质,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、K等),不同程度亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,负Eu异常明显(δEu=0.23～0.76),具有板块俯冲阶段的特征。结合区域资料和本文研究,初步分析认为阿格腾地区火成岩形成于活动大陆边缘弧环境,为古特提斯洋俯冲背景下造山作用的产物。该时期该地区陆壳没有明显的增厚,古特提斯洋尚未完全闭合。     

佳木斯地块中部岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其大地构造意义

佳木斯地块中部桦南隆起区广泛发育古生代-中生代岩浆岩,这些岩石的成因对深入探讨中亚造山带的形成演化具有重要的指示意义。LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和地球化学测试分析结果表明,研究区广泛分布的片麻状花岗闪长岩形成于中二叠世(267±2Ma),具有I型花岗岩的地球化学特征,表明其岩浆起源可能和俯冲板片产生的熔体有关,形成于岛弧构造环境。而正长花岗岩形成于中三叠世(244±2Ma),地球化学揭示其岩浆起源于下部陆壳物质的部分熔融,具有同碰撞花岗岩的地球化学特点。上述特征表明,研究区在中二叠世处于大陆边缘的构造背景,与古亚洲洋板块俯冲于佳木斯板块之下的构造作用相关,而中三叠世处于同碰撞的构造环境,俯冲此时已经消失,古亚洲洋已经最终闭合,因此三叠纪应该为中亚造山带重要的地质转折期。     

额尔古纳地块八卡地区岩浆作用及其构造意义

通过对额尔古纳八卡地区酸性侵入岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年研究表明,八卡区内5个代表性的酸性侵入岩体中的锆石大部分为自形-半自形晶,显示其为岩浆成因锆石;岩浆作用集中于3个阶段。其包括：1）新元古代早期岩浆活动,正长花岗岩加权平均年龄为798 Ma±6 Ma,其形成可能与Rodinia超大陆裂解的构造背景有关;2）晚二叠世-早三叠世的岩浆活动,岩石年龄介于238~267 Ma,结合花岗岩特征,反映其形成于古亚洲洋闭合后的造山后环境;3）花岗岩的138 Ma±1 Ma、137 Ma±2 Ma岩体年龄显示了早白垩世岩浆作用的存在,该岩浆事件与蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带的演化有关。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.